''Enterosora'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
fern
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except t ...
s in the family
Polypodiaceae
Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader ...
, subfamily
Grammitidoideae
Grammitidoideae is a subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae, whose members are informally known as grammitids. It comprises a clade of about 750 species. They are distributed over higher elevations in both the Old and New World. This group w ...
, according to the
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, or PPG, is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the classification of pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relation ...
classification of 2016 (PPG I).
[ PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more recent sources include in ''Enterosora''. , many do not have formally published names in ''Enterosora'' and are retained here in ''Zygophlebia''.
]
Taxonomy
The genus ''Enterosora'' was created by John Gilbert Baker
John Gilbert Baker (13 January 1834 – 16 August 1920) was an English botanist. His son was the botanist Edmund Gilbert Baker (1864–1949).
Biography
Baker was born in Guisborough in North Yorkshire, the son of John and Mary (née Gilber ...
in 1886 with the type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...
'' Enterosora campbellii''.[ The genus ''Zygophlebia'' was created by L. Earl Bishop in 1989 with the type species '' Zygophlebia sectifrons'', formerly placed in '']Polypodium
''Polypodium'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Polypodioideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is widely distributed throughout the world, with the highest ...
''.[ ]Molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
studies have shown that ''Enterosora'' is nested within ''Zygophlebia'', which could be resolved by synonymizing ''Zygophlebia'' with ''Enterosora''. In 2016, the authors of the PPG I classification considered merging the genera to be premature.[ A further study was published in 2019. This showed that ''Enterosora'' s.s. was monophyletic, but embedded within two clades of ''Zyglophlebia'', with '']Ceradenia
''Ceradenia'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae
Grammitidoideae is a subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae, whose members are informally known as grammitids. It comprises a clade of about 750 speci ...
'' the sister of ''Enterosora'' s.l.:[
The ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' has recognized the merger of ''Zygophlebia'' into ''Enterosora''.][ However, , many former ''Zygophlebia'' species do not have formally published names in ''Enterosora'',][ so are retained here ''Zygophlebia''.
]
Species
, the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' (''CFLW'') accepted the following species. Species placed in ''Zygophlebia'' but accepted in ''Enterosora'' by ''CFLW'' are listed separately.[
*'' Enterosora asplenioides'' L.E.Bishop
*'' Enterosora barbatula'' (Baker) Parris
*'' Enterosora bishopii'' A.Rojas
*'' Enterosora campbelliii'' Baker
*'']Enterosora ecostata
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more recent ...
'' (Sodiro) L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora enterosoroides
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more recen ...
'' (Christ) A.Rojas
*'' Enterosora insidiosa'' (Sloss.) L.E.Bishop
*'' Enterosora percrassa'' (Baker) L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora sinuata
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more rece ...
'' Rakotondr. & Parris
*''Enterosora trichosora
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more rece ...
'' (Hook.) L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora trifurcata
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more rece ...
'' (L.) L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora uluguruensis
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more rece ...
'' (Reimers) Rakotondr. & Parris
Many of the species placed in ''Zygophlebia'' in the PPG I system do not yet have published names in ''Enterosora'' and so have "comb. ined." in ''CFLW''. All are retained here in ''Zygophlebia'':[
*''Enterosora anjanaharibensis'' (Rakotondr.) comb. ined. = '']Zygophlebia anjanaharibensis
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more rece ...
'' Rakotondr.
*''Enterosora cornuta'' (Lellinger) Shalisko & Sundue = ''Zygophlebia cornuta
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more rece ...
'' (Lellinger) L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora devoluta'' (Baker) Shalisko & Sundue = ''Zygophlebia devoluta
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more rece ...
'' (Baker) Parris
*''Enterosora dudleyi'' (L.E.Bishop) comb. ined. = ''Zygophlebia dudleyi
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more rece ...
'' L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora eminens'' (C.V.Morton) comb. ined. = ''Zygophlebia eminens
''Zygophlebia eminens'' is a species of grammitid fern. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss. Its v ...
'' (C.V.Morton) L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora forsythiana'' (Baker) Shalisko & Sundue = ''Zygophlebia forsythiana
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more recent ...
'' (Baker) Parris
*''Enterosora goodmanii'' (Rakotondr.) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia goodmanii'' Rakotondr.
*''Enterosora humbertii'' (C.Chr.) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia humbertii'' (C.Chr.) Parris
*''Enterosora longipilosa'' (C.Chr.) comb. ined. = '' Zygophlebia longipilosa'' (C.Chr.) L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora major'' (Reimers) comb. ined. = ''Zygophlebia major
''Enterosora'' is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). PPG I also recognizes the genus ''Zygophlebia'', which more recent ...
'' (Reimers) Parris
*''Enterosora mathewsii'' (Kunze ex Mett.) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia matthewsii'' (Kunze ex Mett.) L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora rouxii'' (Rakotondr. & Parris) comb. ined. = '' Zygophlebia rouxii'' Rakotondr. & Parris
*''Enterosora sectifrons'' (Kunze ex Mett.) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia sectifrons'' (Kunze ex Mett.) L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora subpinnata'' (Baker) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia subpinnata'' (Baker) L.E.Bishop ex Parris
*''Enterosora torulosa'' (Baker) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia torulosa'' (Baker) Parris
*''Enterosora villosissima'' (Hook.) Shalisko & Sundue = '' Zygophlebia villosissima'' (Hook.) L.E.Bishop
*''Enterosora werffii'' (L.E.Bishop) comb. ined. = '' Zygophlebia werffii'' L.E.Bishop
Distribution
When circumscribed
In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius.
Not every polyg ...
to include ''Zygophlebia'', the genus ''Enterosora'' is widely distributed in the Neotropics
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperat ...
and tropical Africa, including Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
and the Mascarene Islands
The Mascarene Islands (, ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of the islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of Réunion. Thei ...
.[ The species which Bishop placed in ''Zygophlebia'' were mainly native to the Neotropics, with a few African species.][
]
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q8075885
Polypodiaceae
Fern genera
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot