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Zero-carbon housing is a term used to describe a house that does not emit greenhouse gasses, specifically
carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide ( chemical formula ) is a chemical compound made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in the gas state at room temperature. In the air, carbon dioxide is t ...
(CO2), into the
atmosphere An atmosphere () is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A ...
. Homes release
greenhouse gas A greenhouse gas (GHG or GhG) is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range, causing the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (), carbon dioxide (), methane ...
es through burning
fossil fuel A fossil fuel is a hydrocarbon-containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of dead plants and animals that is extracted and burned as a fuel. The main fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels ma ...
s in order to provide heat, or even while cooking on a
gas stove A gas stove is a stove that is fuelled by combustible gas such as syngas, natural gas, propane, butane, liquefied petroleum gas or other flammable gas. Before the advent of gas, cooking stoves relied on solid fuels such as coal or wood. The first ...
. A zero carbon house can be achieved by either building or renovating a home to be very energy efficient and for its energy consumption to be from non-emitting sources, for example electricity. According to a 2020 UN report, building and construction practices are responsible for ~38% of all energy-related
carbon emission Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Most is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. The largest emitters include coal in China and larg ...
s. For this reason, the building industry is pushing to find alternative means and methods to reduce the amount of emissions that are associated with both the construction process and the day to day operations to maintain buildings.


Definitions

Zero carbon housing: * A home that is designed and implemented in such a way that it does not release any additional
carbon emissions Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Most is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. The largest emitters include coal in China and l ...
into the
atmosphere An atmosphere () is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelop a planet, and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A ...
by sustaining itself with
clean energy Clean may refer to: * Cleaning, the process of removing unwanted substances, such as dirt, infectious agents, and other impurities, from an object or environment * Cleanliness, the state of being clean and free from dirt Arts and media Music A ...
. This means that the energy the house consumes is purely electric. Zero energy housing: * A home that is designed and built to produce enough of its own
renewable energy Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, the movement of water, and geothermal heat. Although most renewable energy ...
to sustain itself without needing to rely on the
grid Grid, The Grid, or GRID may refer to: Common usage * Cattle grid or stock grid, a type of obstacle is used to prevent livestock from crossing the road * Grid reference, used to define a location on a map Arts, entertainment, and media * News ...
. This is different from zero carbon housing because its goal is to produce 100% of its own clean energy. Passive house: * A home that focuses of high insulation with an airtight
building envelope A building envelope is the physical separator between the conditioned and unconditioned environment of a building including the resistance to air, water, heat, light, and noiseSyed, Asif. ''Advanced building technologies for sustainability''. Hobok ...
. High levels of insulation mean the house is able to use less energy for
heating A central heating system provides warmth to a number of spaces within a building from one main source of heat. It is a component of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (short: HVAC) systems, which can both cool and warm interior spaces. ...
and
cooling Cooling is removal of heat, usually resulting in a lower temperature and/or phase change. Temperature lowering achieved by any other means may also be called cooling.ASHRAE Terminology, https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/free-resources/as ...
depending on the
climate Climate is the long-term weather pattern in an area, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorologi ...
it is in. Active house: * A home that focuses on the health and comfort of the occupants. This focus is present in the increased natural lighting and
ventilation Ventilation may refer to: * Ventilation (physiology), the movement of air between the environment and the lungs via inhalation and exhalation ** Mechanical ventilation, in medicine, using artificial methods to assist breathing *** Ventilator, a m ...
the house is designed for.


