''Zieria'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of plants in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

, Rutaceae. About sixty species have been formally described, all of which are

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

except for one species which is found in

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

. They occur in all Australian states except

Western Australia Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...

but the genus is under review and a number of species are yet to be described or the description published. Zierias are similar to the better known genus '' Boronia'' but can be distinguished by the number of

stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...

s in the flowers. The name ''Zieria'' honours the

Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...

botanist John Zier.

Description

Plants in the genus ''Zieria'' are shrubs or small trees. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs and are usually compound with three leaflets similar in shape but the middle leaflet slightly larger. The flowers are arranged in groups in the leaf

axil A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, st ...

s and have four fused

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...

s and four

petal Petals are modified Leaf, leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often advertising coloration, brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''c ...

s alternating with the sepals. There are four

s (eight in '' Boronia'') and four

carpels Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) ''pistils'' ...

with their styles fused. The fruit have four lobes, each containing one or two seeds.

Taxonomy and naming

The genus ''Zieria'' was first formally described in 1798 by

James Edward Smith James Edward Smith may refer to: * James Edward Smith (botanist), English botanist and founder of the Linnean Society * James Edward Smith (murderer), American murderer * James Edward Smith (politician), Canadian businessman and mayor of Toronto * ...

and the description was published in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Smith did not nominate a

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

but James Armstrong nominated ''

Zieria smithii ''Zieria smithii'', commonly known as sandfly zieria, lanoline bush or Smithian zieria, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to eastern and south-eastern Australia. It is a robust shrub with its leaves composed of three leafl ...

'' as the lectotype. The name ''Zieria'' honours "John Zier, a Polish botanist, who assisted F.C. Ehrhart in his collection of plants of the Electorate of Hanover, 1780-83, and afterwards worked in London, where he died in 1793."Will of John Ziers. England & Wales, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills, 1384-1858. Ancestry.com In a 2002 study of the genus, James Armstrong placed each species into one of six groups, based on its

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...

. The groups are: * Group A: ''Z. adenodonta'', ''Z. adenophora'', ''Z. buxijugum'', ''Z. collina'', ''Z. floydii'', ''Z. formosa'', ''Z. furfuracea'', ''Z. granulata'', ''Z. hindii'', ''Z. obcordata'', ''Z. parrisiae'', ''Z. robusta'', ''Z. tuberculata'', ''Z. verrucosa''; * Group B: ''Z. arborescens'', ''Z. caducibracteata'', ''Z. lasiocaulis'', ''Z. oreocena'', ''Z. southwellii''; * Group C: ''Z. chevalieri'', ''Z. fraseri'', ''Z. laevigata'', ''Z. laxiflora''; * Group D: ''Z. montana'', ''Z. prostrata'', ''Z. robertsiorum'', ''Z. smithii''; * Group E: ''Z. aspalathoides'', ''Z. citriodora'', ''Z. ingramii'', ''Z. minutiflora'', ''Z. obovata'', ''Z. odorifera'', ''Z. pilosa'', ''Z. rimulosa''; * Group F: ''Z. baeuerlenii'', ''Z. covenyi'', ''Z. cytisoides'', ''Z. involucrata'', ''Z. littoralis'', ''Z. murphyi'', ''Z. veronicea''. In a 2015 study, using a combination of two

non-coding Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA, microRNA, piRNA, ribosomal RNA, and regula ...

chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it in ...

DNA regions,

Internal transcribed spacer Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is the spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and large-subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript. I ...

and some morphological characters,

Cynthia Morton Cynthia Casson Morton (born August 1, 1955) is an American geneticist, professor at Harvard Medical School, and director of cytogenetics at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Biography Morton graduated in 1973 from Maryland's Easton High School and in ...

concluded that the genus as presently described is

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

. A tentative arrangement of 32 of Armstrong's 42 species was also suggested: * Group 1: ''Z. adenodonta'', ''Z. baeuerlenii'', ''Z. collina'', ''Z. cytisoides''; * Group 2: ''Z. buxijugum'', ''Z. caducibracteata'', ''Z. formosa'', ''Z. granulata'', ''Z. littoralis'', ''Z. parrisiae'', ''Z. tuberculata'', ''Z. verrucosa''; * Group 3: ''Z. fraseri'', ''Z. odorifera''; * Group 4: ''Z. prostrata'', ''Z. smithii''; * Group 5: ''Z. aspalathoides'', ''Z. ingramii''; * Group 6: ''Z. adenophora'', ''Z. furfuracea'', ''Z. laxiflora''; * Group 7: ''Z. montana'', ''Z. southwellii''; * Group 8: ''Z. covenyi'', ''Z. murphyi'', ''Z. odorifera'', ''Z. robusta''. ''Zieria citriodora'', ''Z. arborescens'', ''Z. minutiflora'', ''Z. obcordata'' and ''Z. pilosa'' were not able to be resolved in this study.

Distribution

Plants in the genus ''Zieria'' are endemic to Australia, except for ''

Zieria chevalieri ''Zieria chevalieri'' is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Cale ...

'', which is found in New Caledonia. Zierias occur in all Australian states except Western Australia.

Species list

The species described to date (October 2017) and listed by the

Australian Plant Census The Australian Plant Census (APC) provides an online interface to currently accepted, published, scientific names of the vascular flora of Australia, as one of the output interfaces of the national government Integrated Biodiversity Information Syst ...

are: *'' Zieria actites''

Duretto Marco Duretto (born 1964) is a manager and senior research scientist at the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney in Australia. His primary research interests are systematics and conservation of Rutaceae, Rubiaceae, Orchidaceae, Stylidiaceae and evoluti ...

& P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria adenodonta'' (

F.Muell. Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller, (german: Müller; 30 June 1825 – 10 October 1896) was a German-Australian physician, geographer, and most notably, a botanist. He was appointed government botanist for the then colony of Victo ...

) J.A.Armstr. – Wollumbin zieria *''

Zieria adenophora ''Zieria adenophora'', commonly known as the Araluen Zieria is a plant in the family Rutaceae and is only found near Araluen in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. It is a spreading shrub with small glossy, warty leaves and white or pi ...

'' Blakely – Araluen zieria *'' Zieria alata''

P.I.Forst. Paul Irwin Forster (born 1961) is an Australian botanist. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Queensland in 2004 with his thesis ''The pursuit of plants : studies on the systematics, ecology and chemistry of the vascular flora of A ...

*'' Zieria arborescens'' Sims – stinkwood *'' Zieria aspalathoides''

A.Cunn. Allan Cunningham (13 July 1791 – 27 June 1839) was an English botanist and explorer, primarily known for his travels in Australia to collect plants. Early life Cunningham was born in Wimbledon, Surrey, England, the son of Allan Cunnin ...

Benth. George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...

– whorled zieria *'' Zieria baeuerlenii'' J.A.Armstr. – Bomaderry zieria *'' Zieria bifida''

& P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria boolbunda''

& P.I.Forst. – Box Range zieria *'' Zieria buxijugum'' J.D.Briggs & J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria caducibracteata'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria cephalophila''

& P.I.Forst. *''

'' Virot – endemic to New Caledonia *'' Zieria citriodora'' J.A.Armstr. – lemon-scented zieria *''

Zieria collina ''Zieria collina '' commonly known as hill zieria, is a plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae and is endemic to a small area in south-east Queensland. It is a large, spreading shrub with leaves composed of three leaflets, and small flowers with fo ...

C.T.White Cyril Tenison ("C.T.") White (17 August 1890 – 15 August 1950) was an Australian botanist. Early life White was born in Brisbane to Henry White, a trade broker, and Louisa ''nee'' Bailey. He attended school at South Brisbane State School, an ...

– hill zieria *'' Zieria compacta''

*'' Zieria covenyi'' J.A.Armstr. – Coveny's zieria *'' Zieria cytisoides''

Sm. __NOTOC__ Sir James Edward Smith (2 December 1759 – 17 March 1828) was an English botanist and founder of the Linnean Society. Early life and education Smith was born in Norwich in 1759, the son of a wealthy wool merchant. He displayed a ...

– downy zieria *'' Zieria distans'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria eungellaensis'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria exsul'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *''

Zieria floydii ''Zieria floydii'', commonly known as the Floyd's zieria, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to the New England Tableland in New South Wales. It is an erect shrub with warty, hairy branches, three-part, clover-like leaves a ...

