Baron
Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knig ...
Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller, (german: Müller; 30 June 1825 – 10 October 1896) was a German-Australian physician, geographer, and most notably, a botanist. He was appointed government botanist for the then colony of
Victoria, Australia by Governor
Charles La Trobe in 1853, and later director of the
Royal Botanic Gardens in Melbourne. He also founded the
National Herbarium of Victoria. He named many Australian plants.
Early life
Mueller was born at
Rostock
Rostock (), officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock (german: link=no, Hanse- und Universitätsstadt Rostock), is the largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the state, c ...
, in the
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a territory in Northern Germany held by the House of Mecklenburg residing at Schwerin. It was a sovereign member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Conf ...
. After the early death of his parents, Frederick and Louisa, his grandparents gave him a good education in
Tönning
Tönning (German; Low German ''Tünn'', ''Tönn'' or ''Tönnen''; Danish: ''Tønning''; North Frisian: ''Taning'') is a town in the district of Nordfriesland in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.
History
Tönning was destroyed in the Bu ...
,
Schleswig. Apprenticed to a chemist at the age of 15, he passed his pharmaceutical examinations and studied botany under Professor
Ernst Ferdinand Nolte (1791–1875) at
Kiel University. In 1847, he received his degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or ') is the most common Academic degree, degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields ...
from Kiel for a thesis on the plants of the southern regions of Schleswig.
Mueller's sister Bertha had been advised to seek a warmer climate for her health, and the great botanist
Ludwig Preiss, who had recently returned from
Perth
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is ...
, recommended Australia,
so in 1847, Mueller, Bertha, and their other surviving sister,
Clara, sailed from
Bremen
Bremen (Low German also: ''Breem'' or ''Bräm''), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (german: Stadtgemeinde Bremen, ), is the capital of the German state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (''Freie Hansestadt Bremen''), a two-city-state consis ...
. While still on the ship, he reportedly fished his first plants out of the water to analyse them.
Australia
Ferdinand von Mueller was one of a number of influential German-speaking residents such as
Ludwig Becker,
Hermann Beckler,
William Blandowski,
Amalie Dietrich
Koncordie Amalie Dietrich (née Nelle) (26 May 1821 – 9 March 1891) was a German naturalist who was best known for her work in Australia from 1863 to 1872, collecting specimens for the Museum Godeffroy in Hamburg.
Australia
Dietrich was one o ...
,
Wilhelm Haacke,
Diedrich Henne,
Gerard Krefft
Johann Ludwig (Louis) Gerard Krefft (17 February 1830 – 19 February 1881), a talented artist and draughtsman, and the Curator of the Australian Museum for 13 years (1861-1874), was one of Australia's first and most influential zoologists and ...
,
Johann Luehmann,
Johann Menge,
Carl Mücke (a.k.a. Muecke),
Ludwig Preiss,
Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker (a.k.a. Ruemker),
Moritz Richard Schomburgk,
Richard Wolfgang Semon,
Karl Theodor Staiger Karl Theodor Staiger (died 5 October 1888) was a German chemical analyst, naturalist and museum curator.
Karl Theodor Staiger worked as a chemist for the Queensland Government 1873–80 and worked with Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay. He was secretary t ...
,
George Ulrich,
Eugene von Guérard
Johann Joseph Eugene von GuérardHis first name is variously spelled "Eugen", "Eugene", "Eugène", one source mentions "Jean" (instead of "Johann"); his surname is spelled "Guerard" or "Guérard". The most frequent combination is that used by t ...
,
Robert von Lendenfeld,
Georg von Neumayer, and
Carl Wilhelmi who brought their "epistemic traditions" to Australia, and not only became "deeply entangled with the Australian colonial project", but also were "intricately involved in imagining, knowing and shaping colonial Australia" (Barrett, et al., 2018, p.2).
He arrived at Adelaide on 18 December 1847 and found employment as a chemist with
Moritz J. Heuzenroeder, in
Rundle Street. He was an inveterate explorer, walking alone to
Mount Arden
Mount Arden is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located about north of the state capital of Adelaide and about north of the municipal seat in Port Augusta.
Mount Arden's boundaries were created on 26 April 2013 and give ...
and
Mount Brown during his first year. Shortly afterwards, he obtained of land not far from Adelaide in the
Bugle Ranges
Bugle Ranges is a locality on the Adelaide Hills of South Australia. It lies between Mount Barker and Strathalbyn, both by road and on the Victor Harbor railway line.
Little remains of the village, however the Bugle Inn was a licensed establi ...
, and had a cottage built there. He moved there with his sister Clara, intending to start a farm, but after a few months, he returned to his former employment.
[Interview with F E H W Krichauff](_blank)
''South Australian Register'' 12 October 1896 p.7 accessed 20 August 2011
Mueller thought to open a chemist's shop in the gold diggings, so in 1851, he moved to Melbourne, capital of the new colony of
Victoria.
He had contributed a few papers on botanical subjects to German periodicals, and in 1852, sent a paper to the
Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature colle ...
on "The Flora of South Australia", thus beginning to be well known in botanical circles.
Victorian Government Botanist
![Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller00](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Ferdinand_Jacob_Heinrich_von_Mueller00.jpg)
1853
Mueller was appointed government botanist for Victoria by Governor
Charles La Trobe in 1853, a post that was newly created for him. He examined its flora, especially the Alpine vegetation of Australia, which was previously unknown. He explored the
Buffalo Ranges, then went to the upper reaches of the
Goulburn River and across
Gippsland to the coast. The neighbourhoods of
Port Albert
Port Albert is a coastal town in Victoria, Australia, on the coast of Corner Inlet on the Yarram - Port Albert Road, south-east of Morwell, south-east of Melbourne, in the Shire of Wellington. At the , Port Albert had a population of 293.
L ...
and
Wilsons Promontory
Wilsons Promontory, is a peninsula that forms the southernmost part of the Australian mainland, located in the state of Victoria.
South Point at is the southernmost tip of Wilsons Promontory and hence of mainland Australia. Located at nearb ...
were explored, and the journey of some was completed along the coast to Melbourne.
In the same year, he established the
National Herbarium of Victoria, which can still be visited today. It has many plants from Australia and abroad, many of which were collected by Mueller. Also, his large private library was transferred to the government of Victoria in 1865 and is incorporated into the library of the herbarium in Melbourne.
1855–1856
Mueller was then nominated as the botanist to accompany the North Australian Exploring Expedition (1855–1856) led by
Augustus Gregory, and decided to join despite initial hesitations. He explored the
Victoria River and other portions of North Australia, was one of the four who reached Termination Lake in 1856, and accompanied Gregory's expedition overland to
Moreton Bay. Mueller, for his part, found nearly 800
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
in Australia new to science, such as ''
Macadamia ternifolia'' (named after his friend and colleague,
John Macadam). He published in this year his ''Definitions of Rare or Hitherto Undescribed Australian Plants''.
1854–1872
From 1854 to 1872, Mueller was a member of the Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science, which later became the
Philosophical Institute of Victoria. He was president of the Philosophical Institute in 1859 when it received a royal charter and became the
Royal Society of Victoria. He was an active member of the society's "Exploration Committee" which established the
Burke and Wills expedition of 1860. Mueller promoted the exploration of Australia, and as one of only two members of the Exploration Committee with any experience of exploration, he made several speeches to the society on the topic. He did not favour the selection of
Burke
Burke is an Anglo-Norman Irish surname, deriving from the ancient Anglo-Norman and Hiberno-Norman noble dynasty, the House of Burgh. In Ireland, the descendants of William de Burgh (–1206) had the surname ''de Burgh'' which was gaelicised ...
as leader, but due to factionalism in the committee, he had little say in the establishment, provisioning, or composition of the exploration party.
