This is a list of plants and how they are used in Zuni culture.

A

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Abronia fragrans ''Abronia fragrans'', the sweet sand-verbena, snowball sand-verbena, prairie snowball or fragrant verbena, Camazine & Bye, p. 377. * ''Achillea millefolium'' var. ''occidentalis'' (western yarrow), the blossoms and root are chewed, and the juice applied before fire-walking or fire-eating. A

poultice A poultice, also called a cataplasm, is a soft moist mass, often heated and medicated, that is spread on cloth and placed over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body. It can be used on wounds, such as cuts. 'Poultice' ...

of the pulverized plant is mixed with water and applied to burns. Stevenson, p. 42. *'' Achnatherum hymenoides'' (Indian ricegrass), ground seeds used as a staple before the availability of corn. Stevenson, p. 67. *'' Ageratina occidentalis'' (western snakeroot), ingredient of "schumaakwe cakes" and used externally for rheumatism and swelling. Stevenson, p. 50. * ''Alnus incana'' subsp. ''tenuifolia'' (thinleaf alder), bark used to dye deerskin reddish brown. Stevenson, p. 80. *''

Amaranthus blitoides ''Amaranthus blitoides'', commonly called mat amaranth, prostrate pigweed, procumbent pigweed, prostrate amaranth, or matweed, is a glabrous annual plants species. It usually grows up to 0.6 m, though it may grow up to 1 m (3 feet). It flowers ...

'' (mat amaranth), seeds originally eaten raw, but later ground with black corn meal, made into balls and eaten. Stevenson, p. 65. *''

Amaranthus cruentus ''Amaranthus cruentus'' is a flowering plant species that yields the nutritious staple amaranth grain. It is one of three ''Amaranthus'' species cultivated as a grain source, the other two being ''Amaranthus hypochondriacus'' and '' Amaranthus c ...

'' (red amaranth), feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red. Stevenson, p. 87. The crushed leaves and blossoms are moistened and rubbed on cheeks as

rouge Rouge is the French word for "red" and may refer to: Compounds * Rouge (cosmetics), a cosmetic used to color the cheeks and emphasize the cheekbones * Jeweler's rouge or iron(III) oxide * Rouging, a form of corrosion applicable to stainless ...

. Stevenson, p. 83. *''

Ambrosia acanthicarpa ''Ambrosia acanthicarpa'' is a North American species of bristly annual plants in the family Asteraceae. Members of the genus ''Ambrosia (plant), Ambrosia'' are called ragweeds. The species has common names including flatspine bur ragweed, Hooker ...

'' (flatspine burr ragweed), an

infusion Infusion is the process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in a solvent such as water, oil or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent over time (a process often called steeping). An inf ...

of the whole plant is taken and used as wash for obstructed menstruation. The ground root is also placed in a tooth for a toothache. * ''Amsonia tomentosa'' var. ''tomentosa'' (woolly bluestar), compound poultice of root applied with much ceremony to rattlesnake bite. Stevenson, p. 53. *'' Artemisia carruthii'' (Carruth's sagewort), the seeds of which are placed on coals and used as a sweat bath for body pains from a severe cold. The ground seeds are also mixed with water, made into balls, steamed and used for food. These seeds are considered to be one of the most important food plants. Castetter, p. 21. *''

Artemisia frigida ''Artemisia frigida'' is a widespread species of flowering plant in the aster family, which is known as the sunflower family. It is native to Europe, Asia, and much of North America. In parts of the north-central and northeastern United States ...

'' (fringed sagewort), the whole plant is made into an infusion for colds. Sprigs of this plant and corn ears are attached to decorated tablets and carried by female dancers in a drama. The sprigs are also dipped in water and planted with corn so it will grow abundantly. *''

Artemisia tridentata ''Artemisia tridentata'', commonly called big sagebrush,MacKay, Pam (2013), ''Mojave Desert Wildflowers'', 2nd ed., , p. 264. Great Basin sagebrush or (locally) simply sagebrush, is an aromatic shrub from the family Asteraceae, which grows in ari ...

'' (big sagebrush), an infusion of the leaves is used externally for body aches. The infusion is also taken as a cold medicine. It is also placed in shoes to treat

athlete's foot Athlete's foot, known medically as ''tinea pedis'', is a common skin infection of the feet caused by a fungus. Signs and symptoms often include itching, scaling, cracking and redness. In rare cases the skin may blister. Athlete's foot fungus m ...

