Zhu Shaowen

Zhu Shaowen (; 1829–1903), better known by his stage name Fear No Poverty (穷不怕), was a Chinese storyteller and xiangsheng performer, widely regarded as one of the earliest performers of the art. Born in Beijing, China, Zhu was the protégé of late Qing dynasty entertainer Zhang Sanlu, and specialised in puns. Zhu was amongst the "Eight Oddities of Tianqiao" (天桥八怪) and mentored later xiangsheng artistes. He died in 1903, and to this day, many of his works are still performed.

Early life and career

Zhu was born in Beijing, China, in 1829. At a tender age he was enrolled in an opera school. Later in his life he turned to street performing, and studied under Zhang Sanlu, together with Shen Chunhe and A Yantao (阿彦涛). His immediate juniors were Xu Zhangfu (徐长福), Feng Kunzhi (冯昆治), Fan Zhangli (范长利), Gui Zhen (桂祯), Chen Zhushan (沈竹善), and Chun Zhanlong (春长隆). Prior to performing xiangsheng, Zhu dabbled in storytelling and singing. Under the stage name of Fear No Poverty, he often performed at Tianqiao, where he would entertain the masses with his solo monologues that were full of puns. His word plays were well received and his fame gradually grew. Before performing, Zhu was known for practising Chinese calligraphy; he would write two separate words on large pieces of paper and display them in public afterwards.

Zhu became part of the original "Eight Oddities of Tianqiao" (天桥八怪), alongside three other xiangsheng artistes, three martial arts practitioners, and a man who could produce melodies with his nose. Zhu popularised xiangsheng involving two people or more, as opposed to a one-man performance which was the norm then. He wrote many original scripts and those that have survived are still performed to this day. Zhu also used xiangsheng as a vehicle for criticising the corrupt ruling government, as seen in several works of his, including "Picture of Attaining Victory" (得胜图) and "Words" (字象).

Later years and death

Zhu Shaowen's disciples included Pin Youben, Fu Guizhen, Xu Changfu, and Fan Changli. He assigned all of the first and second groups of his students stage names starting with ''you'' (有; to have) and ''de'' (德; virtue) respectively. Zhu died in his hometown in 1903.

Legacy

Historically speaking, Zhu Shaowen's teacher Zhang Sanlu was the "absolute originator" of xiangsheng, whereas Zhu and his peers were considered second-generation performers. However, many credit him with redefining xiangsheng; accordingly, he has been dubbed various titles including "father of xiangsheng" and "(the) original xiangsheng artiste". As the ''Journal of Tsinghua University'' writes, "Never mind how many xiangsheng artistes preceded Zhu Shaowen, for he shall be considered the Father of Xiangsheng. Some of those before him may have been more talented, but they did not provide anything for posterity, nor did they have successors. Nobody before him left behind that great a legacy of eternal wisdom and inspiration."

Notable works

* "New Year" (过新年)
* "Thousand Words Text" (千字文)
* "Three Myopia" (三近视)
* "Eighteen Black" (十八黑)
* "Long Dream" (睡梦长)
* "Five-column Eight Trigrams" (五行八卦)

References

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1829 births
1903 deaths
Chinese xiangsheng performers
Chinese male comedians
Chinese male stage actors
Male actors from Beijing
Qing dynasty people
Chinese storytellers
19th-century comedians