![Ferdinand von Mueller](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ferdinand_von_Mueller.jpg)
1857–1873
From 1857 to 1873, he was director of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, and not only introduced many plants into Victoria, but also made the excellent qualities of the blue gum (''
Eucalyptus globulus'') known all over the world, and succeeded in introducing it into the south of Europe, North and South Africa, California, and the extratropical portions of South America.
1873
By 1873, influential Melburnians were critical of Mueller's scientific and educational approach with the Royal Botanic Gardens. Development of the gardens with an eye to aesthetics was sought. Mueller was dismissed from his position as director of the Botanic Gardens on 31 May 1873. He had done much to develop the gardens with the scarce resources at hand. Though his pay was not affected and he still continued as the government botanist, he never lost his sense of grievance over losing the position.
In April 1873, Mueller had created the genus ''
Guilfoylia'' and described
William Guilfoyle as "distinguished as a collector
hoevidenced great ardour" and held high hopes for his collecting ability. Mueller's opinion changed when Guilfoyle was appointed to take his place as director of the Botanic Gardens in July 1873. He accused Guilfoyle of being a "nurseryman
ith
The Ith () is a ridge in Germany's Central Uplands which is up to 439 m high. It lies about 40 km southwest of Hanover and, at 22 kilometres, is the longest line of crags in North Germany.
Geography
Location
The Ith is immediatel ...
no claims to scientific knowledge whatever" and of getting the job due to being related to the wife of the responsible minister. Mueller subsequently abolished ''Guilfoylia'' as part of the genus of ''Cadellia'' in his botanical census of 1882 (today the genus ''Guilfoylia'' is again accepted). Guilfoyle went on to landscape the gardens in an aesthetic and pleasing style welcomed by most Melburnians.
Recognition
In 1857, Mueller applied for and was granted the degree of Doctor of Medicine of the
University of Rostock
The University of Rostock (german: link=no, Universität Rostock) is a public university located in Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Founded in 1419, it is the third-oldest university in Germany. It is the oldest university in continen ...
; in 1883, he was awarded the
Clarke Medal by the
Royal Society of New South Wales
The Royal Society of New South Wales is a learned society based in Sydney, Australia. The Governor of New South Wales is the vice-regal patron of the Society.
The Society was established as the Philosophical Society of Australasia on 27 June ...
.
Mueller was decorated by many foreign countries, including Germany, France, Spain, Denmark, and Portugal. He was appointed a fellow of the
Royal Society
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences. The society fulfils a number of roles: promoting science and its benefits, re ...
in 1861, and knighted as Knight Commander of the
Order of St Michael and St George
The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George IV, George IV, Prince of Wales, while he was acting as prince regent for his father, George III, King George III.
...
in 1879. A list of his 'Orders, offices, affiliations and sundry honours' has been assembled. Many of his decorations were received in return for supplying zoological specimens to royal museums.
He was the benefactor of explorer
Ernest Giles
William Ernest Powell Giles (20 July 1835 – 13 November 1897), best known as Ernest Giles, was an Australian explorer who led five major expeditions to parts of South Australia and Western Australia.
Early life
Ernest Giles was born in Bris ...
, who visited
Lake Amadeus
Lake Amadeus (together with Lake Neale, Pitjantjatjara: ''Pantu'' ("salt lakes")) is a large salt lake in the southwest corner of Northern Territory of Australia, about north of Uluru. The smaller Lake Neale is adjacent to the northwest. It ...
and
Kata Tjuta
Kata Tjuṯa / The Olgas (Pitjantjatjara: , lit. 'many heads'; ) is a group of large, domed rock formations or bornhardts located about southwest of Alice Springs, in the southern part of the Northern Territory, central Australia. Uluṟu / Aye ...