, fissures between toes, and as a foot deodorant. Camazine & Bye, p. 374. *'' Asclepias involucrata'' (dwarf milkweed), the dry powdered root of which is mixed with saliva and used for an unspecified illness. Camazine & Bye, p. 373. The Zuni also noted that this plant is favored by jackrabbits. *''

Asclepias subverticillata ''Asclepias subverticillata'' is a plant found in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Common names include horsetail milkweed, poison milkweed and whorled milkweed. Description Growing to in height, short branches support leaves rangin ...

'' (whorled milkweed), the buds of which are eaten by little boys. The pods are also gathered when two-thirds ripe and the fibers are used for weaving clothing. Stevenson, p. 77. The coma is made into cords and used for fastening plumes to the prayer sticks. Stevenson, p. 85. *''

Astragalus amphioxys ''Astragalus amphioxys'', common name crescent milkvetch, is a plant found in the American southwest, including the whole of Utah, the southeast part of Nevada, the north part of Arizona, the western part of Colorado, the northwestern part of Ne ...

'' (crescent milkvetch), the fresh or dried root chewed by medicine man before sucking snakebite and poultice applied to wound. Camazine & Bye, p. 376. * ''Astragalus lentiginosus'' var. ''diphysus'' (speckledpod milkvetch), the pods of the ''diphysus'' variety are eaten fresh, boiled, or salted. They are also dried and stored for winter use. *''

Atriplex argentea ''Atriplex argentea'' is a species of saltbush known by the common names silverscale saltbush and silver orache. It is native to western North America from southern Canada to northern Mexico, where it grows in many types of habitat, generally on ...

'' (silverscale saltbush), a poultice of chewed root is applied to sores and rashes. An infusion of the root is also taken for stomachache. Camazine & Bye, p. 384. *'' Atriplex canescens'' (fourwing saltbush), an infusion of dried root and blossoms Stevenson, p. 44. or a poultice of blossoms is used for ant bites. Twigs are also attached to prayer plumes and sacrificed to the cottontail rabbit to ensure good hunting. Stevenson, p. 88. *''

Atriplex powellii ''Atriplex powellii'', or Powell's saltweed, is a plant found in the United States and Canada. Uses Among the Zuni people, the seeds were eaten raw before the presence of corn and afterwards. They are also ground with corn meal and made into a ...

'' (Powell's saltweed), the seeds of which were eaten raw before the presence of corn and afterwards. They are also ground with corn meal and made into a mush. Stevenson, p. 66. Castetter, p. 22.

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Bahia dissecta ''Hymenothrix dissecta'' is a North American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae known by the common names yellow ragweed and ragleaf bahia. It is native to the western United States as far north as the Black Hills of South Dak ...

'' (ragleaf bahia), the powdered plant is rubbed on affected parts for a headache, and for rheumatism. *''

Berula erecta ''Berula erecta'', known as lesser water-parsnip or cutleaf waterparsnip or narrow-leaved water-parsnip, is a member of the Apiaceae, carrot family. Growing to around tall, it is found in or by water. It is widespread across much of Europe, Asia ...

'' (cutleaf waterparsnip), ingredient of "schumaakwe cakes" and used externally for rheumatism. An infusion of whole plant used as wash for rashes and athlete's foot infection. *'' Bouteloua gracilis'' (blue grama), Grass bunches tied together and the severed end used as a hairbrush, the other as a broom. Bunches are also used to strain goat's milk.

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Caesalpinia jamesii ''Pomaria jamesii'', commonly known as James' holdback, is a species of plant found in the American southwest. Uses The Zuni people give an infusion Infusion is the process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in ...

'' (James' holdback), infusion of plant given to sheep to make them "prolific". Stevenson, p. 54. *'' Calliandra humilis'' (dwarf stickpea), the powdered root of which is used three times a day for rashes. *'' Campanula parryi'' (Parry's bellflower) – blossoms are chewed, and the saliva is applied to the skin as a

depilatory Hair removal, also known as epilation or depilation, is the deliberate removal of body hair or head hair. Hair typically grows all over the human body and can vary in thickness and length across human populations. Hair can become more visible d ...

. A poultice of chewed root is also applied to bruises. *''

Castilleja integra ''Castilleja integra'', with the common name wholeleaf paintbrush, is an partially parasitic herbaceous perennial plant native to the Southwestern United States. Description Mature individuals of ''Castilleja integra'' are typically 9–50&nbs ...