Goals of Zero Carbon Housing

There are a two main goals to strive for in creating zero carbon homes: # The first goal is to create a passive house which is remarkably well insulated and nearly completely airtight. #* In constructing a new home, this means windows are placed strategically such that they absorb the heat from sunlight in the winter yet also minimize its heat in the summer. #* For
renovation Renovation (also called remodeling) is the process of improving broken, damaged, or outdated structures. Renovations are typically done on either commercial or residential buildings. Additionally, renovation can refer to making something new, ...
of existing homes, this requires the building envelop to be upgraded.
Caulk Caulk or, less frequently, caulking is a material used to seal joints or seams against leakage in various structures and piping. The oldest form of caulk consisted of fibrous materials driven into the wedge-shaped seams between boards on ...
ing areas around the house which are stationary, and
weatherstripping Weatherstripping is the process of sealing openings such as doors, windows, and trunks from the waters above. The term can also refer to the materials used to carry out such sealing processes. The goal of weatherstripping is to prevent rain and w ...
areas that move will achieve the airtightness necessary to reduce drafts. # The second goal is to have no
natural gas Natural gas (also called fossil gas or simply gas) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes. Low levels of trace gases like carbon d ...
lines leading into the home and that it gets its energy entirely from electricity or other
renewable resource A renewable resource, also known as a flow resource, is a natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion depleted by usage and consumption, either through natural reproduction or other recurring processes in a finite amount of ti ...
s.
Electricity generation Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy. For utilities in the electric power industry, it is the stage prior to its delivery ( transmission, distribution, etc.) to end users or its s ...
is continuing to become cleaner as we are finding more ways to utilize renewable resources and transition away from
coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is formed when ...
and
fossil fuel A fossil fuel is a hydrocarbon-containing material formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of dead plants and animals that is extracted and burned as a fuel. The main fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels ma ...
s. After implementing the methodology of a passive house in addition to being completely shut off to natural gas lines, the house can continue to be improved with various design considerations.


Design Considerations for Zero Carbon Housing

Creating an effective zero carbon house involves multiple levels of consideration stemming from the people who chose to build and/or remodel their home, to the design team in charge of developing the proper design strategies, to the
contractors A general contractor, main contractor or prime contractor is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of ...
who construct and implement them. It is ultimately a team effort from each contributor to work together to provide the best, most efficient zero carbon house. A few design considerations that can be implemented are outlined below. It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list but just a few of the most common in practice. These considerations include the orientation of the building itself, incorporating elements such as smart windows,
heat pump A heat pump is a device that can heat a building (or part of a building) by transferring thermal energy from the outside using a refrigeration cycle. Many heat pumps can also operate in the opposite direction, cooling the building by removing ...
s,
solar panel A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module, PV panel or solar panel is an assembly of photovoltaic solar cells mounted in a (usually rectangular) frame, and a neatly organised collection of PV panels is called a photo ...
s, and finally but most importantly installing energy efficient appliances.


Orientation of House

As mentioned above, one main goal of a zero carbon house is to create a passive house. When building a new home, it is very important for the design team to account for orientation of the house in relation to the sun. Sunlight will directly and indirectly affect the heating and cooling of a house based on its orientation, and placement of windows. In the
northern hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's Nort ...
, the south facing walls come in contact with the sun the most and for the majority of the day time. This wall becomes the most important wall to design to take advantage of when considering a passive solar design. Sunlight will hit the south facing wall and transfer its thermal energy into heat with either direct gain or indirect gain. Direct gain wall design means that the sunlight enters the house through windows placed along the southern walls and hits the floors and/or other walls. Since windows are made primarily of glass, they have a low
thermal conductivity The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat. It is commonly denoted by k, \lambda, or \kappa. Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in materials of high thermal ...
. When the sunlight passes through with its high
thermal energy The term "thermal energy" is used loosely in various contexts in physics and engineering. It can refer to several different well-defined physical concepts. These include the internal energy or enthalpy of a body of matter and radiation; heat, de ...
it cannot easily escape due to the glass’s low conductivity and its thermal energy is transferred into heat. This phenomenon is known as the
greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when energy from a planet's host star goes through the planet's atmosphere and heats the planet's surface, but greenhouse gases in the atmosphere prevent some of the heat from returning directly ...
. As a result, the house is heated from direct sunlight penetrating through the windows. Indirect gain wall design uses a
Trombe Wall A Trombe wall is a massive equator-facing wall that is painted a dark color in order to absorb thermal energy from incident sunlight and covered with a glass on the outside with an insulating air-gap between the wall and the glaze. A Trombe wall is ...
along the southern wall to store thermal energy which can slowly heat up the house. A Trombe Wall consists of a
masonry Masonry is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound together by mortar; the term ''masonry'' can also refer to the units themselves. The common materials of masonry construction are bricks, building ...
wall along the southern wall perimeter with a single of double layer of glass along its exterior and about a one inch gap in between the two. The masonry wall needs to be dark colored to better absorb the sun’s thermal energy and the exterior glass layer creates a greenhouse effect to trap the heat continuously heating up the masonry wall. Over time, the heat in the wall is transferred into the house and will continue warming up the house into the night after the sun has gone down. This design works well in the northern hemisphere far from the
equator The equator is a circle of latitude, about in circumference, that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. It is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude, halfway between the North and South poles. The term can also ...
because the sun’s position in the sky relative to the house changes. In the winter, the sun is much lower in the sky so it will shine against a larger area of the wall which traps more thermal energy and results in more heat gain inside with less need to use electricity to heat the home. In the summer, the sun is higher in the sky so it can be easier to block the sunlight from hitting the southern wall which doesn’t transfer as much thermal energy meaning it will not heat up as much. Both direct and indirect gain take advantage of the sun’s thermal energy to heat up the house in the cold wintery months and through
passive solar In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, reflect, and distribute solar energy, in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design because, unli ...
design ensure that the house does not absorb too much of it during the hot summer months.


Smart Windows

Windows are a huge element in a home. They are great for the occupant to feel connected to the outside environment and allow lots of additional light inside. This is beneficial because the additional lighting provided from the sun means the homes lights do not need to be on as much and can save the homeowner in electricity bills. However, the more sunlight also can cause more heating of the house. Therefore, with additional light comes with additional heat. In the cold winter months, this can actually help the home by providing additional heat so the homeowner can save on heating costs, but in the hot summer months, this can add unwanted additional heat and have an unintended consequence of needing to use more energy to cool the home down. The use of smart windows in homes can greatly impact the temperature inside by taking advantage of sunlight so that ultimately less energy is used to both heat and cool the building. Approximately 35% of a typical building’s energy is lost through its windows. There are two types of smart windows that are primarily used to control the temperature on the inside of homes: electrochromic and
thermochromic Thermochromism is the property of substances to change color due to a change in temperature. A mood ring is an excellent example of this phenomenon, but thermochromism also has more practical uses, such as baby bottles which change to a differen ...
. Electrochromic glass has been widely used in smart windows. An electrochromic window is able to alter the ability of light and heat to pass through the glass through the use of electrical current. These windows consist of five layers: two glass layers on the exterior, two layers that serve as electrodes which act as the positive and negative poles in a battery, and a middle electrolyte layer containing ions. When voltage is applied to the window, positively charged ions develop on one side of the window while negatively charged ones move to the other side. This reaction creates a tint to the window which will stay until voltage is again applied to cause a reverse reaction. Electrochromic windows allow the homeowner to decide when they want to allow more sunlight in or block it which gives them more of a sense of control over the amount of energy they use for heating and cooling. On the other hand, thermochromic windows are windows that change in response to heat. These windows have fewer layers than electrochromic windows, typically two layers of glass, with an inner layer of a thermochromic laminate. The thermochromic laminate can be made of various different materials which are temperature responsive and can cause the glass to tint when it reaches high enough temperatures to block heat out, or become more transparent when cool enough to let more light and heat in. Each material has its own threshold temperature where this transition can occur. Therefore, the best type of smart window depends up on the climate.


Heat Pumps

A
heat pump A heat pump is a device that can heat a building (or part of a building) by transferring thermal energy from the outside using a refrigeration cycle. Many heat pumps can also operate in the opposite direction, cooling the building by removing ...
can be used in a home as an alternate heating and cooling system in comparison to furnaces and air conditioners. They run on electricity and use the same thermodynamic principles as refrigerators to transfer heat from a cool space to a warm space. The three types of heat pumps that can be used to heat or cool homes are air-to-air, water source, and geothermal. Each type collects heat from either the air, water, or the ground respectively from outside the house and the heat pump concentrates it for use inside. Heat pumps are such an energy efficient alternative because they do not generate heat like a furnace. Instead, they transfer heat from one source to the other. The heat pump absorbs energy from the outside air and transfer it inside, heating the home up. Additionally, when turned to cooling mode, they act as air conditioners and absorb heat from inside, transferring it outside to cool the home down. Air source heat pumps are most commonly used in residential housing. They are so energy efficient that they can reduce electricity bills by about 50%. Air sourced heat pumps have advanced so much in recent years that they are even suitable for extreme cold weather conditions to provide heat inside the home.


Solar Panels

Solar panel A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module, PV panel or solar panel is an assembly of photovoltaic solar cells mounted in a (usually rectangular) frame, and a neatly organised collection of PV panels is called a photo ...
s are one of the best ways a home can generate its own electricity. The two main technologies used to harness the suns energy and transfer it into electricity are
photovoltaics Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. The photovoltaic effect is commercially ...
(PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP). PV are the panels that can be seen on rooftops of residential homes and buildings or even out in fields. They capture the
photon A photon () is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. Photons are massless, so they alwa ...
s from the sunlight and the panels absorb them to create an
electric field An electric field (sometimes E-field) is the physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles and exerts force on all other charged particles in the field, either attracting or repelling them. It also refers to the physical field ...
across its many layers which in turn creates electricity. CSP is used in very large
power plants A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid. Many pow ...
and therefore is not suitable for residential use. At times, solar panel systems are able to produce more energy than the house needs and when this happens, some systems feed into batteries which can store the surplus of electricity. Other systems can wire directly into the home’s grid and allows the homeowner to back feed its excess electricity to the utility company. When this happens, the utility company will often pay the homeowner for the amount of electricity they give back.


Energy Efficient Appliances

Energy efficient appliances are appliances that are designed and implemented to use less energy compared to their normal everyday household appliance yet provide the same service. Installing energy efficient appliances is one of the easiest ways to reduce energy consumption because after installation, they don’t require the occupant to consciously think about the amount of energy they will expend by turning them on; the appliance simply uses less energy due to the way it was designed. The United States government has set a certain standard of energy efficiency and created the program
Energy Star Energy Star (trademarked ''ENERGY STAR'') is a program run by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that promotes energy efficiency. The program provides information on the energy consumption of pr ...
which provides certifications to consumer products that meet these standards. Energy Star provides a certified label on products they deem energy efficient and also compiles a list of these appliances, making it easy for the consumer to purchase. Energy Star certified residential homes are at the least 10% and on average 20% more energy efficient compared to homes built to standard code.


Urbanization

Urbanized and more densely populated communities produce fewer carbon emissions per capita in comparison to
suburb A suburb (more broadly suburban area) is an area within a metropolitan area, which may include commercial and mixed-use, that is primarily a residential area. A suburb can exist either as part of a larger city/urban area or as a separ ...
an or
rural In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry typically are de ...
communities. While part of this is because in urban settings, people typically are driving less due to the proximity of goods and services, another important factor is that densely populated housing means better insulation because of shared walls and floors and ceilings. With less walls exposed to the outside extreme weathers and more walls being shared, the inside environment is able to remain and maintain more steady temperatures without needing as much cooling or heating.


Benefits of Zero Carbon Housing

Three important benefits of switching to a zero carbon house involve health,
economic An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services. In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with th ...
, and environmental benefits.


Health

Zero carbon houses offer much cleaner indoor air because they curb fossil fuel
combustion Combustion, or burning, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Combus ...
which releases volatile gases and
pollutant A pollutant or novel entity is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. These can be both naturally forming (i.e. minerals or extracted compounds like o ...
s. Appliances such as gas stove, heaters, dryers, and ovens that rely on burning fuel inside the home worsen the air quality indoors and can lead to respiratory issues for the occupants. Not only is the indoor air quality affected, but so is outdoor air quality. Pollution from
residential buildings A residential area is a land used in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas. Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single-family housing, multi-family resid ...
is noted to be responsible for about 15,500 deaths per year in the United States alone. Replacing appliances that run on fossil fuels can improve indoor air quality and reduce
asthma Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, co ...
symptoms in children by up to 42%, as well as decrease fire hazards in homes.


Money

As previously mentioned, energy efficient homes can save the occupant on their
utility bill An invoice, bill or tab is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer relating to a sale transaction and indicating the products, quantities, and agreed-upon prices for products or services the seller had provided the buyer. Payment t ...
s by both replacing their appliances with energy efficient appliances as well as updating their insulation and building envelop. For every $1 invested in improvements towards creating a zero carbon home, approximately $2 are saved in electricity generation and utility costs.


Climate Change

The most important benefit of zero carbon housing is the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions that are contributing to climate change. Since residential buildings and houses are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, cities cannot achieve their climate targets without optimizing their energy efficiency. By reducing the amount of energy houses use and by cleaning up the energy they do use, zero carbon housing can significantly reduce these emissions into the atmosphere to meet the
carbon neutral Carbon neutrality is a state of net-zero carbon dioxide emissions. This can be achieved by balancing emissions of carbon dioxide with its removal (often through carbon offsetting) or by eliminating emissions from society (the transition to the " ...
standards many nations are setting.


Challenges associated with Zero Carbon Housing

While all the above examples of how to build and/or renovate a zero carbon house sound great, there are some challenges that come with switching to carbon free. A top concern for most people is the economic factor. On average, zero carbon houses can cost 5% to 15% more than a similar sized regular home. When seeing this initial increase in price, homeowners often feel discouraged and that the home will not be a good
investment Investment is the dedication of money to purchase of an asset to attain an increase in value over a period of time. Investment requires a sacrifice of some present asset, such as time, money, or effort. In finance, the purpose of investing is ...
. However, looking at the first cost of the home alone without factoring in how much savings the energy efficient home will have is a crucial mistake. When applying the correct design strategies to create a passive, energy efficient home that can generate a significant portion of its own electricity while also being completely carbon neutral, zero carbon homes can end up saving the home homeowner money in the long run. However, once a homeowner has invested in a zero carbon house which is completely run on electricity, both self-producing and grid dependent, there arises the issue of electrical grid
power outage A power outage (also called a powercut, a power out, a power failure, a power blackout, a power loss, or a blackout) is the loss of the electrical power network supply to an end user. There are many causes of power failures in an electricity ...
s. While there are measures the design team has taken to help the house generate its own electricity, that does not always mean it can generate enough electricity to sustain normal household activities whereas gas powered stoves would otherwise be able to function. In this instance, it is arguable that the zero carbon house would be preferable to a normal house because while normal household activities are minimized in a power outage, there is still the backup of electricity generated from renewable sources the house has provided as well as the passive design which means the house is well insulated and has measures such direct and indirect gain to help heat it. There additionally are instances where a house is located in an area where solar power is not the most efficient means of electricity generation due to the lack of sunlight available. In this case, the design team will assess whether solar is a good option or if other renewable sources of energy are more suitable. Finally, a big challenge in the building construction industry is
embodied carbon One way of attributing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is to measure the embedded emissions of goods that are being consumed (also referred to as "embodied emissions", "embodied carbon emissions", or "embodied carbon"). This is different from the ...
. While the term zero carbon housing insinuates that the house is carbon free, it does not account for the fact that there are carbon emissions associated with the construction of the home, nor the carbon emitted from the materials needed to build it, nor from their transportation from source to site. In fact it is estimated that embodied carbon from new construction will be responsible for nearly half of carbon emissions between now and 2050. This is a huge consequence that new construction presents which will need to be addressed.


Success with Zero Carbon Housing

There are several examples around the world of individual houses and even communities which have been built to be zero carbon houses and demonstrate that it is possible to live in an energy efficient home that reduces its energy consumption and its greenhouse gas emissions while also providing the occupants with the same functional lifestyle they require. One such community in particular, The Lochiel Park Green Village in
South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a States and territories of Australia, state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest o ...
, has proven that with the help of government policy and an ingenious design team, zero carbon housing is possible and practical. The design considerations that the design team implemented increase energy efficiency include solar water heating, a photovoltaic system for each house, high energy star rated appliances, and low energy lighting. In order to collect data to demonstrate that Lochiel Park was more energy efficient than a similar community of size and climate, appliance and equipment audits were performed, as well as continued energy use and generation monitoring. As a result of the conducted study, it was concluded that compared to the average of South Australian residential homes, Lochiel Park households used significantly less energy per year per unit
floor area In architecture, construction, and real estate, floor area, floor space, or floorspace is the area (measured as square feet or square metres) taken up by a building or part of it. The ways of defining "floor area" depend on what factors of the buil ...
. In fact, Lochiel Park homes are so energy efficient that when comparing them to the average of South Australia, the average total annual energy per household consumed less than half the amount of energy. Not only that but when considering the amount of energy that was delivered to Lochiel Park homes, meaning the total energy consumed minus the amount of energy the homes generated themselves independent of the grid, Lochiel Park was delivered less than a third the amount of energy as the South Australia average. This is a significant amount in energy reduction which can be attributed to the innovative design team which incorporated a combination of energy efficient technologies and self-sustaining renewable energy electricity generation.


See also

*
Green building Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planni ...
* Net energy gain *
Zero heating building Zero-heating building or nearly zero-heating building (nZHB) is a building having essentially zero heating demand, defined as having heating demand, Q’NH, less than 3 kWh/(m2a). The zero-heating building is intended for use in heating-dominated ar ...
*
Zero-energy building A Zero Energy Building (ZEB), also known as a Net Zero Energy (NZE) building, is a building with net zero energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renewable energy ...


References

{{Reflist Sustainable architecture