Zeppelin LZ 54

Zeppelin ''LZ 54'', given the military tactical designation L 19, was a Zeppelin of the Imperial German Navy. While returning from her first bombing raid on the United Kingdom in early 1916, she came down in the North Sea. Her crew survived the crash, but drowned after the crew of a British fishing vessel refused to rescue them; at the time this was a widely reported and notorious incident.

Background

''LZ 54'' was one of 22 P-class military Zeppelins built by ''Luftschiffbau Zeppelin'' for the Imperial German Army and Navy as improved versions of the pre-war, M-class airship, with larger gas volume and more power, having four instead of three engines. These were initially Maybach C-X engines; later replaced with the Maybach HSLu. ''LZ 54'' had two gondolas, a control cabin forward with a single engine and rear gondola mounting the other three engines. The P-class Zeppelins were around faster than the earlier craft, and had a higher service ceiling, double the payload and over double the range.

A bomb load of could be carried and a number of MG 08 machine guns were mounted for aircraft defence. The number of guns varied – army Zeppelins carried more as they operated over land and enemy aircraft were a greater threat, navy Zeppelins carried fewer to save weight. The guns were mounted in the two gondolas under the airship, in a tail gun position, and on a dorsal gun platform on the top of the envelope. This upper platform could accommodate three guns and their gunners. The airship's normal complement was 18, but it could be flown with a smaller crew.

''LZ 54'' first flew on 27 November 1915, completing 14 flights during her nine weeks of service. Several of these flights were patrols over the North Sea, searching for Allied merchant and naval ships. Naval scouting was the main role of the navy's Zeppelin fleet, and a total of 220 such flights were carried out during the war.Stephenson, p. 13.

The lack of aggressive activity by the German Navy meant the tactical need for such scouting was reduced. During the winter of 1915, ''LZ 54'' became well known to neutral merchant ships in the North Sea due to her frequent patrols. On one occasion, she touched down close to a Swedish ship to inspect her. The ship was allowed to proceed when her neutral status was established.

On another occasion, she and two other Zeppelins forestalled a British air raid by discovering, to the north of Terschelling, an approaching flotilla of three Royal Navy seaplane tenders, an apparent British attempt to repeat their successful Cuxhaven Raid. The British were surprised while lowering their seaplanes into the sea.

Final raid

Commanded by ''Kapitänleutnant'' Odo Löwe, ''L 19'' left her Danish base at Tondern at noon on 31 January 1916, one of nine navy Zeppelins to raid England that night. This was part of a new, more aggressive strategy that had been brought to the German Navy with the recent appointment of Reinhard Scheer as its commander-in-chief. The head of German naval airships, ''Fregattenkapitän'' Peter Strasser, was on board ''L 11'', leading the attack personally.Robinson, p. 121. He had orders to bomb targets of opportunity in central and southern England, reaching Liverpool if possible.

The Zeppelins encountered thick fog in the North Sea, followed by rain clouds and snow off the English coast, and the attacking force became dispersed; the nine airships crossed the English coast between 17:50 and 19:20. ''L 19'' was the very last, crossing the coast near Sheringham. At 22:45, she reached Burton on Trent, becoming the third raider to attack the town that night. She then proceeded south, dropping the remainder of her bomb load on several towns on the outskirts of Birmingham. At 00:20, a pub in Tipton was destroyed; buildings were also damaged in nearby Walsall and Birchills.

She caused no casualties aside from some farm animals, although bombs dropped three hours earlier by her sister-ship, the , killed 35 people in the area, including the wife of the mayor of Walsall; a total of 61 people were reported killed and 101 injured by the raid. Due to the extreme difficulties of navigating with primitive equipment at night over a darkened countryside, the captain of ''L 21'' believed he had bombed Liverpool, in fact around away.

''L 19'' made a slow, erratic return journey, doubling back several times; this was almost certainly due to engine trouble. The Zeppelin force had been newly fitted with Maybach HSLu engines. While lighter and more powerful than those they replaced, the new engines were proving unreliable – five of the nine airships had suffered engine failures during the raid. ''L 19'' sent several signals, asking for a position fix by radio-triangulation and reporting the results of her bombing. The last signal was heard from her at 16:00 on the day after the raid when she was north of the Dutch island of Ameland. She reported three out of four engines had failed and her Telefunken radio equipment was malfunctioning.

Around an hour later, the Zeppelin drifted low over the island, and Dutch units on the ground opened fire on her. The Netherlands was a neutral country and Dutch forces had standing orders to fire on overflying, foreign aircraft. A south wind blew the ''L 19'' offshore and, some time during the night of 1–2 February, the Zeppelin came down in the North Sea. Löwe dropped a bottle into the sea, with a report on his situation and with letters to his family; this was found a few weeks later by a yacht near Gothenburg, Sweden. The German Navy put ships to sea that night to search for the ''L 19'', but they only discovered one of her fuel-tanks, still containing fuel.Robinson, page 127 This was likely dropped as a desperate measure to save weight and remain aloft.

''King Stephen'' incident

The next morning, the floating wreck of the airship was discovered by a British steam fishing trawler, ''King Stephen'', of 162 tons, commanded by William Martin. The vessel had sighted distress signals during the night and had spent several hours steaming towards them. Clinging to the wreck were the airship's 16 crew. The normal complement of a P-class Zeppelin was 18 or 19, but Zeppelins flying on air-raids often flew short-handed, with two or three of the least needed crew members left behind in order to save weight.

The fishing vessel approached and ''Kapitänleutnant'' Löwe, who spoke English well, asked for rescue. Martin refused. In a later newspaper interview, he stated that the nine crew of ''King Stephen'' were unarmed and badly outnumbered and would have had little chance of resisting the German airmen if, after being rescued, they had hijacked his vessel to sail it to Germany. This fits the known facts, but an alternative explanation for his action was suggested by a 2005 BBC
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