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''Bison antiquus'', the antique bison or ancient bison, is an extinct species of bison that lived in Late Pleistocene North America until around 10,000 years ago. It was one of the most common large herbivores on the North American continent during the late Pleistocene, and is a direct ancestor of the living
American bison The American bison (''Bison bison'') is a species of bison native to North America. Sometimes colloquially referred to as American buffalo or simply Bubalina, buffalo (a different clade of bovine), it is one of two extant species of bison, alongs ...
along with ''
Bison occidentalis ''Bison occidentalis'' is an extinct species of bison that lived in North America, and in continental EurasiaC. G Van Zyll de Jong , 1986, A systematic study of recent bison, with particular consideration of the wood bison (Bison bison athabascae ...
''.C. G Van Zyll de Jong , 1986, A systematic study of recent bison, with particular consideration of the wood bison (Bison bison athabascae Rhoads 1898), p.53, National Museum of Natural Sciences


History

The first described remains of ''Bison antiquus'' were collected at
Big Bone Lick Big Bone Lick State Park is located at Big Bone in Boone County, Kentucky. The name of the park comes from the Pleistocene megafauna fossils found there. Mammoths are believed to have been drawn to this location by a salt lick deposited around t ...
, Kentucky in Pleistocene deposits in the 1850s and only consisted of a fragmentary posterior skull and a nearly complete horn core. The fossil ( ANSP 12990) was briefly described by
Joseph Leidy Joseph Mellick Leidy (September 9, 1823 – April 30, 1891) was an American paleontologist, parasitologist and anatomist. Leidy was professor of anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania, later was a professor of natural history at Swarthmore ...
in 1852. Although the original fossils were fragmentary, a complete skull of an old male was discovered in southern California and were described as a new species, ''B. californicus'', by Samuel Rhoads in 1897, but the species is considered synonymous with ''B. antiquus''. Since the 19th century, several well preserved specimens of ''B. antiquus'' have been discovered in many parts of the United States, Canada, and southern Mexico.


Biology

During the later
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...
epoch, between 240,000 and 220,000 years ago, steppe wisent (''B. priscus'') migrated from
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...
into
Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S. ...
across the
Bering Land Bridge Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72 degrees north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip of ...
. ''Bison priscus'' lived throughout North America from Alaska to southern Mexico throughout the remainder of the Pleistocene. In western North America, ''B. priscus'' evolved into long-horned bison, ''B. latifrons'', which then evolved into ''B. antiquus''. The larger ''B. latifrons'' appears to have disappeared by about 22,000 years ago likely because of evolutionary process to adapt into the new continent including increasing in population size.Valerius Geist, 1996, Buffalo Nation, Voyageur Press After the extinction of ''B. latifrons'', ''B. antiquus'' became increasingly abundant in parts of midcontinent North America from 18,000 until about 10,000 years ago, after which the species appears to have given rise to the living species, ''B. bison''. ''B. antiquus'' is the most commonly recovered large mammalian herbivore from the La Brea tar pits. ''B. antiquus'' was taller, had larger bones and horns, and was 15-25% larger overall than modern bison. It reached up to tall, long, and a weight of . From tip to tip, the horns of ''B. antiquus'' measured about 3 ft (nearly 1 m). One of the best educational sites to view ''in situ'' semifossilized skeletons of over 500 individuals of ''B. antiquus'' is the Hudson-Meng archeological site operated by the U.S. Forest Service, northwest of Crawford, Nebraska. A number of paleo-Indian spear and projectile points have been recovered in conjunction with the animal skeletons at the site, which is dated around 9,700 to 10,000 years ago. The reason for the "die-off" of so many animals in one compact location is still in conjecture; some professionals argue it was the result of a very successful paleo-Indian hunt, while others feel the herd died as a result of some dramatic natural event, to be later scavenged by humans. Individuals of ''B. antiquus'' of both sexes and a typical range of ages have been found at the site. According to internationally renowned archaeologist
George Carr Frison George Carr Frison (November 11, 1924 – September 6, 2020) was an American archaeologist. He received the Society for American Archaeology's Lifetime Achievement Award, the Paleoarchaeologist of the Century Award, and was elected to the National ...
, ''B. occidentalis'' and ''B. antiquus'' both survived the Late Pleistocene period, between about 12,000 and 11,000 years ago, dominated by glaciation (the
Wisconsin glaciation The Wisconsin Glacial Episode, also called the Wisconsin glaciation, was the most recent glacial period of the North American ice sheet complex. This advance included the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, which nucleated in the northern North American Cord ...
in North America), when many other megafauna became extinct. After the extinction of most of the North American megafauna, Native Americans of the Plains and Rocky Mountains depended largely on bison as their major food source. Frison noted, " heoldest, well-documented bison kills by pedestrian human hunters in North America date to about 11,000 years ago." ''B. antiquus'' fossils were found in Washington State in recent years, with apparent fracture patterns on bones consistent with stone tools as opposed to carnivorous activity.


References


Further reading

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External links

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Paleobiology Database - Bison antiquus
''dead link'') {{DEFAULTSORT:Bison Antiquus Bison Extinct animals of the United States Pleistocene even-toed ungulates Pleistocene species extinctions Prehistoric bovids Prehistoric mammals of North America Mammals described in 1852 Fossil taxa described in 1852 Extinct animals of Canada Taxa named by Joseph Leidy