The Ziggurat (or Great Ziggurat) of Ur (
Sumerian: "Etemenniguru", meaning "temple whose foundation creates aura")
is a
Neo-Sumerian ziggurat in what was the city of
Ur near
Nasiriyah, in present-day
Dhi Qar Province
Dhi Qar Governorate ( ar, ذي قار, translit=Thi Qār, ) is a governorate in southern Iraq. The provincial capital is Nasiriyah. Prior to 1976 the governorate was known as Muntafiq Governorate. Thi Qar was the heartland of the ancient Iraqi civ ...
,
Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
. The structure was built during the
Early Bronze Age (21st century BC) but had crumbled to ruins by the 6th century BC of the
Neo-Babylonian
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia. Beginning with the coronation of Nabopolassar as the King of Babylon in 626 BC and be ...
period, when it was restored by King
Nabonidus.
Its remains were excavated in the 1920s and 1930s by Sir
Leonard Woolley. Under
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein ( ; ar, صدام حسين, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutio ...
in the 1980s, they were encased by a partial reconstruction of the façade and the monumental staircase. The Ziggurat of Ur is the best-preserved of those known from
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia ''Mesopotamíā''; ar, بِلَاد ٱلرَّافِدَيْن or ; syc, ܐܪܡ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ, or , ) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the ...
, besides the ziggurat of Dur Untash (
Chogha Zanbil). It is one of three well-preserved structures of the Neo-Sumerian city of Ur, along with the Royal Mausolea and the Palace of
Ur-Nammu (the ''E-hursag'').
Sumerian ziggurat
The
ziggurat was built by King
Ur-Nammu, who dedicated it in honour of
Nanna/Sîn in approximately the 21st century BC (
short chronology) during the
Third Dynasty of Ur.
The massive
step pyramid measured in length, in width and over in height. The height is speculative, as only the foundations of the Sumerian ziggurat have survived.
The ziggurat was a piece in a temple complex that served as an administrative center for the city, and which was a shrine of the
moon god
A lunar deity or moon deity is a deity who represents the Moon, or an aspect of it. These deities can have a variety of functions and traditions depending upon the culture, but they are often related. Lunar deities and Moon worship can be fou ...
Nanna, the patron deity of
Ur.
The construction of the ziggurat was finished in the 21st century BC by King
Shulgi, who, in order to win the allegiance of cities, proclaimed himself a god. During his 48-year reign, the city of Ur grew to be the capital of a state controlling much of
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia ''Mesopotamíā''; ar, بِلَاد ٱلرَّافِدَيْن or ; syc, ܐܪܡ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ, or , ) is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the ...
. Many ziggurats were made by stacking mud-bricks up and using mud to seal them together.
Neo-Babylonian restoration
King
Nabonidus, the
last king of the
Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia. Beginning with the coronation of Nabopolassar as the King of Babylon in 626 BC and bei ...
in the 6th century BC, after "finding little left but the last stage and nothing to guide him as to the monument's original appearance", had it restored in seven stages rather than three.
Excavation and preservation
The remains of the ziggurat were rediscovered by
William Loftus in 1850. The first excavations at the site were conducted by
John George Taylor
John George Taylor (active 1851–1861; also known as J E Taylor and J G Taylor) was a British official of the Foreign Office, and also an important early archaeologist investigating the antiquities of the Middle East. He was one of the first ar ...
(mistakenly credited as "J. E. Taylor") in the 1850s, leading to the identification of the site as Ur.
After
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
, preliminary excavations were performed by
Reginald Campbell Thompson
Reginald Campbell Thompson (21 August 1876 – 23 May 1941) was a British archaeologist, assyriologist, and cuneiformist. He excavated at Nineveh, Ur, Nebo and Carchemish among many other sites.
Biography
Thompson was born in Kensington, and ...
and
Henry Hall. The site was extensively excavated in the 1920s by Sir
Leonard Woolley by appointment of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania and the British Museum in the period of 1922 to 1934.
The remains of the ziggurat consist of a three-layered solid mass of mud brick faced with burnt bricks set in bitumen. The lowest layer corresponds to the original construction of Ur-Nammu, while the two upper layers are part of the Neo-Babylonian restorations. The façade of the lowest level and the monumental staircase were rebuilt under the orders of
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein ( ; ar, صدام حسين, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutio ...
.
The ziggurat was damaged in the
Gulf War
The Gulf War was a 1990–1991 armed campaign waged by a 35-country military coalition in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Spearheaded by the United States, the coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: ...
in 1991 by small arms fire, and the structure was shaken by explosions. Four bomb craters can be seen nearby, and the walls of the ziggurat are marred by over 400 bullet holes.
As of 2008, the site is under the supervision of
curator
A curator (from la, cura, meaning "to take care") is a manager or overseer. When working with cultural organizations, a curator is typically a "collections curator" or an "exhibitions curator", and has multifaceted tasks dependent on the parti ...
Dief Mohssein Naiif al-Gizzy
John George Diefenbaker ( ; September 18, 1895 – August 16, 1979) was the 13th prime minister of Canada, serving from 1957 to 1963. He was the only Progressive Conservative party leader between 1930 and 1979 to lead the party to an electi ...
.
See also
*
Abraham
Abraham, ; ar, , , name=, group= (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the special relationship between the Je ...
*
Nasiriyah Airport
*
Abraham and the temple in Islamic tradition
*
Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum
Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum is the earliest known public museum. It dates to circa 530 BCE. The curator was Ennigaldi, the daughter of Nabonidus, the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. It was in the state of Ur, in the modern-day Dhi Qar Gove ...
*
Architecture of Mesopotamia
*
Ur of the Chaldees
Ur Kasdim ( he, ''ʾūr Kaśdīm''), commonly translated as Ur of the Chaldeans, is a city mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the birthplace of the Israelite and Ishmaelite patriarch Abraham. In 1862, Henry Rawlinson identified Ur Kaśdim with ...
*
Ziggurat of Aqar Quf
File:Zig_close.JPG
File:Zig_from_side.JPG
File:Zig_front_right_side.JPG
File:Ziggarut_of_Ur_-_M.Lubinski.jpg
File:Ancient ziggurat at Ali Air Base Iraq 2005.jpg
References
Further reading
*Woolley, C. Leonard and Moorey, P. R. S., ''Ur of the Chaldees: Revised and Updated Edition of Sir Leonard Woolley's Excavations at Ur'', Cornell University Press (1982).
External links
Ziggurat of Ur Smarthistory at
Khan Academy
Khan Academy is an American non-profit educational organization created in 2008 by Sal Khan. Its goal is creating a set of online tools that help educate students. The organization produces short lessons in the form of videos. Its website also i ...
Ur (modern name: Tell el-Muqayyar)at Open Context
''Archaeology of ancient Iraq with a section on the ziggurat''The Harran and Ur Latitudes, and Tell Göbekli Tepe
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziggurat Of Ur
Buildings and structures completed in the 21st century BC
Sumerian art and architecture
Ur
Ur
Moon temples