adobos

or (Spanish: marinade, sauce, or seasoning) is the immersion of cooked food in a stock (or sauce) composed variously of paprika, oregano, salt, garlic, and vinegar to preserve and enhance its flavor. The Portuguese variant is known as . The practice, native to Iberia (Spanish cuisineManuel Martinez Llopis (1989), ''Historia de la gastronomía española'', Alianza editorial, and Portuguese cuisine), was widely adopted in Latin America, as well as Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia.

In the Philippines, the name was given by colonial-era Spaniards on the islands to a different indigenous cooking method that also uses vinegar. Although similar, this developed independently of Spanish influence.

Characteristics

In the years following the arrival of Europeans to the Americas, meat and fish began to be preserved by new methods. Low temperatures facilitate food preservation, but in higher temperatures, other techniques, such as ''adobo'', became necessary. Animals were usually slaughtered in the coldest months of winter, but surplus meat had to be preserved in the warmer months. This was facilitated through the use of ''adobos'' (marinades) along with paprika (a substance that may have antimicrobial properties due to the capsaicin content). Paprika gives a reddish color to ''adobos'', and the capsaicins in paprika dissolve in fats, allowing its penetration beyond the tissue surface.

Applications

''Adobo'' was employed initially as a method of food preservation, but in time—with the advent of refrigeration methods—it came to be used primarily as a method of flavoring foods before cooking. Traditional preparations were created with the intent of flavoring, such as ''cazón en adobo'' (dogfish in adobo, made from school shark and originating from Cadiz, a city in the Cádiz province of Spain); ''berenjenas de Almagro'' (Almagro aubergine, a pickled aubergine characteristic of "Manchega" cuisine from the Castile-La Mancha region of Spain, specifically from Almagro, a city in the Ciudad Real province of Spain); and ''lomo en adobo'' (tenderloin of beef or pork in adobo).

Variations

The noun form of ''adobo'' describes a marinade or seasoning mix. Recipes vary widely by region: Puerto Rican ''adobo'', a rub used principally on meats, differs greatly from the Mexican variety. Meat marinated or seasoned with an ''adobo'' is referred to as ''adobado'' or ''adobada''.

Mexico

In Mexico ''adobo'' refers to a condiment or cooking sauce with a base containing chillies, particularly Chipotle and Ancho peppers. An Ancho pepper is a Poblano chili that is dried after it turns red. These sauces are used as a marinade and to add a smoky, spicy flavor.

''Chipotles en adobo''

''Adobo'' relates to marinated dishes such as ''chipotles en adobo'' in which chipotles ( smoked ripe jalapeño peppers) are stewed in a sauce with tomatoes, garlic, vinegar, salt, and spices. The spices vary, but generally include several types of peppers (in addition to the chipotle and most likely those on hand), ground cumin and dried oregano. Some recipes include orange juice and lemon or lime juices. They often include a pinch of brown sugar just to offset any bitter taste.

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rican-style ''adobo'' is a seasoned salt that is generously sprinkled or rubbed on meats and seafood prior to grilling, sautéing, or frying. Supermarkets sell prepared blends. There are two types of ''adobo'' on the island. The wet rub, ''adobo mojado'', consists of crushed garlic, olive oil, salt, black pepper, dry or fresh orégano brujo, citrus juice or vinegar or a mix of both citrus and vinegar. More widely used on the island is a dry mix, ''adobo seco''. It is easier to prepare and has a long shelf life. ''Adobo seco'' consists of garlic powder, onion powder, salt, black pepper, dry ''orégano brujo'', and sometimes dried citrus zest.

Peru

Adobo is a typical dish of Peruvian cuisine, specifically in the area of Arequipa. This is a dish of pork marinated in spices and vegetables, which are cooked in a clay pot until it becomes tender. Bread is served alongside for dipping in the sauce.

Philippines

In Filipino cuisine, ''adobo'' refers to a common cooking process indigenous to the Philippines. When the Spanish first explored the Philippines in the late 16th century, they encountered a cooking process that involved stewing with vinegar. The Spanish referred to it as ''adobo'' due to its superficial similarity to the Spanish ''adobo''. The Filipino ''adobo'' is an entirely separate method of preparing food and is distinct from the Spanish marinade.

Unlike the Spanish and Latin American ''adobo'', the main ingredients of Philippine ''adobo'' are ingredients native to Southeast Asia, namely vinegar, soy sauce or patis (fish sauce), black peppercorns, and bay leaves. It does not traditionally use chilis, paprika, oregano, or tomatoes. There are other noted versions of Philippine ''adobo,'' namely ''Adobong Puti'' (White Adobo, prepared with salt instead of soy sauce) and ''Adobong Tuyo'' (Dry Adobo).

The dish is normally cooked with pork or chicken and sometimes with only vegetables like kangkong (water spinach) or sitaw (green beans).

Its only similarity to Spanish and Latin American ''adobo'' is the primary use of vinegar and garlic. Philippine ''adobo'' has a characteristically salty and sour (and often sweet) taste, in contrast to Spanish and Mexican ''adobos'' which are spicier or infused with oregano.

Uruguay

In Uruguay, adobo is a spice mix of the same spices of the Spanish marinade. Also ''adobar'' is the act of using this mix as a condiment. A sauce made of adobo, salt and water is called ''mojo''.

History

One of the earliest references to adobo is found in the ''Manual del Cocinero, Repostero, Pastelero, Confitero Y Botillero'' by Mariano de Rementeria y Fica in 1850.''Manual del Cocinero, Repostero, Pastelero, Confitero Y Bottilera''
by Henri Louis Nicolas Duval

References

External links

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{{portal bar, Food

Chili pepper dishes
Cuisine of the Southwestern United States
Hawaiian cuisine
Marinades
Mexican cuisine
Peruvian cuisine
Philippine cuisine
Puerto Rican cuisine
Spanish cuisine
Guamanian cuisine
Spices