organic chemistry Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.Clayden, J ...

, a hemiaminal (also carbinolamine) is a

functional group In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the r ...

or type of

chemical compound A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element ...

that has a

hydroxyl group In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy ...

and an

amine In chemistry, amines (, ) are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia (), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent ...

attached to the same

carbon Carbon () is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon ma ...

atom: . R can be

hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element. At standard conditions hydrogen is a gas of diatomic molecules having the formula . It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-to ...

or an

alkyl In organic chemistry, an alkyl group is an alkane missing one hydrogen. The term ''alkyl'' is intentionally unspecific to include many possible substitutions. An acyclic alkyl has the general formula of . A cycloalkyl is derived from a cycloa ...

group. Hemiaminals are intermediates in

imine In organic chemistry, an imine ( or ) is a functional group or organic compound containing a carbon–nitrogen double bond (). The nitrogen atom can be attached to a hydrogen or an organic group (R). The carbon atom has two additional single bon ...

formation from an

and a

carbonyl In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups. A compound containi ...

by alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution. Hemiaminals can be viewed as a blend of

aminal In organic chemistry, an aminal or aminoacetal is a functional group or type of organic compound that has two amine groups attached to the same carbon atom: . (As is customary in organic chemistry, R can represent hydrogen or an alkyl group). A ...

s and

geminal diol In chemistry, the descriptor geminal () refers to the relationship between two atoms or functional groups that are attached to the same atom. A geminal diol, for example, is a diol (a molecule that has two alcohol functional groups) attached t ...

. They are a special case of

amino alcohol In organic chemistry, alkanolamines are organic compounds that contain both hydroxyl () and amino (, , and ) functional groups on an alkane backbone. The term alkanolamine is a broad class term that is sometimes used as a subclassification. Meth ...

Classification according to amine precursor

Addition of ammonia

The

adduct An adduct (from the Latin ''adductus'', "drawn toward" alternatively, a contraction of "addition product") is a product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all co ...

s formed by the addition of

ammonia Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous ...

to aldehydes have long been studied. Compounds containing both a primary

amino In chemistry, amines (, ) are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia (), wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent ...

group and a

hydroxyl In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydrox ...

group bonded to the same

atom are rare. They are invoked but rarely observed as intermediates in the reaction of ammonia and aldehydes and ketones. One example of this rare functionality is the adduct of

and

hexafluoroacetone Hexafluoroacetone (HFA) is a chemical compound with the formula (CF3)2CO. It is structurally similar to acetone; however, its reactivity is markedly different. It a colourless, hygroscopic, nonflammable, highly reactive gas characterized by a mus ...

, . The C-substituted derivatives are obtained by reaction of aldehydes and ammonia: :3 RCHO + 3 NH3 -> (RCHNH)3 + 3 H2O

Addition of primary amines

N-substituted derivatives are somewhat stable. These N,N',N''-trisubstituted hexahydro-1,3,5-triazines arise from the condensation of the

and formaldehyde as illustrated by the route to

1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane 1,3,5-Trimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane is an organic compound with the formula (CHNCH). It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in many organic solvents. Structurally, it is one of several related hexahydro-1,3,5-triazines, which typically re ...

: :3 CH2O + 3 H2NMe -> (CH2NMe)3 + 3 H2O Although adducts generated from primary amines or ammonia are usually unstable, the hemiaminals have been trapped in a cavity.

Addition of secondary amines: carbinolamines (hemiaminals) and bisaminomethanes

One of the simplest reactions entails condensation of formaldehyde and dimethylamine. This reaction produces first the carbinolamine (a hemiaminal) and bis(dimethylamino)methane (): :Me2NH + CH2O -> Me2NCH2OH :Me2NH + Me2NCH2OH -> Me2NCH2NMe2 + H2O The reaction of

formaldehyde Formaldehyde ( , ) ( systematic name methanal) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula and structure . The pure compound is a pungent, colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde (refer to section ...

with

carbazole Carbazole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound. It has a tricyclic structure, consisting of two six-membered benzene rings fused on either side of a five-membered nitrogen-containing ring. The compound's structure is based on the indole str ...

, which is weakly basic, proceed similarly: : CarbazoleFormaldehydeReaction

Again, this carbinol converts readily to the methylene-linked bis(carbazole).

Hemiaminal ethers

Hemiaminal ethers have the following structure: R‴-C(NR'₂)(OR")-R⁗. The glycosylamines are examples of cyclic hemiaminal ethers. Methanolamine.svg,

methanolamine Aminomethanol is the amino alcohol with the chemical formula of H2NCH2OH. With an amino group and an alcohol group on the same carbon atom, the compound is also an hemiaminal. In aqueous solution, methanolamine exists in equilibrium with formald ...

, an intermediate in the reaction of ammonia with formaldehyde OC(NHCH2OH)2.png,

Bis(hydroxymethyl)urea Bis(hydroxymethyl)urea is an organic compound with the formula OC(NHCH2OH)2. This white water-soluble solid is an intermediate in the formation of urea-formaldehyde resin Urea-formaldehyde (UF), also known as urea-methanal, so named for its comm ...

is a commercially useful hemiaminal CF3-stabilizedHemiaminal.svg, An unusual example of an isolable, acyclic hemiaminal: the adduct of ammonia and

Hemiaminal ether aldehyde.png, Hemiaminal ether derived from an aldehyde Hemiaminal ether ketone.png, Hemiaminal ether derived from a ketone T-BuOCH(NMe2)2.svg, Tert-Butoxybis(dimethylamino)methane

Use in total synthesis

Hemiaminal formation is a key step in an asymmetric

total synthesis Total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of a complex molecule, often a natural product, from simple, commercially-available precursors. It usually refers to a process not involving the aid of biological processes, which distinguishes i ...

saxitoxin Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin and the best-known paralytic shellfish toxin (PST). Ingestion of saxitoxin by humans, usually by consumption of shellfish contaminated by toxic algal blooms, is responsible for the illness known as paralyti ...

: :

In this reaction step the

alkene In organic chemistry, an alkene is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond. Alkene is often used as synonym of olefin, that is, any hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds.H. Stephen Stoker (2015): General, Organic ...

group is first

oxidized Redox (reduction–oxidation, , ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of substrate change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a ...

to an intermediate

acyloin Acyloins or α-hydroxy ketones are a class of organic compounds which all possess a hydroxy group adjacent to a ketone group. The name acyloin is derived from the fact that they are formally derived from reductive coupling of carboxylic acyl grou ...

by action of osmium(III) chloride,

oxone Potassium peroxymonosulfate is widely used as an oxidizing agent. It is the potassium salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid. Usually potassium peroxymonosulfate refers to the triple salt known as oxone. The standard electrode potential for potassium ...

( sacrificial catalyst) and

sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate, , (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals) is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2CO3 and its various hydrates. All forms are white, odourless, water-soluble salts that yield moderately alkaline solutions ...

(base).

References

{{Commonscat, Hemiaminals Functional groups