'' J.A.Armstr. – Floyd's zieria *'' Zieria formosa'' J.D.Briggs & J.A.Armstr. – shapely zieria *'' Zieria fraseri''

Hook. Sir William Jackson Hooker (6 July 178512 August 1865) was an English botanist and botanical illustrator, who became the first director of Kew when in 1841 it was recommended to be placed under state ownership as a botanic garden. At Kew h ...

*'' Zieria furfuracea'' R.Br. ex

*'' Zieria graniticola'' J.A.Armstr. ex Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria granulata''

C.Moore Charles Moore (10 May 1820 – 30 April 1905) was an Australian botanist and director of the Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Early life Charles Moore was born Charles Moir in Dundee, Scotland on 10 May 1820. His parents were Charles, a gardener, ...

– Illawarra zieria, hill zieria *'' Zieria hindii'' J.A.Armstr. – Hind's zieria *'' Zieria hydroscopica'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria inexpectata'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria ingramii'' J.A.Armstr – Keith's zieria *'' Zieria insularis'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *''

Zieria involucrata ''Zieria involucrata'' is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a sparse, erect shrub with mostly three-part leaves and groups of up to 21 small white flowers, the groups shorter than the leaves. It mostl ...

'' R.Br. ex

*'' Zieria laevigata'' Bonpl. – smooth zieria, twiggy midge bush *''

Zieria lasiocaulis ''Zieria lasiocaulis'', commonly known as Willi Willi zieria, is a rare species of flowering plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to New South Wales. It is a tall shrub or small tree with three-part leaves and inconspicuous white fl ...

'' – J.A.Armstr. Willi Willi zieria *'' Zieria laxiflora'' (

)

Domin Karel Domin (4 May 1882, Kutná Hora, Kingdom of Bohemia – 10 June 1953, Prague) was a Czech botanist and politician. After gymnasium school studies in Příbram, he studied botany at the Charles University in Prague, and graduated in 1906 ...

– wallum zieria *'' Zieria littoralis'' J.A.Armstr. – dwarf zieria *'' Zieria madida'' Duretto & P.I.Forst *'' Zieria minutiflora''

– twiggy zieria *'' Zieria montana'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria murphyi'' Blakely – Murphy's zieria *'' Zieria obcordata''

– obcordate-leafed zieria *'' Zieria obovata'' (C.T.White) J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria odorifera'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria oreocena'' J.A.Armstr. – Grampians zieria *'' Zieria parrisiae'' J.D.Briggs & J.A.Armstr. – Parris' zieria *'' Zieria pilosa''

Rudge Rudge may refer to: Places *Rudge, Shropshire, England *Rudge, Somerset, England * Rugde (Kristiansand), a neighbourhood in Kristiansand, Norway People *Anne Rudge (1761–1836), English botanist *Antonietta Rudge (1885–1974), Brazilian pian ...

– hairy zieria *''

Zieria prostrata ''Zieria prostrata '' commonly known as headland zieria, is a plant in the citrus Family (biology), family Rutaceae and is endemism, endemic to the Coffs Harbour district in New South Wales. It is a wikt:prostrate, prostrate shrub with leaves com ...

'' J.A.Armstr. – headland zieria *''

Zieria rimulosa ''Zieria rimulosa '' is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to north Queensland. It is a shrub with leaves composed of three leaflets, and with white flowers with four petals and four stamens. Unlike many other zierias, its leave ...

*'' Zieria robertsiorum'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria robusta'' Maiden &

Betche Daniel Ludwig Ernst Betche (31 December 1851, in Potsdam – 28 June 1913, in Sydney) was a German-Australian horticulturist and botanist. His mother died at his birth and he was of delicate constitution all his life. His father was sufficient ...

– round-leafed zieria *'' Zieria scopulus'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *''

'' Jacks. – sandfly zieria *'' Zieria southwellii'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria tenuis'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria tuberculata'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria vagans'' Duretto & P.I.Forst. *'' Zieria veronicea'' (

)

– pink zieria *'' Zieria verrucosa'' J.A.Armstr. *'' Zieria whitei'' J.A.Armstr. ex Duretto & P.I.Forst.

Conservation

'' Zieria parrisiae'' is listed as "critically endangered" under the Australian Government '' Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999''. A further eleven are listed as "endangered" and eight as "vulnerable".

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q785572 Zanthoxyloideae genera