Zerah Colburn (September 1, 1804 – March 2, 1839) was an American
child prodigy
A child prodigy is defined in psychology research literature as a person under the age of ten who produces meaningful output in some domain at the level of an adult expert. The term is also applied more broadly to young people who are extraor ...
of the 19th century who gained fame as a
mental calculator.
[ W. W. Rouse Ball (1960) ''Calculating Prodigies'', in Mathematical Recreations and Essays, Macmillan, New York, chapter 13.]
Biography
Colburn was born in
Cabot,
Vermont, in 1804. He was thought to be
intellectually disabled until the age of six. However, after six weeks of schooling, his father overheard him repeating his
multiplication tables. His father was not sure whether or not he learned the tables from his older brothers and sisters, but he decided to test him further on his mathematical abilities and discovered that there was something special about his son when Zerah correctly multiplied 13 and 97.
Colburn's abilities developed rapidly and he was soon able to solve such problems as the number of seconds in 2,000 years, the product of 12,225 and 1,223, or the square root of 1,449. When he was seven years old he took six seconds to give the numbers of hours in thirty-eight years, two months, and seven days.
Zerah is reported to have been able to solve fairly complex problems. For example, the sixth
Fermat number is 2
25+1 (or 2
32+1). The question is whether this number, 4,294,967,297, is prime or not. Zerah calculated in his head that it was not and had a divisor of 641. (Its other proper divisor is 6,700,417.)
His father capitalized on his boy's talents by taking Zerah around the country and eventually abroad, demonstrating the boy's exceptional abilities. The two left Vermont in the winter of 1810–11. Passing through
Hanover, New Hampshire,
John Wheelock
John Wheelock (January 28, 1754 – April 4, 1817) was the eldest son of Eleazar Wheelock who was the founder and first president of Dartmouth College; John Wheelock succeeded his father as the College’s second president.
Early life
John Wh ...
, then president of
Dartmouth College, offered to take upon himself the whole care and expense of his education, but his father rejected the offer. At
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- most p ...
, the boy's performances attracted much attention. He was visited by
Harvard College professors and eminent people from all professions, and the newspapers ran numerous articles concerning his powers of computation.
After leaving Boston, his father exhibited Zerah for money throughout the middle and part of the southern states and, in January 1812, sailed with him for England. In September 1813 Colburn was being exhibited in Dublin. Colburn was pitted against the eight-year-old
William Rowan Hamilton in a mental arithmetic contest, with Colburn emerging the clear victor. In reaction to his defeat, Hamilton dedicated less time to studying languages and more time to studying mathematics. After traveling over England, Scotland, and Ireland, they spent 18 months in Paris. Here Zerah was placed in the
Lycée Napoléon but was soon removed by his father, who at length in 1816 returned to England in deep poverty.
[
The Earl of Bristol soon became interested in the boy, and placed him in Westminster School, where he remained until 1819. In consequence of his father's refusal to comply with certain arrangements proposed by the earl, Zerah was removed from Westminster, and his father then proposed to Zerah that he should study to become an actor. Accordingly, he studied for this profession and was for a few months under the tuition of Charles Kemble. His first appearance, however, dissatisfied both his instructor and himself so much that he was not accepted for the stage, so he accepted a position as an assistant in a school, and soon afterward commenced a school of his own. To this he added the performing of some astronomical calculations for Thomas Young, then secretary of the Board of Longitude.][
In 1824 when his father died, he was enabled by the Earl of Bristol and other friends to return to the United States. Though Zerah's schooling was rather irregular, he showed talent in languages. He went to Fairfield, New York, as assistant teacher of an academy; not being pleased with his situation, he moved in March following to ]Burlington, Vermont
Burlington is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Vermont and the seat of Chittenden County. It is located south of the Canada–United States border and south of Montreal. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the population was 44,743. It ...
, where he taught French, pursuing his studies at the same time at the University of Vermont. Toward the end of 1825 he connected himself with the Methodist Church
Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity whose origins, doctrine and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's br ...
and, after nine years of service as an itinerant preacher, settled in Norwich, Vermont, in 1835, where he was soon after appointed professor of languages at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.
In 1833 Colburn published his autobiography. From this it appears that his faculty of computation left him about the time he reached adulthood.[ He died of tuberculosis at the age of 34 and was buried in Norwich's Old Meeting House Cemetery.]
Family
His nephew, also named Zerah Colburn, was a noted locomotive engineer and technical journalist.
See also
*Ainan Celeste Cawley
Ainan Celeste Cawley (born 23 November 1999) is a Singaporean prodigy.
Cawley gave his first public lecture at the age of six, and at seven years and one month of age, he had passed the GCSE chemistry and studied chemistry at the tertiary level i ...
Notes
Further reading
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External links
Picture with information implying he was polydactyl
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Colburn, Zerah
1804 births
1839 deaths
19th-century American educators
19th-century Methodist ministers
Academics from Vermont
American expatriates in England
American expatriates in France
American Methodist clergy
Schoolteachers from Vermont
Converts to Methodism
Dartmouth College faculty
Founders of English schools and colleges
Mental calculators
Norwich University faculty
People with polydactyly
People educated at Westminster School, London
People from Cabot, Vermont
University of Vermont alumni
Infectious disease deaths in Vermont
19th-century American clergy