In
enzymology
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. ...
, an alliin lyase () is an
enzyme
Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products ...
that
catalyzes the
chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking ...
:an ''S''-alkyl-
L-cysteine ''S''-oxide
an alkyl sulfenate + 2-aminoacrylate
Hence, this enzyme has one
substrate, ''S''-alkyl-
L-
cysteine
Cysteine (symbol Cys or C; ) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula . The thiol side chain in cysteine often participates in enzymatic reactions as a nucleophile.
When present as a deprotonated catalytic residue, some ...
''S''-oxide, and two
products, alkyl
sulfenate and
2-aminoacrylate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of
lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structu ...
s, specifically the class of carbon-sulfur lyases. The
systematic name of this enzyme class is ''S''-alkyl-
L-cysteine ''S''-oxide alkyl-sulfenate-lyase (2-aminoacrylate-forming). Other names in common use include alliinase, cysteine sulfoxide lyase, alkylcysteine sulfoxide lyase, ''S''-alkylcysteine sulfoxide lyase,
L-cysteine sulfoxide lyase, ''S''-alkyl-
L-cysteine sulfoxide lyase, and alliin alkyl-sulfenate-lyase. It employs one
cofactor,
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'- phosphate, P5P), the active form of vitamin B6, is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has catalogued more than 140 PLP-dependent ...
.
Many alliinases contain a novel ''N''-terminal epidermal growth factor-like domain (
EGF-like domain).
Occurrence
These enzymes are found in plants of the genus ''
Allium'', such as garlic and onions. Alliinase is responsible for
catalyzing chemical reactions that produce the volatile chemicals that give these foods their flavors, odors, and tear-inducing properties. Alliinases are part of the plant's defense against herbivores. Alliinase is normally sequestered within a plant cell, but, when the plant is damaged by a feeding animal, the alliinase is released to catalyze the production of the pungent chemicals. This tends to have a deterrent effect on the animal. The same reaction occurs when onion or garlic is cut with a knife in the kitchen.
Chemistry
In garlic, an alliinase enzyme acts on the chemical
alliin
Alliin is a sulfoxide that is a natural constituent of fresh garlic. It is a derivative of the amino acid cysteine. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, the enzyme alliinase converts alliin into allicin, which is responsible for the aroma ...
converting it into
allicin
Allicin is an organosulfur compound obtained from garlic, a species in the family Alliaceae. It was first isolated and studied in the laboratory by Chester J. Cavallito and John Hays Bailey in 1944. When fresh garlic is chopped or crushed, th ...
. The process involves two stages: elimination of 2-propenesulfenic acid from the amino acid unit (with α-aminoacrylic acid as a byproduct), and then condensation of two of the
sulfenic acid molecules.
Alliin and related substrates found in nature are
chiral at the
sulfoxide
In organic chemistry, a sulfoxide, also called a sulphoxide, is an organosulfur compound containing a sulfinyl () functional group attached to two carbon atoms. It is a polar functional group. Sulfoxides are oxidized derivatives of sulfides. E ...
position (usually having the ''S''
absolute configuration, and alliin itself was the first natural product found to have both carbon- and sulfur-centered stereochemistry.
However, the sulfenic acid intermediate is not chiral, and the final product's stereochemistry is not controlled.
There are a range of similar enzymes that can react with the cysteine-derived sulfoxides present in different species. In onions, an isomer of alliin, isoalliin, is converted to 1-propenesulfenic acid. A separate enzyme, the lachrymatory factor synthase or LFS, then converts this chemical to
''syn''-propanethial-''S''-oxide, a potent
lachrymator. The analogous
butyl compound, ''syn''-butanethial-''S''-oxide, is found in ''
Allium siculum'' species.
Structural studies
As of late 2007, 3
structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, using
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions. By measuring the angles ...
. The
PDB accession codes are , , and .
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
External links
Genuine Garlic:Alliinase from ''Allium sativum''.
{{Portal bar, Biology, border=no
EC 4.4.1
Enzymes of known structure
Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes