Arkhangelsk (, ; russian: Арха́нгельск, ), also known as Archangel and Archangelsk, is a

city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...

and the administrative center of

Arkhangelsk Oblast Arkhangelsk Oblast (russian: Арха́нгельская о́бласть, ''Arkhangelskaya oblast'') is a federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It includes the Arctic Ocean, Arctic archipelagos of Franz Josef Land ...

, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near its mouth into the White Sea. The city spreads for over along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta. Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval and early modern Russia until 1703, when it was replaced by the newly founded Saint Petersburg. A railway runs from Arkhangelsk to Moscow via Vologda and Yaroslavl, and air travel is served by the Talagi Airport and the smaller Vaskovo Airport. As of the 2021 Census, the city's population was 301,199.

Coat of arms

The arms of the city display the Archangel Michael in the act of defeating the Devil. Legend states that this victory took place near where the city stands, hence its name, and that Michael still stands watch over the city to prevent the Devil's return.

History

Early history

Vikings knew the area around Arkhangelsk as Bjarmaland. Ohthere of Hålogaland told circa 890 of his travels in an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings. This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. According to

Snorri Sturluson Snorri Sturluson ( ; ; 1179 – 22 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He is commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of the ...

, Vikings led by Thorir Hund raided this area in 1027. In 1989, an unusually impressive silver treasure was found by local farm workers by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk. Most of the findings comprised a total of of silver, largely in the form of coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas. The majority of the coins were German, but the hoard also included a smaller number of Kufan, English,

Bohemia Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohem ...

n, Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins. It is hard to place this find historically until further research is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from Scandinavia, the Baltic area, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity. Alternatively, like the Russian scientists who published the find in 1992, one may see it as evidence of a stronger case of Russian colonization than previously thought.

Novgorodian arrival

In the 12th century, the Novgorodians established a monastery dedicated to Archangel Michael in the estuary of the Northern Dvina. The main trade center of the area at that time was Kholmogory, located southeast of Arkhangelsk, up the Dvina River, about downstream from where the Pinega River flows into the Dvina. Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material of this period. It is not known whether the origin of this settlement was Russian, or if it goes back to pre-Russian times. In the center of the small town (or Gorodok) that is there today is a large mound of building remains and river sand, but it has not been archeologically excavated.

Norwegian–Russian conflict

The area of Arkhangelsk came to be important in the rivalry between Norwegian and Russian interests in the northern areas. From Novgorod, the spectrum of Russian interest was extended far north to the Kola Peninsula in the 12th century. However, here Norway enforced taxes and rights to the fur trade. A compromise agreement entered in 1251 was soon broken. In 1411, Yakov Stepanovich from Novgorod went to attack northern Norway. This was the beginning of a series of clashes. In 1419, Norwegian ships with five hundred soldiers entered the White Sea. The "Murmaners", as the Norwegians were called (cf. Murmansk), plundered many Russian settlements along the coast, among them the Archangel Michael Monastery. Novgorod managed to drive the Norwegians back. However, in 1478 the area was taken over by Ivan III and passed to the

Grand Duchy of Moscow The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Russia, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (russian: Великое княжество Московское, Velikoye knyazhestvo Moskovskoye; also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Lati ...

with the rest of the Novgorod Republic.

Trade with England, Scotland, and the Netherlands

Three English ships the '' Bona Esperanza'', ''

Edward Bonaventure ''Edward Bonaventure'' was an English ship under the command of Richard Chancellor that was forced to seek shelter in 1553 on the north coast of Russia near Nyonoksa due to weather conditions, leading to its crew coming into contact with the cour ...

'', and ''Bona Confidentia'' set out to find the Northeast passage to China in 1553; two disappeared, and one, the ''Edward Bonaventure'' ended up in the White Sea at Nyonoksa, eventually coming across the area of Arkhangelsk at the mouth of the Dvina River where the St. Nicolas Monastery stood. Subsequently, the English gave the name ''St. Nicolas Bay'' to the sea now known as the White Sea.

Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV Vasilyevich (russian: Ива́н Васи́льевич; 25 August 1530 – ), commonly known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was the grand prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Tsar of all Russia from 1547 to 1584. Ivan ...

found out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain, Richard Chancellor. Trade privileges were granted to English merchants in 1555, leading to the founding of the Company of Merchant Adventurers, which began sending ships annually into the estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the 1560s.

Scottish Scottish usually refers to something of, from, or related to Scotland, including: *Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family native to Scotland *Scottish English *Scottish national identity, the Scottish ide ...

and English merchants also traded in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area.

Founding and further development

In 1584, Ivan ordered the founding of New Kholmogory (which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery). At the time access to the Baltic Sea was still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, called Pomors, were the first to explore trade routes to Northern Siberia as far as the trans- Urals city of Mangazeya and beyond. In December 1613, during the Time of Troubles, Arkhangelsk was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian marauders commanded by Stanislaw Jasinski (

Lisowczyks Lisowczyks or Lisowczycy (; also known as ''Straceńcy'' ('lost men' or ' forlorn hope') or (company of ); or in singular form: Lisowczyk or ) was the name of an early 17th-century irregular unit of the Polish–Lithuanian light cavalry. The Li ...

), who failed to capture the fortified town. In 1619, and again in 1637, fires broke out, and the entire city burned down. In 1693,

Peter the Great Peter I ( – ), most commonly known as Peter the Great,) or Pyotr Alekséyevich ( rus, Пётр Алексе́евич, p=ˈpʲɵtr ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ, , group=pron was a Russian monarch who ruled the Tsardom of Russia from t ...

ordered the creation of a state

shipyard A shipyard, also called a dockyard or boatyard, is a place where ships are built and repaired. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships. Dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance a ...

in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships ''Svyatoye Prorochestvo'' (Holy Prophecy), ''Apostol Pavel'' (Apostle Paul), and the yacht ''Svyatoy Pyotr'' (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded Saint Petersburg in May 1703. Nonetheless, Arkhangelsk continued to be an important naval base and maritime centre in the Russian north. Archangel Michael and City of Archangel

In 1722, Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods that amounted to more than was sufficient for the town (for so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to Saint Petersburg. This factor greatly contributed to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was cancelled. Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. Its economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railway to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. The city resisted Bolshevik rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army. The White Army was supported by an

Allied intervention Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War or Allied Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War consisted of a series of multi-national military expeditions which began in 1918. The Allies first had the goal of helping the Czechoslovak Legio ...

in which British, French, Italian, and

American troops The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The armed forces consists of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard. The president of the United States is the ...

helped to defend against the Bolsheviks. The Allied forces, led by British Lieutenant General

Frederick Poole Major General Sir Frederick Cuthbert Poole, (3 August 1869 – 20 December 1936) was a British Army officer of the First World War and a Conservative parliamentary candidate. Career Poole attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and was ...

, suffered numerous set-backs and eventually withdrew from Russia. Without Allied support, the poorly disciplined White Army quickly collapsed and the Bolsheviks entered Arkhangelsk on February 21, 1920. Arkhangelsk was also the scene of Mudyug concentration camp. During both world wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in West Europe as one of the two main destinations (along with Murmansk) of the Arctic convoys bringing supplies in to assist the Soviet Union. During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Arkhangelsk was one of two cities (the other being Astrakhan) selected to mark the envisioned eastern limit of German control. This military operation was to be halted at this A-A line, but never reached it, as the German armies failed to capture either of these two cities and also failed to capture Moscow. Arkhangelsk was also the site of Arkhangelsk ITL, or the Arkhangelsk Labour Camp, in the 1930s and 1940s. Today, Arkhangelsk remains a major seaport, now open year-round due to improvements in icebreakers. The city is primarily a center for the timber and fishing industries. On 16 March 2004, 58 people were killed in an explosion at an apartment building in the city.

Administrative and municipal status

Arkhangelsk is the administrative center of the oblastOblast Law #65-5-OZ and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Primorsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with five rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the

districts A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...

. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk is incorporated as Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug.Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ

City divisions

For administrative purposes, the city is divided into nine territorial okrugs: * Isakogorsky * Lomonosovsky * Maymaksansky * Mayskaya Gorka * Oktyabrsky * Severny * Solombalsky * Tsiglomensky * Varavino-Faktoriya

Economy and infrastructure

Economy

Transportation

Arkhangelsk is the final destination of Northern Railway. In addition, the city is host to two airports, Vaskovo Airport and Talagi Airport where they host the

2nd Arkhangelsk United Aviation Division JSC "2nd Arkhangelsk United Aviation Division" (russian: ОАО «2-й Архангельский объединенный авиаотряд», translit=OAO «2-j Archangeljskij ob‘jedinenný aviaotrjad») is an airline based in Arkhangelsk, ...

and Smartavia Airline, respectively. M8 highway provides a direct link to Moscow, Yaroslavl and Severodvinsk, the administrative center of the oblast. Local public transit is provided by

buses A bus (contracted from omnibus, with variants multibus, motorbus, autobus, etc.) is a road vehicle that carries significantly more passengers than an average car or van. It is most commonly used in public transport, but is also in use for cha ...

and minibuses called '' marshrutkas''. Until 2004 there were also streetcars (trams), and until 2008, trolleybuses. Arkhangelsk August 2016 002.jpg, Port of Arkhangelsk Arkhangelsk Sea Port Economiya.JPG, Port of Arkhangelsk Геометрия_большого_города._Архангельск,_2020_01.jpg, Severodvinsky bridge over Northern Dvina Canal Arkhangelsk trainstation.jpg, Arkhangelsk train station Arkhangelsk TalagiAirport 009 0386.jpg, Talagi Airport Trolle.jpg, Trolleybuses in Arkhangelsk

Education

Arkhangelsk was home to Pomorsky State University and Arkhangelsk State Technical University which merged with several other institutions of higher learning in 2010 to form the

Northern (Arctic) Federal University Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (russian: Северный (Арктический) Федеральный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова), or NArFU for short, is a Federal Univers ...

. Arkhangelsk is home to the Northern State Medical University, Makarov state Maritime Academy, and a branch of the All-Russian Distance Institute of Finance and Economics.

Culture

Драмтеатр им.М.В.ЛОМОНОСОВА - panoramio.jpg, Arkhangelsk drama theatre Entrance of Arkhangelsk regional museum of local lore.jpg, Arkhangelsk regional museum of local lore Церемония открытия нового научно-лабораторного корпуса ФИЦКИА УрО РАН и памятника академику Лавёрову 01.jpg, laboratory building of RAS Sutyagin house 2.JPG, The Sutyagin House, claimed to be the world's tallest wooden single-family house Кинотеатр «Мир» (Архангельск) 02.jpg, Mir Cinema

Mikhail Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (; russian: Михаил (Михайло) Васильевич Ломоносов, p=mʲɪxɐˈil vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ , a=Ru-Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov.ogg; – ) was a Russian Empire, Russian polymath, s ...

came from a Pomor village near Kholmogory. A monument to him was installed to a design by Ivan Martos in 1829. A monument to

was designed by Mark Antokolsky in 1872 and installed in 1914. After its historic churches were destroyed during Joseph Stalin's rule, the city's main extant landmarks are the fort-like Merchant Yards (1668–1684) and th
New Dvina Fortress
(1701–1705). The Assumption Church on the Dvina embankment (1742–1744) was rebuilt in 2004. In 2008, it was decided that the city's cathedral, dedicated to the Archangel Michael, which had been destroyed under the Soviets, would be rebuilt. The foundation stone was laid in November 2008 by the regional Bishop Tikhon. The cathedral, situated near the city's main bus station and river port, is expected to be completed and consecrated in 2019. Another remarkable structure is the Arkhangelsk TV Mast, a tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting built in 1964. This tubular steel mast has six crossbars equipped with gangways, which run in two levels from the central mast structure out to each of the three guys. On these crossbars there are also several antennas installed
image
. An unusual example of local " vernacular architecture" was the so-called Sutyagin House. This thirteen-story, tall residence of the local entrepreneur Nikolay Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Sutyagin and his family over fifteen years (starting in 1992), without plans or a building permit, the structure deteriorated while Sutyagin spent a few years in prison on racketeering charges. In 2008, it was condemned by local authorities as a fire hazard, and the courts ordered it to be demolished by 1 February 2009.Sutyagin House, Arkhangelsk, Russia: Standing tall
WorldArchitectureNews.com, Wednesday Mar 7, 2007. (Includes photo) On 26 December 2008, the tower was pulled down, and the remainder of the building was dismantled manually by early February 2009.

The cultural life of Arkhangelsk includes: * The Arkhangelsk Lomonosov Drama Theater * Arkhangelsk Philarmonia * Arkhangelsk Youth Theater * Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum * Arkhangelsk Art Museum * Stepan Pisakhov Museum An airstrip in Arkhangelsk was the fictional setting for a level in the 1997 hit videogame '' Goldeneye 007''.

Literature

The Russian North, and, in particular, the area of Arkhangelsk, is notable for its folklore. Until the mid-20th century, fairy tales and '' bylinas'' were still performed on the daily basis by performers who became professionals. Starting from the 1890s, folkloric expeditions have been organized to the White Sea area and later to other areas of the Arkhangelsk Governorate in order to write down the tales and the ''bylinas'', especially in Pomor dialects. In the 1920s, mostly due to the efforts of

Anna Astakhova Anna Mikhaylovna Astakhova (russian: Анна Михайловна Астахова, – 30 April 1971) was a Soviet scholar notable for her studies of the folklore (primarily bylinas) of the Russian North. Astakhova was born in Kronstadt, close ...

, these expeditions became systematic. By the 1960s, the performing art was basically extinct. These folkloric motives and fairy tales inspired the literary works of Stepan Pisakhov and Boris Shergin, who were both natives of Arkhangelsk.

Geography

Climate

Arkhangelsk experiences a

subarctic climate The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, ge ...

( Köppen climate classification ''Dfc''), with long (November–March), very cold winters and short (June–August), mildly warm summers. More extreme climates at this high latitude- such as Fairbanks, Alaska or Oymyakon,

Sakha Republic Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),, is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of roughly 1 million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far Eas ...

- have much colder winters than Arkhangelsk, indicating that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean. Snowfall during winter is heavy, while summers are very rainy. Precipitation is very reliable year round.

Demographics

According to the 2021 Census, Arkhangelsk has a population of 301,199 people, which makes it the 68th largest city in Russia. In the 2010 Census, the following ethnic groups were listed:

Sports

Bandy Bandy is a winter sport and ball sport played by two teams wearing ice skates on a large ice surface (either indoors or outdoors) while using sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team's goal. The international governing body for bandy is ...

is the biggest sport in the city and is considered a national sport in Russia.

Vodnik Vodnik (russian: Водник) is a bandy club from Arkhangelsk in Russia. Vodnik was founded in 1925. During the existence of the Soviet Union the club was a part of the Voluntary Sports Societies of the USSR Vodnik. Vodnik became Russian cha ...

, the local team, nine times became the Russian champion (1996–2000 and 2002–2005). Their home arena has the capacity of 10000. Arkhangelsk hosted the Bandy World Championship in

1999 File:1999 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The funeral procession of King Hussein of Jordan in Amman; the 1999 İzmit earthquake kills over 17,000 people in Turkey; the Columbine High School massacre, one of the first major school shootin ...

and

2003 File:2003 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; A des ...

. The 2011–2012 season Russian Bandy League final was played here on March 25, 2012. The 2016 Youth-17 Bandy World Championship was played in Arkhangelsk between 28 and 31 January.

Notable people

(1711–1765), Russian polymath *

Piter Poel Piter Poel (17 June 1760 – 3 October 1837) was a diplomat who in his later years became the publisher if the "Altonaischer Mercurius" (newspaper). A couple of years after his baptism his Godparent, Godfather, Peter III of Russia, Peter, Duk ...

(1760–1837), Dutch diplomat and publisher *

Johann Abraham Nüske Johann Abraham Nüske (1796 – October 1865) was a Russian-born British guitarist, composer, music teacher, and book-seller of (probably) German parentage. He published his music as "J. A. Nüske" or "I. A." Nüske". In civic documents in England ...

(1796–1865), German-British guitarist and composer *

Ilya Shumov Ilya Stepanovich Shumov (russian: Илья́ Степа́нович Шу́мов, 28 June 1819 in Arkhangelsk – July 1881 in Sevastopol) was a Russian chess master. He served as an officer in the Russian Navy until 1847, then worked as a civil ...

(1819–1881), Russian chess master and officer in the Russian Navy *

Wilhelm Greiffenhagen Thomas Wilhelm Greiffenhagen (19 November 1821 – 28 December 1890) was a Baltic German journalist and politician who was the mayor of Reval (now Tallinn) from June 1883 to August 1885. The son of Germans from Schleswig and East Prussia, he ...

(1821–1890), Baltic German journalist and politician *

Eduard Schensnovich Eduard Nikolayevich Schensnovich (russian: Эдуа́рд Никола́евич Щенсно́вич) ''Eduárd Nikoláevič Ščensnóvič'', occasionally transliterated as pl, Edward Nikołajewicz Szczęsnowicz) (January 6, 1852 – Januar ...

(1852–1911), Polish admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy * Stepan Pisakhov (1879–1960), Russian and Soviet writer *

Stepan Balmashov Stepan Valerianovich Balmashov, (Russian: Степан Валерианович Балмашев) (April 15, 1881 – May 16, 1902) was a Russian student, who assassinated the Minister of Internal Affairs Dmitry Sipyagin in April 1902 in the Marii ...

(1882–1902), Russian student and assassin * Boris Shergin (1896–1973), Russian and Soviet writer *

Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski (1899–1962) was a Polish soldier, historian and journalist. An officer of the Polish Army, he is best known as a historian and author of numerous books on modern history of Poland. His most notable work is the '' ...

(1899–1962), Polish soldier and historian *

Monja Danischewsky Monja Danischewsky (28 April 1911 – 16 October 1994) was a British producer and writer, born in Archangel into a Russian-Jewish family who left Russia for England in 1919 and who produced and wrote the films '' Topkapi'' and ''Rockets Galor ...

(1911–1994) British film producer * Boris Lukoshkov (1922–1989), Russian painter * Timur Gaidar (1926–1999), Soviet and Russian admiral * Mikhail Kalik (1927–2017), Soviet and Israeli film director and screenwriter * Vladimir Tarasov (born 1939), Russian percussionist and constellation artist *

Boris Skrynnik Boris Ivanovich Skrynnik (russian: Борис Иванович Скрынник; born 15 July 1948 in Arkhangelsk) is a Russian bandy executive and former bandy player. He has been the president of the Federation of International Bandy. He is al ...

(born 1948), President in Federation of International Bandy and Russian Bandy Federation * Slava Polunin (born 1950), Russian clown * Vladimir Malaniuk (1957–2017), Ukrainian chess player (GM) * Mikhail Pletnev (born 1957), Russian pianist and conductor *

Alexander Dobrunov Alexander Dobrunov (May 6, 1959 – February 7, 2006) was a Russian Judo fighter and trainer. He was first trained in Greco-Roman wrestling by Vladimir Beskokotov in Novodvinsk (Arkhangelsk Oblast). Later, his father (who was an engineer) receiv ...

(1959–2006), Russian judo fighter *

Victor Ferin Victor Ferin or Viktor Ferin (born 1969) is a Russian actor and filmmaker. Biography Victor Ferin was born in Arkhangelsk in 1969. In addition to his work as an actor in Germany, for example in film projects of the Academy of Media Arts Cologne ...

(born 1969), Russian actor and filmmaker * Alexander Kravchenko (born 1971), Russian poker player *

Anatoli Tebloyev Anatoli Grigoryevich Tebloyev (russian: Анатолий Григорьевич Теблоев; born July 16, 1974) is a Russian retired professional footballer. His last club was Gabala. Career statistics Honours * Neftchi Baku ** Azerbaijan ...

(born 1974), Russian football player * Yuliya Fomenko (born 1979), Russian athlete (middle-distance runner) * Illya Haliuza (born 1979), Ukrainian football player *

Sergei Bykov Sergey Vladimirovich Bykov (alternate spelling: Sergei Bykov) (russian: Сергей Владимирович Быков; born February 26, 1983) is a Russian former professional basketball player and basketball coach. Standing at , he played at t ...

(born 1983), Russian basketball player * Nadezhda Kosintseva (born 1985), Russian chess player (GM) * Andrei Pervyshin (born 1985), Russian ice hockey player * Tatiana Kosintseva (born 1986), Russian chess player (GM) * Alex Gilbert (born 1992), Russian-born New Zealand adoption advocate

Twin towns – sister cities

Arkhangelsk is

twinned Twinning (making a twin of) may refer to: * In biology and agriculture, producing two offspring (i.e., twins) at a time, or having a tendency to do so; * Twin towns and sister cities, towns and cities involved in town twinning * Twinning inst ...

with: * Portland, Maine, United States (1988) * Vardø, Norway (1989) *

Emden Emden () is an independent city and seaport in Lower Saxony in the northwest of Germany, on the river Ems. It is the main city of the region of East Frisia and, in 2011, had a total population of 51,528. History The exact founding date of E ...

, Germany (1989) * Sukhumi, Georgia (2011) *

Ashdod Ashdod ( he, ''ʾašdōḏ''; ar, أسدود or إسدود ''ʾisdūd'' or '' ʾasdūd'' ; Philistine: 𐤀𐤔𐤃𐤃 *''ʾašdūd'') is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Located in the country's Southern District, it lies on the Mediterran ...

, Israel (2012) * Jermuk, Armenia (2018) Former twin towns: * Słupsk, Poland (1989–2022, terminated as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine) * Tromsø, Norway (2011–2022)
Norwegian authorities gave 3 reasons for cutting Tromsø's ties with Arkhangelsk
*

Oulu Oulu ( , ; sv, Uleåborg ) is a city, municipality and a seaside resort of about 210,000 inhabitants in the region of North Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is the most populous city in northern Finland and the fifth most populous in the country after: ...

, Finland (1993–2022) *

Kiruna (; se, Giron ; fi, Kiiruna ) is the northernmost Stad (Sweden), city in Sweden, situated in the province of Lapland, Sweden, Lapland. It had 17,002 inhabitants in 2016 and is the seat of Kiruna Municipality (population: 23,167 in 2016) in Norr ...

, Sweden (1999–2022)

References

Notes

Sources

* *

External links

*
Official website of Arkhangelsk
*
Directory of organizations in Arkhangelsk
*
Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum of Fine Arts
{{Authority control Populated coastal places in Russia Port cities and towns in Russia White Sea Arctic convoys of World War II Populated places established in 1584 Arkhangelsky Uyezd