The ancient veena is an early Indian
arched harp
An arch is a vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space and may or may not support the weight above it, or in case of a horizontal arch like an arch dam, the hydrostatic pressure against it.
Arches may be synonymous with vau ...
, not to be confused with the modern Indian
veena
The ''veena'', also spelled ''vina'' ( sa, वीणा IAST: vīṇā), comprises various chordophone instruments from the Indian subcontinent. Ancient musical instruments evolved into many variations, such as lutes, zithers and arched harps ...
which is a type of
lute
A lute ( or ) is any plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body. It may be either fretted or unfretted.
More specifically, the term "lute" can re ...
or
stick zither
Bar zither is class of musical instruments (subset of zither) within the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system for a type of simple chordophone (stringed instrument), in which the body of the instrument is shaped like a bar.
In the system, bar ...
. Names of specific forms of the arched harp include the ''chitra vīṇā'' with seven strings, the ''vipanchi vīṇā'' with nine strings and the ''mattakokila vīṇā'' a harp or possibly board zither with 21 strings.
The instrument is attested on a gold coin of the
Gupta Empire from the mid-300s CE.
The instrument was also illustrated in the oldest known
Saraswati
Saraswati ( sa, सरस्वती, ) is the Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, art, speech, wisdom, and learning. She is one of the Tridevi, along with the goddesses Lakshmi and Parvati.
The earliest known mention of Saraswati as a go ...
-like relief carvings, from
Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
archaeological sites dated to 200 BCE, where she holds a harp-style veena.
Generic meaning of veena
The
Sanskrit word ''
veena
The ''veena'', also spelled ''vina'' ( sa, वीणा IAST: vīṇā), comprises various chordophone instruments from the Indian subcontinent. Ancient musical instruments evolved into many variations, such as lutes, zithers and arched harps ...
'' (वीणा ''vīṇā'') which is attested already in the
Rigveda has designated in the course of Indian history a variety of instruments of various types, as it is a generic term for all kinds of string instruments, just as the
Tamil word ''
yazh
The yazh ( ta, யாழ், also transliterated yāḻ, ) is an harp used in ancient Tamil music. It was strung with gut strings that ran from an curved ebony neck to a boat or trough-shaped resonator, the opening of which was a covered with s ...
'' (யாழ் ''yaaḻ''). In the last centuries and today the instruments designated under the designation veena of which there are several kinds, have tended to be mostly instruments of the lute or cithar type, and recently the word was even applied to modified Western guitars. But the early veenas could be plucked string instruments of any type.
Prehistoric veena
Located in the central Indian state of
Madhya Pradesh, the
rock caves of Bhimbetka have preserved paintings dating from the Mesolithic (older than 5000 BC) to historical times. In addition to numerous depictions of animals, there are scenes from the "late Bronze Age and Iron Age" of ritual dances with harpists and standing drummers.
According to the descriptions in the Vedas, the same instrumentation as in Choga Mish—bowed harp, flute, drum and song—was used in the 1st millennium B.C.in ancient India to accompany dancers.
[
The most common Sanskrit term for bowed harps was vina. Literary evidence is ]Brahmanas
The Brahmanas (; Sanskrit: , ''Brāhmaṇam'') are Vedic śruti works attached to the Samhitas (hymns and mantras) of the Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva Vedas. They are a secondary layer or classification of Sanskrit texts embedded within ...
(before 6th century B.C.), according to which the harp was said to have had "a hundred strings" (called ''satatantri''). In the first centuries A.D., stick zithers and long-necked lutes appeared under the name vina, while towards the end of the 1st millennium the bowed harp disappeared from India. They have only survived on the fringes of Indian cultural influence. Two examples: the saung gauk
The ''saung'' ( Burmese: စောင်း, MLCTS caung: ; also known as the ''saung-gauk'' ( စောင်းကောက်), Burmese harp, Burma harp, or Myanmar harp), is an arched harp used in traditional Burmese music. The saung is r ...
is best known in Myanmar, while the Kafir harp or ''waji'' has become rare in its retreat in north-eastern Afghanistan.