'' (wholeleaf Indian paintbrush), root bark mixed with minerals to dye deerskin black. *'' Chaetopappa ericoides'' (rose heath), infusion of whole pulverized plant applied is rubbed on the body for the pain from a cold, swellings, and rheumatism. A warm infusion of the plant is also taken to hasten parturition. Stevenson, p. 55. *'' Chamaesyce albomarginata'' (whitemargin sandmat), leaves and roots eaten to promote lactation. *'' Chamaesyce polycarpa'' (smallseed sandmat), warm gruel made with plant and white cornmeal taken to promote milk flow. Stevenson, p. 51. * ''Chamaesyce serpyllifolia'' subsp. ''serpyllifolia'' (thymeleaf sandmat), plant used as a

cathartic In medicine, a cathartic is a substance that ''accelerates'' defecation. This is similar to a laxative, which is a substance that ''eases'' defecation, usually by softening feces. It is possible for a substance to be both a laxative and a catha ...

, an emetic, and to increase the flow of milk in a breastfeeding mother. The leaves are also chewed for the pleasant taste and used to sweeten corn meal. *''

Chenopodium album ''Chenopodium album'' is a fast-growing weedy annual plant in the genus ''Chenopodium''. Though cultivated in some regions, the plant is elsewhere considered a weed. Common names include lamb's quarters, melde, goosefoot, wild spinach and fat-h ...

'' (lambsquarters), young plants cooked as greens. Castetter, p. 16. Note: This plant is not native to the Americas, and was introduced. *'' Chenopodium graveolens'' (fetid goosefoot), plant steeped in water and vapor inhaled for headache. Stevenson, p. 45. *''

Chenopodium leptophyllum ''Chenopodium leptophyllum'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae known by the common name narrowleaf goosefoot. It is native to much of western North America, where it is reported from Alaska to Texas and northern Mexico, ...

'' (narrowleaf goosefoot), young plants boiled alone or with meat and used for food. Ground seeds mixed with corn meal and salt, made into a stiff batter, formed into balls and steamed. Seeds considered among the most important food plants when the Zuni reached this world. *'' Cirsium ochrocentrum'' (yellowspine thistle), infusion of plant taken by both partners as a contraceptive. Infusion of whole plant taken as a

diaphoretic Perspiration, also known as sweating, is the production of fluids secreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. Two types of sweat glands can be found in humans: eccrine glands and apocrine glands. The eccrine sweat glands are distri ...

diuretic A diuretic () is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics in ...

, and emetic to treat syphilis. Infusion of fresh or dried root taken three times a day for diabetes. *'' Cleome serrulata'' (Rocky Mountain beeplant), leaves gathered in large quantities and hung indoors to dry for winter use. Stevenson, p. 69. Young leaves cooked with corn strongly flavored with chile. Plant paste used with black mineral paint to color sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods. Whole plant except for the root used in pottery decorations. Stevenson, p. 82. * ''Conyza canadensis'' var. ''canadensis'' (Canadian horseweed), crushed flowers inserted in nostrils to cause sneezing, relieving

rhinitis Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip. The inflammation is caused by viruses, bacteria, irritants o ...

. * ''Coreopsis tinctoria'' var. ''tinctoria'' (golden tickseed), infusion of whole plant, except for the root, taken by women desiring female babies. Stevenson, p. 84. Plant formerly used to make a hot beverage until the introduction of coffee by traders. The blossoms are used to make a mahogany red dye for yarn. *''

Coriandrum sativum Coriander (;

'' (coriander), powdered seeds ground with chile and used a condiment with meat, leaves used as a salad. Note: This plant is not native to the Americas, and was introduced. *'' Croton texensis'' (Texas croton), decoction of plant taken for "sick stomach", as a purgative, and as a diuretic. An infusion is taken for stomachaches, for

syphilis Syphilis () is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium ''Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, an ...

, and for

gonorrhea Gonorrhea, colloquially known as the clap, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium '' Neisseria gonorrhoeae''. Infection may involve the genitals, mouth, or rectum. Infected men may experience pain or burning with ...

. Camazine & Bye, p. 375. Fresh or dried root chewed by medicine man before sucking snakebite and poultice applied to wound. * ''Cryptantha cinerea'' var. ''jamesii'' (James' catseye), powdered root used for sore anus. *'' Cryptantha crassisepala'' (thicksepal catseye), hot infusion of pulverized plant applied to limbs for fatigue. *''

Cucurbita foetidissima ''Cucurbita foetidissima'' is a tuberous xerophytic plant found in the central and southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It has numerous common names, including: buffalo gourd, calabazilla, chilicote, coyote gourd, fetid gourd, fetid wi ...

'' (Missouri gourd), poultice of powdered seeds, flowers and saliva applied to swellings. *''

Cucurbita pepo ''Cucurbita pepo'' is a cultivated plant of the genus ''Cucurbita''. It yields varieties of winter squash and pumpkin, but the most widespread varieties belong to the subspecies ''Cucurbita pepo'' subsp. ''pepo'', called summer squash. It has b ...

'' (field pumpkin), used as an ingredient in "schumaakwe cakes" and is used externally for rheumatism and swelling. A poultice of seeds and blossoms is applied to cactus scratches. Fresh squash is cut into spiral strips, folded into hanks and hung up to dry for winter use. The blossoms are cooked in grease and used as a delicacy in combination with other foods. Fresh squash, either whole or in pieces, is roasted in ashes and used for food. The gourds made into cups, ladles and dippers and put to various uses. The gourds are also worn in

phallic A phallus is a penis (especially when erect), an object that resembles a penis, or a mimetic image of an erect penis. In art history a figure with an erect penis is described as ithyphallic. Any object that symbolically—or, more precisely ...

dances symbolizing fructification or made into ceremonial rattles. Gourds are also made into receptacles for storing precious articles. *'' Cycloloma atriplicifolium'' (winged pigweed), seeds mixed with ground corn to make a mush. Tiny seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and made into steamed cakes. The blossoms are chewed and rubbed all over the hands for protection.

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*'' Dalea compacta'' (compact praireclover), the root of which is made into a poultice and used for sores and rashes, and an infusion is taken for stomachache. *'' Dalea lasiathera'' (purple praireclover), the root of which is chewed as candy, especially by children. Flowers crushed by hand and sprinkled into meat stew as a flavoring after cooking. *''

Datura wrightii ''Datura wrightii'', commonly known as sacred datura, is a poisonous perennial plant species and ornamental flower of the family Solanaceae native to the Southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is sometimes used as a hallucino ...

'' (sacred thornapple), powdered root given as an anesthetic and a narcotic for surgery. Poultice of root and flower meal applied to wounds to promote healing. The root pieces are chewed by a robbery victim to determine the identity of the thief. The powdered root is used by rain priests in a number of ways to ensure fruitful rains. *'' Dimorphocarpa wislizeni'' (touristplant), warm infusion of pulverized plant applied to swelling, especially the throat. Decoction of entire plant given for delirium. Infusion of taken by men to "loosen their tongues so they may talk like fools & drunken men". Stevenson, p. 91. Flower and fruit eaten as an emetic for stomachaches.

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*'' Ephedra nevadensis'' (Nevada jointfir), an infusion of the whole plant, except for the root, taken for

. Stevenson, p. 49. * ''Ericameria nauseosa'' subsp. ''nauseosa'' var. ''bigelovii'' (rubber rabbitbrush), the blossoms of which are used to make a yellow dye. Stems used to make baskets. *''

Eriogonum alatum ''Eriogonum alatum'', with the common names winged buckwheat and winged eriogonum, is a species of buckwheat. The plant is native to the western Great Plains, the Southwestern United States, and Chihuahua state in México. Varieties Varietie ...

'' (winged buckwheat), root eaten as an emetic for stomachaches. Camazine & Bye, p. 378. Infusion of powdered root taken after a fall and relieve general misery. *''

Eriogonum fasciculatum ''Eriogonum fasciculatum'' is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common names California buckwheat and flat-topped buckwheat. Characterized by small, white and pink flower clusters that give off a cottony effect, this species grows vari ...

'' (eastern Mohave buckwheat), poultice of powdered root applied to cuts and arrow or bullet wounds. Decoction of root taken after

parturition Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the f ...

to heal lacerations. Decoction of root also taken for hoarseness and colds involving the throat. *'' Eriogonum jamesii'' (James' buckwheat), root soaked in water and used as a wash for sore eyes. Fresh or dried root eaten for stomachaches. Root carried in mouth for sore tongue, and then buried in river bottom. Ground blossom powder given to ceremonial dancers impersonating anthropic gods to bring rain. *''

Erodium cicutarium ''Erodium cicutarium'', also known as common stork's-bill, redstem filaree, redstem stork's bill or pinweed, is a herbaceous annual plant, annual – or in warm climates, biennial plant, biennial – member of the family Geraniaceae of flowering ...

'' (redstem stork's bill), poultice of chewed root applied to sores and rashes. Infusion of root taken for stomachache. *''

Erysimum capitatum ''Erysimum capitatum'' is a species of wallflower known commonly as the sanddune wallflower, western wallflower, or prairie rocket. This species can be found in regions across North America, from the Great Lakes to the West Coast of the United S ...

'' (sanddune wallflower), an infusion of the whole plant is used externally muscle aches. The flower and the fruit are also eaten as an emetic for stomachaches.

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*'' Gaura mollis'' (velvetweed), fresh or dried root chewed by medicine man before sucking snakebite and poultice applied to wound. *''

Glycyrrhiza lepidota ''Glycyrrhiza lepidota'' (American licorice) is a species of ''Glycyrrhiza'' (a genus in the pea/bean family, Fabaceae) native to most of North America, from central Canada south through the United States to California, Texas and Virginia, but ...

'' (American licorice), root chewed to keep the mouth sweet and moist. *''

Gossypium hirsutum ''Gossypium hirsutum'', also known as upland cotton or Mexican cotton, is the most widely planted species of cotton in the world. Globally, about 90% of all cotton production is of cultivars derived from this species. In the United States, the wo ...

'' (upland cotton), cotton used to make ceremonial garments. Fuzz made into cords and used ceremonially. *'' Grindelia nuda, aphanactis variety'' (curly gumweed), poultice of flower applied to ant bites. Fresh or dried root chewed by medicine man before sucking snakebite and poultice applied to wound. *''

Gutierrezia sarothrae ''Gutierrezia sarothrae'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names broom snakeweed, broomweed, snakeweed, and matchweed. It is a subshrub native to much of the western half of North America, from western ...

'' (broom snakeweed), infusion of blossoms taken as a

. Infusion of blossoms taken as a diuretic for "obstinate cases". Infusion of blossoms taken to "make one strong in the limbs and muscles." Infusion of whole plant used for muscle aches. Infusion of whole plant taken to increase strength for urinary retention.

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Helianthus annuus The common sunflower (''Helianthus annuus'') is a large annual forb of the genus ''Helianthus'' grown as a crop for its edible oily seeds. Apart from cooking oil production, it is also used as livestock forage (as a meal or a silage plant), as b ...

'' (common sunflower), fresh or dried root chewed by medicine man before sucking snakebite and poultice applied to wound. Compound poultice of root applied with much ceremony to rattlesnake bite. Blossoms used ceremonially for anthropic worship. *''

Hymenopappus filifolius ''Hymenopappus filifolius'' is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names fineleaf hymenopappus and Columbia cutleaf. It is native to western and central North America from Alberta and Saskatchewan so ...

'' (fineleaf hymenopappus), a poultice of chewed root with lard applied to swellings. A warm decoction of the root taken as an emetic. The root is also used as chewing gum. *''

Hymenoxys richardsonii ''Hymenoxys richardsonii'', the pingue hymenoxys or pingue rubberweed, is a North American species of plants in the sunflower family. It is widespread across the western United States and western Canada from Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas ...

'' (pingue hymenoxys), poultice of chewed root applied to sores and rashes, and an infusion of the root is used for stomachache.

I

*'' Ipomopsis longiflora, longiflora subspecies'' (flaxflowered gilia), poultice of dried, powdered flowers and water applied to remove hair on newborns and children. *'' Ipomopsis multiflora'' (manyflowered gilia), powdered, whole plant applied to face for headache. Powdered plant applied to wounds. Crushed blossoms smoked in corn husks to "relieve strangulation". Stevenson, p. 52. *'' Iris missouriensis'' (Rocky Mountain iris), poultice of chewed root applied to increase strength of newborns and infants.

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Juniperus monosperma ''Juniperus monosperma'' is a species of juniper native to western North America, in the United States in Arizona, New Mexico, southern Colorado, western Oklahoma (Panhandle), and western Texas, and in Mexico in the extreme north of Chihuahua. It ...

'' (oneseed juniper), poultice of chewed root applied to increase strength of newborns and infants. An infusion of the leaves is also taken for muscle aches and to prevent conception. An infusion of the leaves is also taken postpartum to prevent uterine cramps and stop vaginal bleeding. A simple or compound infusion of twigs at is used to promote muscular contractions at birth and used after birth to stop blood flow. The wood is also used as a favorite and ceremonial firewood, and the shredded, fibrous bark is specifically used as tinder to ignite the fire sticks used for the New Year fire. Stevenson, p. 93.

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Krascheninnikovia lanata ''Krascheninnikovia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the subfamily Chenopodioideae of the family Amaranthaceae known as winterfat, so-called because it is a nutritious livestock forage. They are known from Eurasia and western North America. Th ...

'' (winterfat), poultice of ground root applied to burns and bound with cotton cloth.

L

*'' Lactuca tatarica, var pulchella'' (blue lettuce), dried root gum used as chewing gum. Stevenson, p. 68. *''

Ligusticum porteri ''Ligusticum porteri'', also known as ''oshá'' (pronounced o-SHAW), wild parsnip, Porter’s Lovage or wild celery, is a perennial herb found in parts of the Rocky Mountains and northern New Mexico, especially in the southwestern United States. ...

'' (Porter's licoriceroot), infusion of root used for body aches, Root chewed by medicine man and patient during curing ceremonies for various illnesses, crushed root and water used as wash and taken for sore throat. Camazine & Bye, p. 379. *''

Linum puberulum ''Linum puberulum'' is a species of flax known by the common name plains flax. It is native to the western and midwestern United States from California to Nebraska to Texas, where it grows in dry, open habitat including desert, semi-desert, hills ...

'' (plains flax), berry juice squeezed into eye for inflammation. Stevenson, p. 56. *''

Lithospermum incisum ''Lithospermum incisum'' is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by several common names, including fringed puccoon, narrowleaf stoneseed, fringed gromwell, narrowleaf puccoon, and plains stoneseed. It is native to much of cent ...

'' (narrowleaf gromwell), salve of powdered root applied ceremonially to swelling of any body part. Poultice of root used and decoction of plant taken for swelling and sore throat. Powdered root mixed with bum branch resin and used for abrasions and skin infections. Infusion of root taken for stomachache. Infusion of root taken for kidney problems. Leaves bound to arrow shafts, close to the point, obscured by sinew wrapping and used in wartime. *''

Lobelia cardinalis ''Lobelia cardinalis'', the cardinal flower ( syn. ''L. fulgens''), is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family Campanulaceae native to the Americas, from southeastern Canada south through the eastern and southwestern United States ...

'' (cardinalflower), ingredient of "schumaakwe cakes" and used externally for rheumatism and swelling. *'' Lotus wrightii'' (Wright's deervetch), poultice of chewed root applied to swellings caused by being witched by a bullsnake. *'' Lycium pallidum'' (pale wolfberry), berries eaten raw when perfectly ripe or boiled and sometimes sweetened. Ground leaves, twigs and flowers given to warriors for protection during war. Stevenson, p. 94.

M

* ''Machaeranthera canescens'' subsp. ''canescens'' var. ''canescens'' (cutleaf goldenweed), infusion of whole plant taken and rubbed on abdomen as an emetic. *''

Machaeranthera tanacetifolia ''Machaeranthera tanacetifolia'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names tansyleaf tansyaster and Tahoka daisy. Description ''M. tanacetifolia'' is an annual or biennial herb growing one or more branc ...

'' (tanseyleaf aster), infusion of flowers taken with other flowers for unspecified illnesses. *'' Mahonia fremontii'' (Fremont's mahonia), crushed berries used as purple coloring for the skin and for objects employed in ceremonies. *'' Mentzelia pumila'' (dwarf mentzelia), plant inserted into rectum as a suppository for constipation. Plant used to whip children to make them strong so they could hold on to a horse without falling. *''

Mirabilis linearis ''Mirabilis linearis'' (common name narrowleaf four o'clock) is a plant. Among the Zuni people, the root is eaten to induce urination and vomiting. They also take an infusion Infusion is the process of extracting chemical compounds or flavo ...

'' (narrowleaf four o'clock), root eaten to induce urination and vomiting. Infusion of the root taken for stomachache. *''

Mirabilis multiflora ''Mirabilis multiflora'' is a species of flowering plant in the four o'clock family known by the common name Colorado four o'clock that is native to the southwestern United States from California to Colorado and Texas, as well as far northern Mex ...

'' (Colorado four o'clock), powdered root mixed with flour, made into a bread and used to decrease appetite. Infusion of root taken and rubbed on abdomen of hungry adults and children. Infusion of powdered root taken by adults or children after overeating. *''

Muhlenbergia rigens ''Muhlenbergia rigens'', commonly known as deergrass, is a warm season perennial bunchgrass. It is found in sandy or well-drained soils below in elevation in the Southwestern United States and parts of Mexico. Description Deergrass is character ...

'' (deergrass), grass attached to sticks of plume offerings to anthropic gods.

