body theory
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Body theory is a
sociological Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. It uses various methods of empirical investigation and ...
theory that involves the analysis of the ordered body, the actions, and approaches towards the notion of lived body, or the conceptions of the body. It is also described as a dynamic field that involves various conceptualizations and re-significations of the body as well as its formation or transformation that affect how bodies are constructed, perceived, evaluated, and experienced. Body theory is considered one of the traditional theories of personal identity. Noted thinkers who developed their respective body theories include
Michel Foucault Paul-Michel Foucault (, ; ; 15 October 192625 June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, political activist, and literary critic. Foucault's theories primarily address the relationship between power and knowledge, and how ...
,
Norbert Elias Norbert Elias (; 22 June 1897 – 1 August 1990) was a German sociologist who later became a British citizen. He is especially famous for his theory of civilizing/decivilizing processes. Biography Elias was born on 22 June 1897 in Bresla ...
,
Roland Barthes Roland Gérard Barthes (; ; 12 November 1915 – 26 March 1980) was a French literary theorist, essayist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician. His work engaged in the analysis of a variety of sign systems, mainly derived from Western popular ...
, and
Yuasa Yasuo was a Japanese philosopher of religion. Yuasa is known for his works on the theory of the body in Western and Asian philosophy and for his teaching. He has been referred to as "one of the most provocative and far-reaching" among Japan's contemp ...
.


Origin and development

The Western conceptualization of the body has been associated with the theorizing about the
self The self is an individual as the object of that individual’s own reflective consciousness. Since the ''self'' is a reference by a subject to the same subject, this reference is necessarily subjective. The sense of having a self—or ''selfhood ...
.
René Descartes René Descartes ( or ; ; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathem ...
, for instance, distinguished the mind and the body through his notion of mind/body dualism. The developmental trajectory of this theory followed the shifts from the manners that are related to bodily function during the
Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...
to the modern period with its social forms and the complementary understandings of acceptable bodily behavior. When those theories are evaluated through the idea of bodily abstraction, historical and cultural variations emerge. Scholars identified fundamentally different conceptions based on the qualities they exhibit from the tribal, traditional, modern to postmodern periods. Later developments focus on the growing interest in the materiality of the body - that it is not merely taken as a place to anchor the head. In the East, body theory is said to have emerged out of the
Buddhist Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
intellectual and spiritual history. For example, in the Buddhist notion of " personal cultivation" the body is trained to achieve true knowledge along with one's mind. It also includes the Eastern concept of the authentic self, which - in Japan - pertains to the creative, productive "function" or "field" of life energy. Contemporary theorists such as Ichikawa Hiroshi, Yuasa Yasuo, and
Masachi Osawa is a Japanese Sociology, sociologist and philosopher. Outside Japan, he is best known as a social scientist, often mentioned in reference to sociological and philosophical research on otaku culture and popular Japanese Anime, animation series suc ...
drew from these traditions and modulated it with current phenomenological concepts of the "lived body". There is also the influence of the Hindu belief, which holds that everything has God-nature. It denies the spirit within body theory as it advocates for the freedom of the spirit from the body. This tradition has spawned modern interpretations and reactions. Peter Bertocci, for instance, maintained that the body is not part of Cosmic Mind but is a society of sub-human selves. Modern theorists have used the Eastern view of the body to destabilize the Western body theory with its focus on a form of dualism. These include
Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; or ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy. He began his ...
,
Emmanuel Levinas Emmanuel Levinas (; ; 12 January 1906 – 25 December 1995) was a French philosopher of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry who is known for his work within Jewish philosophy, existentialism, and phenomenology, focusing on the relationship of ethics to me ...
, and Roland Barthes.


Theories


Freud's "bounded body"

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud ( , ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating psychopathology, pathologies explained as originatin ...
explored the concept of the body through his notion of the "bounded body" in the essay ''
Beyond the Pleasure Principle ''Beyond the Pleasure Principle'' (german: Jenseits des Lustprinzips) is a 1920 essay by Sigmund Freud. It marks a major turning point in the formulation of his drive theory, where Freud had previously attributed self-preservation in human behav ...
''. He noted that a completely closed body is deprived of the means of ongoing life while an absolutely open one without borders would not be a body at all because it would have no ongoing identity. Freud maintained that what is required is a bounded body that has a border or membrane that enables it to have a communion with an outside. German sociologist
Norbert Elias Norbert Elias (; 22 June 1897 – 1 August 1990) was a German sociologist who later became a British citizen. He is especially famous for his theory of civilizing/decivilizing processes. Biography Elias was born on 22 June 1897 in Bresla ...
, one of the earliest body theorists, posited a related theory, which holds that the body is malleable since it evolves in and is shaped by social configurations. It is also interdependent with other bodies in a variety of ways. This approach to body theory views the body as continually in a flux, undergoing changes, which are many and largely unforeseen. Elias also identified the processes that made it possible for the modern self to emerge within a civilized or controlled body.
Michel Foucault Paul-Michel Foucault (, ; ; 15 October 192625 June 1984) was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, writer, political activist, and literary critic. Foucault's theories primarily address the relationship between power and knowledge, and how ...
's theory of the body, on the other hand, focuses on how it serves as a site of discourse and power as well as an object of discipline and control. He argued that the materiality of power operates on the bodies of individuals to create the kind of body that the society needs. This conceptualization of the body is related to theories with feminist orientations. There are also feminist interpretations that view the female body as socially, culturally, and legally defined in terms of their sexual availability to men. Recent theories have given rise to labels such as the naturalistic and materialistic body. The former, which sociologist Chris Shilling advocated, focuses on the idea that there is a biological explanation and basis for human behavior. This is demonstrated in the suggestion that human behavior is explained by and encoded within the gene.


Healthism

Another area in body theory is called healthism. It approaches the concept of the body, particularly health and disease within the context of the individual. This theoretical strand, which emerged from the subdiscipline in sociology called "sociology of health and illness", addresses the so-called objectification or the reduction of bodily experiences to signifiers of disease and illness. Instead of theorizing the body based on researching external approach or on speculative writing from the psychoanalitic version of the "internal", healthism focuses on how the body is experienced as a way of getting a better theoretical hold of the concept. Some interpretations of this ideology have also drawn from Foucault's works (e.g. Foucault's notion of
biopower Biopower (or ''biopouvoir'' in French) is a term coined by French scholar, philosopher, historian, and social theorist Michel Foucault. It relates to the practice of modern nation states and their regulation of their subjects through "an expl ...
) to describe the body as a material site where discursive formations are fleshed out.


Post-modern conceptualizations

A post-modern interpretation of the body theory emerged for the purpose of overturning the universal conceptions of the body. This view, which is called "new-body theory", emphasizes the relationship between the body and the self. It produced the theories that explain the importance of the body in the contemporary social life. These could include different orientations such as those focusing on gender, ethnicity or other socially-constructed differences. For example, a feminist approach looks at domination and subversion as a way of examining the conditions and experiences of embodiment in society. There are also theorists who cite the role that media communications,
globalization Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. The term ''globalization'' first appeared in the early 20t ...
,
international trade International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services. (see: World economy) In most countries, such trade represents a significant ...
,
consumerism Consumerism is a social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. With the Industrial Revolution, but particularly in the 20th century, mass production led to overproduction—the supp ...
,
education Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty. Va ...
, and political incursions, among others play in theorizing the modern embodied being. Another post-modern interpretation involves the approach to reading the body in the context of race, class, gender, and sexual orientation. In this view, the material body is understood in terms of social construction where it formed part of conceptualization of the body-as-text metaphor. In the feminist and queer views, for example, the body may be understood through the markings in it that result from violence. There are scholars who note that the post-modern conceptualizations of the body theory tend to be distanced from individuals’ everyday embodied experiences and practices. This is attributed to the focus on the reading of the body as metaphor and the ambivalence towards the material body. This is said to have shifted the attention away from structured categories of difference.


References

{{reflist Sociological theories Human body