. Giles had originally wanted to name these Lake Mueller and Mt Ferdinand, but Mueller prevailed upon Giles to name them Lake Amadeus, after King
Amadeus of Spain
Amadeo ( it, Amedeo , sometimes latinized as Amadeus; full name: ''Amedeo Ferdinando Maria di Savoia''; 30 May 184518 January 1890) was an Italian prince who reigned as King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. The first and only King of Spain to come fr ...
, and Mt Olga, after
Queen Olga of Württemberg
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (11 September 1822 – 30 October 1892) was a member of the Russian imperial family who by marriage to Charles I of Württemberg became Queen consort of the Kingdom of Württemberg until Charles' death. ...
; both kings had granted him honours. In 1871,
King Karl of Württemberg gave him the hereditary title of ''
Freiherr
(; male, abbreviated as ), (; his wife, abbreviated as , literally "free lord" or "free lady") and (, his unmarried daughters and maiden aunts) are designations used as titles of nobility in the German-speaking areas of the Holy Roman Empire ...
'', to mark his distinction in 'natural sciences generally and in particular for the natural history collections and institutions of Our Kingdom' He was then known as ''Baron'' Sir Ferdinand ''von'' Mueller.
Publications
He published 11 volumes of ''
Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae'' (1862–1881), two volumes of the ''Plants of Victoria'' (1860–1865), and other books on the ''
Eucalyptus
''Eucalyptus'' () is a genus of over seven hundred species of flowering trees, shrubs or mallees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalypteae, including '' Corymbia'', they are commonly known as euca ...
'',
Myoporaceae
Myoporaceae was a family of plants, found mostly in Australia, which included the following genera:
* '' Diocirea''
* '' Eremophila'', also known as emu bush
* ''Myoporum'', also known as Boobiala
In the APG II system (continued in the APG III ...
, ''
Acacia
''Acacia'', commonly known as the wattles or acacias, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae. Initially, it comprised a group of plant species native to Africa and Australasia. The genus na ...
'', and
Salsolaceae, all profusely illustrated. He also co-operated in the production of
George Bentham's ''
Flora Australiensis''.
He described many novel plant species sent by botanists from other parts of Australia, notably
Maurice William Holtze
Maurice William Holtze (8 July 1840 – 12 October 1923) born in Hanover, Germany, was a botanist who established Darwin's Botanical Gardens in Fannie Bay, Darwin in 1878. When he left to take charge of Adelaide's Botanic Garden in 1891, his so ...
from the Northern Territory, and encouraged settlers to send plants to him.
Women were key contributors to his collections. Two hundred and twenty-five women and girls, the youngest of which was six years of age, collected plant specimens and mailed them to Mueller for cataloging.
These women included
Louisa Atkinson
Caroline Louisa Waring Calvert (; 25 February 1834 – 28 April 1872) was an early Australian writer, botanist and illustrator. While she was well known for her fiction during her lifetime, her long-term significance rests on her botanical work ...
,
Sarah Brooks, and
Flora Mary Campbell
Flora Mary Campbell (1845 to 1923) was a professional female botanist working in Australia in the late 1800s. She collected type specimens of '' Goodenia pusilliflora'' F.Muell. and '' Dicranum senex'' Mull.Hal. as well as 82 fungi. The Departme ...
.
He took a leading part in promoting Australian exploration, especially the Burke and Wills expedition, which was the first to cross the continent, and in the various attempts to unravel the mystery which attended the fate of his fellow countryman
Ludwig Leichhardt
Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Leichhardt (), known as Ludwig Leichhardt, (23 October 1813 – c. 1848) was a German explorer and naturalist, most famous for his exploration of northern and central Australia.Ken Eastwood,'Cold case: Leichhardt's dis ...
(1813–1848).
Death
Mueller died in Melbourne and is buried in the
St Kilda Cemetery. He was survived by his sister, Mrs. Clara Wehl, of
Millicent, South Australia. His other sister, Mrs. Bertha Doughty of near
Penola predeceased him. He never married.
Darwinism
Mueller was a theist who rejected
Darwinism
Darwinism is a scientific theory, theory of Biology, biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of smal ...
, but is said by historians to have misunderstood key aspects of
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended fr ...
's theory. Despite his differences he remained on friendly terms with Darwin.
Standard author abbreviation
Legacy
The Mueller Medal has been awarded since 1904 by the
Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science to "a scientist who is the author of important contributions to anthropological, botanical, geological or zoological science, preferably with special reference to Australia".
A Victorian Railways
S Class diesel-electric locomotive, S311, is named after Mueller.
Places named after Mueller
A number of geographical features were named after Mueller: the Mueller Ranges (
Western Australia
Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...
), Muellers Range (
Queensland
)
, nickname = Sunshine State
, image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, established_ ...
), Mount Mueller (in WA,
Northern Territory
The Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an states and territories of Australia, Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. The Northern Territory ...
,
Tasmania
)
, nickname =
, image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates:
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdi ...
and
Victoria) and Mount von Mueller (WA), Muellers Peak (
New South Wales
)
, nickname =
, image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates:
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, es ...
), the
Mueller River (NZ), Muellers Creek (
South Australia
South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...
) and Mueller Creek (NT) also Von Mueller Creek (Vic), Lake Mueller (Qld), and Mueller hut near the
Mueller Glacier
The Mueller Glacier is a long glacier flowing through Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park in the South Island of New Zealand. It lies to the west of Mount Cook Village within the Southern Alps, flowing roughly north-west from its névé near Mo ...
in New Zealand.
Mueller Park
Mueller Park is a park in Subiaco, Western Australia, situated next to Bob Hawke College between Perth Modern School and Subiaco Oval. It originally comprised the land area which included Subiaco Oval and in the early 1900s housed tennis, croque ...
, Subiaco (WA) is also named after him.
Artworks based on Mueller
* ''Love, Death, Music and Plants'', a music theatre work based on scenes from the life of Mueller, was written by Brian Lipson (writer) and
Matthew Hindson
Matthew John Hindson AM (born 12 September 1968) is an Australian composer.
Biography
Matthew Hindson was born in Wollongong, New South Wales, in 1968. He studied composition at the Universities of Sydney and Melbourne with composers including ...
(composer), and had a two-week season at the Mueller Hall,
National Herbarium of Victoria, 18–30 November 2003.
* A bust of Mueller by
Marc Clark
Marc Clark (20 October 1923 – 12 September 2021) was a British-born Australian academic, sculptor and printmaker.
Clark's sculptures can be found in parks in Melbourne, Sydney and Canberra in Australia and in Tonga.
Early life
Marc Cla ...
is located outside the National Herbarium of Victoria.
Plants named after Mueller
Species named to honour Mueller typically end in '', or ''. Examples include
the genus, ''
Muellerina'' (
Loranthaceae
Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants. It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are ''Nuytsia floribunda'' (the W ...
), the taxa ''
Callitris muelleri'', ''
Persoonia muelleri'', and ''
Verticordia muelleriana'', ''
Allocasuarina muelleriana'' and ''
Eucalyptus muelleriana
''Eucalyptus muelleriana'', commonly known as yellow stringybark, is a species of medium-sized to tall tree that is endemic to southeastern Australia. It has rough, stingy bark on the trunk and branches, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flowe ...
'', and ''
Terminalia ferdinandiana''.
Animals named after Mueller
A species of Australian lizard, ''
Lerista muelleri'', is named in his honour, as well as a number of fish and invertebrates.
[A. M. Lucas (2013) Zoological eponyms honouring the botanist, Ferdinand von Mueller, Archives of Natural History, 40:263–269,]
Journals named after Mueller
The in-house journal,
''Muelleria'', of the
National Herbarium of Victoria is dedicated to Mueller.
See also
*
List of Australian plant species authored by Ferdinand von Mueller
*''
Systematic Census of Australian Plants''
*
Burke and Wills expedition
*
Cape Leeuwin Wattle
*
Tietkens expedition of 1889
The Tietkens expedition of 1889 was led by William Tietkens. It covered territory west of Alice Springs to the vicinity of the Western Australian border.
Expedition members
The expedition members were:
* David Beetson
* Fred Warman
* Billy (a ...
*
:Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
Bibliography
#Chisholm, A. H., ''Ferdinand von Mueller, Great Australians'', Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1962
#Home, R.W. (ed), ''Australian Science in the Making: A Bicentennial History'' (1990)
#Home, R.W. et al. (eds) ''Regardfully yours: selected correspondence of Ferdinand von Mueller''.3 vols Peter Lang, Berne. 1998–2006
#Kynaston, Edward, ''A Man on Edge: A life of Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller'', Allen Lane, London; Ringwood, 1981
#Mueller, Dr Ferdinand von, 1858. ''An historical review of the explorations of Australia''. Melbourne: Philosophical Institute.
#Mueller, Dr Ferdinand von, 1863. "Enumeration of the plants collected by Dr J Murray during Mr A Howitt's Expedition into Central Australia in the year 1862". ''Annual Report of the Government Botanist'', pp. 16–18.
#Mueller, Dr Ferdinand von, 1865. "On the systematic position of the Nardoo plant and the physiological characteristics of its fruit". ''Transactions and proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria: During the years 1861 to 1864'', pp 137–147.
#Voigt, Johannes H., ''Die Erforschung Australiens: Der Briefwechsel zwischen August Petermann and Ferdinand von Mueller 1861–1878'', Justus Perthes Verlag, Gotha, 1996
Additional publications online
''Index perfectus ad Caroli Linnaei : species plantarum / collatore Ferdinando de Mueller.''(1880)
''Eucalyptographia. A descriptive atlas of the eucalypts of Australia and the adjoining islands''(1879–1884)
''Iconography of Australian species of Acacia and cognate genera''(1887)
''Select extra-tropical plants readily eligible for industrial culture or naturalisation''(1891)
''Introduction to botanic teachings at the schools of Victoria''(1877)
''The organic constituents of plants and vegetable substances and their chemical analysis''(1878)
''Manuel de l'acclimateur''(1887)
''Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ /contulit Ferdinandus Mueller''(1858–1882)
''The plants indigenous to the colony of Victoria, Volume 1''(1860–1862)
''Key to the system of Victorian plants''(1887/88)
''The Vegetation of the Chatham Islands''(1864)
''Iconography of Salsolaceous plants''(1889) R.S. Brain Government Printer, Melbourne.
Notes
References
* Barrett, L., Eckstein, L., Hurley, A.W. & Schwarz A. (2018), "Remembering German-Australian Colonial Entanglement: An Introduction", ''Postcolonial Studies'', Vol.21, No.1, (January 2018), pp.1–5.
*
*
External links
List of taxa named by Ferdinand von MuellerAustralian Dictionary of Biography (vol 5): Sir Ferdinand Jakob Heinrich von Mueller (1825–1896)– ''Australian National University, National Centre of Biography ''.
Online Correspondence of Ferdinand von MuellerSearchable full texts of over 5000 letters to and from Ferdinand von Mueller
RBG.vic.gov: Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne websiteBurkeandwills.net: Burke & Wills Expedition website– ''comprehensive, with many historical documents relating to the expedition.''
– ''online transcript of Mueller's 1857 talk to the Philosophical Institute of Victoria''.
Burkeandwills.org: The Burke & Wills Expedition Historical SocietyAustralian Museum: "Descriptive notes on Papuan plants" by von Mueller
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mueller, Ferdinand von
19th-century Australian botanists
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German emigrants to Australia
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Ferdinand von Mueller