Early Gupta vina
One of early veenas used in India from early times, until the Gupta period and later (this is probably the instrument referred to as ''veenaa'' in a chapter of the Nāṭyaśāstra dealing with instrumental music) was an instrument of the type of the harp and more precisely of the arched harp
An arch is a vertical curved structure that spans an elevated space and may or may not support the weight above it, or in case of a horizontal arch like an arch dam, the hydrostatic pressure against it.
Arches may be synonymous with vau ...
. It was played with the strings being kept parallel to the body of the player, with both hands plucking the strings, as shown on Samudragupta's gold coins It is not possible to tell exactly the number of strings of the instrument on the coin, but descriptions in early literary sources of an ancient instrument called the ''saptatantree veenaa'' (7-string veenaa) seem to coincide generally with the type of instrument represented on the coin. In the Nāṭyaśāstra this 7-string veena (played with the fingers, as opposed to the 9-string vipanchi played with a plectrum) is called a citra.
The depiction of king Samudragupta holding such an instrument on his gold coins testifies of the popularity of the instrument, and also of the interest in music and the arts of a king who was also one of the greatest military conquerors in Indian history.
Descendants
From India this type of instrument was introduced into Burma
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
at an early period (by the 8th century CE and possibly as early as 500 CE, where, while instruments of this type have disappeared from India itself, it is still played, generally with 15 strings, under the name of ''saung
The ''saung'' ( Burmese: စောင်း, MLCTS caung: ; also known as the ''saung-gauk'' ( စောင်းကောက်), Burmese harp, Burma harp, or Myanmar harp), is an arched harp used in traditional Burmese music. The saung is re ...
'' (known in the West also as the ''Burmese harp'').[ - ''...yazh resembles this old vina... however it is the Burmese harp which seems to have been handed down in almost unchanged form since ancient times'']
The Cambodians have recreated their ancient harp, the pin
A pin is a device used for fastening objects or material together.
Pin or PIN may also refer to:
Computers and technology
* Personal identification number (PIN), to access a secured system
** PIN pad, a PIN entry device
* PIN, a former Dutch ...
. The instrument appeared in Hindu religious art in Khmer temples dating back between the 7th and 13th centuries A.D.
Gallery
File:Coins from Gupta Era - National Museum - New Delhi.jpg
File:Lady Playing on Veena - Gopalpur - ACCN G-48 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6191.JPG, Harp-style ''vina''
File:Saraswati with an alapini vina, from a larger image God Vishnu with Goddesses Lakshmi and Sarasvati.jpg, A medieval form of the veena, the ālāpiṇī vīṇā, from Bangladesh, 10th - 12th century C.E. This was a one-string tube zither or stick zither
Bar zither is class of musical instruments (subset of zither) within the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system for a type of simple chordophone (stringed instrument), in which the body of the instrument is shaped like a bar.
In the system, bar ...
, possibly related to the modern rudra veena
The ''Rudra veena'' ( sa, रुद्र वीणा) (also spelled ''Rudraveena'' or ''Rudra vina'')—also called ''Bīn'' in North India—is a large plucked string instrument used in Hindustani Music, especially dhrupad. It is one of the ...
.
File:Sketch of Pawaya lute, 4th-5th century AD.jpg, Sketch of Pawaya lute, 4th-5th century AD
References
Bibliography
* Judith Becker, ''The Migration of the Arched Harp from India to Burma'', The Galpin Society Journal, vol. 20, pp. 17–23
* Terry E. Miller and Sean Williams. ''The Garland handbook of Southeast Asian music''. Routledge, 2008. {{ISBN, 0-415-96075-4
* Muriel C. Williamson ''The Burmese Harp: Its Classical Music, Tunings, and Modes'', Northern Illinois University Center For Southeast Asian Studies, 2000
* Arthur Llewellyn Basham
Arthur Llewellyn Basham (24 May 1914 – 27 January 1986) was a noted historian, Indologist and author of a number of books. As a Professor at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London in the 1950s and the 1960s, he taught a number of fa ...
, ''The Wonder That Was India'', Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan, 2008, 696 pp.
* The Natyasastra (Vol. 2): A treatise on Hindu dramaturgy and histrionics (Chapters 28-36) (translated by Manomohan Ghosh), 1961, Calcutta, Asiatic Society of Bengal (Biblioteca Indica); reprint: Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, 2016, Varanasi
Ancient Indian culture
Arched harps
Indian musical instruments