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Nicotiana attenuata ''Nicotiana attenuata'' is a species of wild tobacco known by the common name coyote tobacco. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Texas and northern Mexico, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a glandular a ...

'' (coyote tobacco), the smoke of which is blown over the body to reduce the throbbing from rattlesnake bite. It is also smoked ceremonially.

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*''

Oenothera albicaulis file:Oenothera albicaulis NPS-01.jpg, 200px, ''Oenothera albicaulis'' ''Oenothera albicaulis'' is a New World plant in the evening primrose family. It is known by the common names prairie evening-primrose, white-stem evening-primrose, whitish eve ...

'' (whitish evening primrose), the chewed blossoms of which are rubbed on the bodies of young girls so that they can dance well and ensure rain. *'' Oenothera coronopifolia'' (crownleaf evening primrose), poultice of powdered flower and saliva applied at night to swellings. *'' Oenothera elata, ssp. hookeri'' (Hooker's evening primrose), poultice of powdered flower and saliva applied at night to swellings. *'' Oenothera triloba'' (stemless evening primrose), ingredient of "schumaakwe cakes" and used externally for rheumatism and swelling.Stevenson, p.55 The roots are also ground and used as food. *'' Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata'' (tree cholla), used ceremonially.Stevenson, p.95 *'' Opuntia whipplei'' (whipple cholla), fruits, with the spines rubbed off, are dried for winter use.Stevenson, p.69 Spineless fruits are eaten raw or stewed. *'' Orobanche fasciculata'' (clustered broomrape), the powdered plant is inserted into the rectum as a

hemorrhoid Hemorrhoids (or haemorrhoids), also known as piles, are vascular structures in the anal canal. In their normal state, they are cushions that help with stool control. They become a disease when swollen or inflamed; the unqualified term ''hemo ...

remedy.

P

*'' Pectis papposa'' (cinchweed fetidmarigold), the

Zuni people The Zuni ( zun, A:shiwi; formerly spelled ''Zuñi'') are Native American Pueblo peoples native to the Zuni River valley. The Zuni are a Federally recognized tribe and most live in the Pueblo of Zuni on the Zuni River, a tributary of the Lit ...

take an infusion of the whole plant as a

carminative A carminative, also known as carminativum (plural carminativa), is a herb or preparation intended to either prevent formation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract or facilitate the expulsion of said gas, thereby combatting flatulence. Name The wo ...

, and use an infusion of the blossoms as eye drops for

snowblindness Photokeratitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition caused by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the ultraviolet (UV) rays from either natural (e.g. intense sunlight) or artificial (e.g. the electric arc during welding) ...

. Stevenson, p. 57. The Zuni also use the chewed blossoms as perfume before a dance in ceremonies of the secret fraternities. *'' Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi'' (Torrey's penstemon), chewed root rubbed over the rabbit stick to insure success in the hunt. *'' Phacelia neomexicana'' (New Mexico scorpionweed), powdered root mixed with water and used for rashes.Camazine and Bye, p.376 *'' Phaseolus angustissimus'' (slimleaf bean), crushed leaves, blossoms and powdered root rubbed on a child's body as a strengthener. *''

Phaseolus vulgaris ''Phaseolus vulgaris'', the common bean, is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible dry seeds or green, unripe pods. Its leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable and the straw as fodder. Its botanical classification, alo ...

'' (kidney bean), beans boiled and fried or crushed, boiled beans mixed with mush, baked in corn husks & used for food. *'' Phoradendron juniperinum'' (juniper mistletoe), infusion of whole plant used for stomachaches. Compound infusion of plant taken to promote muscular relaxation at birth. Simple or compound infusion of twigs taken after childbirth to stop blood flow. *'' Physalis hederifolia, var fendleri'' (Fendler's groundcherry), fruit boiled in small quantities of water, crushed and used as a condiment.Stevenson, p.70 *'' Physalis longifolia'' (longleaf groundcherry), berries boiled, ground in a mortar with raw onions, chile and coriander seeds and used for food. *'' Psoralidium lanceolatum'' (lemon scurfpea), fresh flower eaten for stomachaches. *'' Psoralidium tenuiflorum'' (slimleaf scurfpea), poultice of moistened leaves applied to any body part for purification.

R

*'' Ratibida columnifera'' (upright prairie coneflower), infusion of whole plant taken as an emetic. *''

Rhus trilobata ''Rhus trilobata'' is a shrub in the sumac genus ('' Rhus'') with the common names skunkbush sumac, sourberry, skunkbush, and three-leaf sumac. It is native to the western half of Canada and the Western United States, from the Great Plains to ...

'' (skunkbush sumac), stems with the bark removed used in making baskets. * ''Ribes cereum'' var. ''pedicellare'' (whiskey currant), berries used as food, and leaves eaten with uncooked mutton fat or deer fat. *'' Rorippa sinuata'' (spreading yellowcress), infusion of plant used as a wash and smoke from blossoms used for inflamed eyes.Stevenson, p.59 *'' Rumex crispus'' (curly dock), poultice of powdered root applied to sores, rashes and skin infections, and infusion of root used for

.Camazine and Bye, p.378 Note: This plant is not native to the Americas, and was introduced. * ''Rumex salicifolius'' var. ''mexicanus'' (Mexican dock), strong infusion of root made and given to women by their husbands to help them to become pregnant. Ground root or infusion taken for sore throat, especially by sword swallower.

S

*''

Salix exigua ''Salix exigua'' (sandbar willow, narrowleaf willow, or coyote willow; syn. ''S. argophylla, S. hindsiana, S. interior, S. linearifolia, S. luteosericea, S. malacophylla, S. nevadensis,'' and '' S. parishiana'') is a species of willow native to m ...

'' (sandbar willow), infusion of bark taken for coughs and sore throats. * ''Symphyotrichum falcatum'' var. ''commutatum'' (cluster aster), the ground blossoms are mixed with

yucca ''Yucca'' is a genus of perennial shrubs and trees in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae. Its 40–50 species are notable for their rosettes of evergreen, tough, sword-shaped leaves and large terminal panicles of white or whitish flo ...

suds and used to wash newborn infants to make their hair grow and strengthen them. * ''Symphyotrichum lanceolatum'' var. ''hesperium'' (siskiyou aster), a decoction of which is used to dress arrow or bullet wounds. The dried, pulverized plant is used for abrasions from ceremonial masks, and smoke from crushed blossoms is inhaled to treat nosebleed.

T

*'' Tetraneuris scaposa'' (stemmy hymenoxys), an infusion of which is used as an eyewash. It is not for people with a "bad heart".

V

*''

Verbascum thapsus ''Verbascum thapsus'', the great mullein, greater mullein or common mullein is a species of mullein native to Europe, northern Africa, and Asia, and introduced in the Americas and Australia. It is a hairy biennial plant that can grow to 2 m tal ...

'' (common mullein), a poultice of powdered root is applied to sores, rashes and skin infections. An infusion of the root is also used to treat

. Note: This plant is not native to the Americas, and was introduced.

X

* ''Xanthium strumarium'' var. ''canadense'' (Canada cockleburr), the chewed seeds are rubbed onto the body before the cactus ceremony to protect it from vines. A compound poultice of seeds is applied to wounds or used to remove splinters. The seeds are also ground, mixed with cornmeal, made into cakes, and steamed for food.

Y

*''

Yucca glauca ''Yucca glauca'' ( syn. ''Yucca angustifolia'') is a species of perennial evergreen plant, adapted to xeric (dry)growth conditions. It is also known as small soapweed, soapweed yucca, Spanish bayonet, and Great Plains yucca. ''Yucca glauca'' f ...

'' (small soapweed), seed pods boiled and used for food. Leaves are made into brushes & used for decorating pottery, ceremonial masks, altars and other objects. Leaves are also soaked in water to soften them and made into rope by knotting them together. Stevenson, p. 79. Dried leaves are split, plaited and made into water-carrying head pads. Bell & Castetter, p. 47. Leaves are also used for making mats, cincture pads and other articles. The peeled roots pounded, made into suds and used for washing the head, wool garments and blankets.

Z

*''

Zinnia grandiflora ''Zinnia grandiflora'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names Rocky Mountain zinnia and plains zinnia. It is native to the southwestern and south-central United States (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado ...

'' (Rocky Mountain zinnia), applied in a poultice to bruises, cold infusion of blossoms used as an eyewash, and smoke from powdered plant inhaled in sweatbath for fever.

Bibliography

* * * *

References

External links

*http://herb.umd.umich.edu Native American Ethnobotany Database. {{Flora of the United States by political division, state=expanded

ethnobotany Ethnobotany is the study of a region's plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of a local culture and people. An ethnobotanist thus strives to document the local customs involving the practical uses of local flora for m ...

* Flora of the Southwestern United States Lists of flora of the United States Medical lists * Ethnobotany