Distribution
''Microtus umbrosus'' is limited to a semi-isolated mountain range southeast of the Cajones River in the Mixes district of Oaxaca, Mexico. The species has been recorded in an altitude ranging from 1,829 meters in the town ofEcology
The habitat of this species can be described as humid Upper Astral Zone, dense oak forest, montane pine-oak forest, evergreen cloud-forest, and evergreen broadleaf rainforest. It has been reported from the humid Upper Tropic Subzone. It lives in borrows and long tunnels in moderately moist, well-drained soil.Anatomy
General
There exists many anatomical features unique to the Zempoaltépec vole in characterizing the species. This species is larger, has a much longer tail, and large hind feet compared with its other Mexican vole counterparts. Its tail is roughly 33% of its total body length, longer than most other species from the same genus. The feet are large with five plantar tubercles and a basic sixth tubercle. The presence of two pairs mammary glands in the groin area and the absence of mammary glands in the pectoral area is a key feature for this species.Dental Characteristics
Total dentition of this species is 4 incisors, no canines or premolars, and 12 molars totaling 16 teeth. On the last mandibular molar there is the presence of two transverse loops and at least one closed median triangle rather than none. The closed median triangle can be found in other North American ''Microtus'' species such as ''M. oaxacensis'' and ''M. guatamalensis''. The Zempoaltépec vole can be further distinguished by two triangles on the last maxillary molar rather than five that exist in ''M. oaxacensis'' or three in ''M. guatamalensis''. The first mandibular molar has an anterior cap merging with two open triangles, three closed triangles, and a posterior lobe.Cranial Features
The skull is long and narrow with a long braincase. The intraorbital region is broad; zygomatic arches are slender and not widely spreading; incisive foramina are relatively short and widest in the middle; the palate is low with slender or incomplete lateral pits, and posterior median ridge sloping and grooved; the interpterygoid fossa is wide and quadrate.Genetics
The diploid chromosome number of ''M. umbrosus'' is 56 and the fundamental number is 60. Along with the species ''M. quasiater'', they present the highest diploid chromosomal complement of the Mexican vole species. The karyotype consists of three pairs of small to medium-sized metacentric chromosomes and 24 pairs of telocentric chromosomes. The X chromosome is a large metacentric chromosome and the Y a small telocentric. The Y chromosome of ''M. umbrosus'', ''M. quasiater'', ''M. mexicanus'', and ''M. oaxacensis'' all display the same centrometric positioning.Cervantes, Fernando; Martinez, Jesús; and González, Rosa M. 1994. Karyotypes of the Mexican tropical voles ''Microtus quasiater'' and ''M. umbrosus''. pp. 373-377 in Acta Theriologica Volume 39.Evolution
The diploid chromosome number in ''M. umbrosus'' matches that of the hypothetical ancestral karyotype of ''Arvocolinae''. The karyotype of ''M. umbrosus'' has features similar to the hypothesized primitive pattern for the genus ''Microtus'' (''Arvocolinae'') and may prove that this species is older than its counterpart ''M. mexicanus''. The patterns displayed by the karyotypes of ''M. umbrosus'' and ''M. quasiater'' are closer to the hypothetical ancestor than other members of the ''Microtus'' family. Anatomical methods have been used to general taxa and phylogenies of the relatives and ancestors of ''M. umbrosus''. Comparing dental morphologies using electron scanning on enamel occlusal surfaces, and tooth measurements have been used to construct cladograms for the ''Microtus'' family. ''M. umbrosus'' is not closely related to any extant North American ''Microtus'' species. The species has been considered an ancient relict North American survivor of the subgenus ''Phaiomys'' from an early invasion fromConservation
The Zempoaltépec vole is considered an endangered and fragile species. This is due to its very restricted geographic range and habitat modification in the state of Oaxaca. Unfortunately, the species lives in an unprotected area. In order to improve conservation efforts in Mexico, additional reserves including the area of ''M. umbrosus'', should be added to additional reserves. Priority for this particular area should be considered as it is home to eight other species of interest.References
*Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. *Frey, Jennifer and Cervantes, Fernando. 1997. Microbus umbrosus. pp. 1–3 in Mammalian Species No. 555. Joseph F. Merritt, Alicia V. Linzey, Cynthia E. Rebar, Karl F. Koopman, Elaine Anderson, and Barbara Blake eds. American Society of Mammalogists. *Cervantes, Fernando; Martinez, Jesús; and González, Rosa M. 1994. Karyotypes of the Mexican tropical voles ''Microtus quasiater'' and ''M. umbrosus''. pp. 373–377 in Acta Theriologica Volume 39. *Martin, Robert. 1987. Notes on the Classification and Evolution of Some North American Fossil ''Microtus'' (Mammalia, Rodentia). pp. 270–283 in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Published by Taylor & Francis, Ltd. * {{DEFAULTSORT:Zempoaltepec vole Microtus Mammals described in 1898 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam