Zemlja (feudal Balkans)

''Zemlja'' (plural: ''zemlje'', anglicized: ''zemljas''; lat, terra; en, Land), was a term used in the Balkans during much of the Middle Ages as a unit in political-territorial state division, based on feudal social hierarchy, local administrative control and the feudal distribution of land. It was the largest unit of administration, which constituted a feudal state among South Slavic peoples of the Balkans at the time, Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro (Zeta) and Serbia. The same term is known to be used among other Slavic nations of medieval Europe, namely Poles and Russians, who called it ''Zemlya'', ''Ziemlia'', or '' Ziemia'', and although it has a similar meaning and significance it is not the same.

Background

In the case of medieval Bosnian state, the basic schemes of the territorial-political organization of the feudal state in the areas to which it had expanded were: ''zemlja'' (land), ''župa'' (parish), '' seoska općina'' (village municipality), and ''vlastelinstvo'' (manor). To some extent this division was probably influenced by earlier Byzantine administration, and additionally by specific socio-economic relations between the Slavic migrating populations and the indigenous people namely Romanized Illyrians, since the Middle Ages called Vlach. It is significant that as early as the 10th century, the chieftains in the territories neighboring to Bosnia had Byzantine official titles, and that in the ''zemlja-župa-village'' scheme, a military organization of the tithe system could be observed. This division can be defined as the transitional socio-economic system or military democracy, as well as the administrative and political organization of the borderlands of the Byzantine Empire.

Organizational history

The ''zemlja'' is a political-territorial unit composed of an average of 10 ''župa''s, usually 7 to 12. In earlier times, ''zemlja''s were tightly organized and regularly showed a degree of political independence. Over time, this independence declined, and ''zemlja'' entered the ranks of larger political communities, while at the same time, feudalism dissolved their political organization, so that only geographical name and terminology remained. In addition to the most common form of hierarchical dependencies, the other forms of interrelationships were either complete political independence, or more often a parallelism, thus, for example, ''zemlja''s, and same can be said for ''župa''s, in certain historical conditions, existed as an independent part of the wider state union, or as a generally recognized geographical term. On the other hand, village-municipalities and manors, could only show parallelism at most, but also overlap in aspect of govern-ship among each other. At the head of ''zemlja''s were hereditary rulers with the title of knyaz, duke, ban or king, and in the case of foreign titles also župan or dominus.

Historians, although cautiously, point out the parallelism between ''zemlja''s and the so-called ''sclavinia''s on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, but less cautiously to the fact that appearance of ''sclavinia''s and early feudal ''zemlja''s largely coincides with the administrative division of the late Roman Empire. Looking through historical sources historians concluded how political organization of ''zemlja''s disintegrated over time, and their strength eroded by the creation of larger state formations, and/or by the formation of new ''feudalna oblast''s ().

'' Zemlja Bosna'', of all other ''zemlja''s that were part of the Bosnian state, was only one clearly defined politically, geographically and temporally. It was organized as ''zemlja'' (horion) in the 10th century, and it has always preserved a certain individuality within the later larger and more developed medieval Bosnian state.

''Usora'' have joined Bosnia as an already formed political-territorial unit of approximate ''zemlja'' rank and entered the title of Bosnian rulers, and while it has always preserved a certain individuality, it also enlarged its volume within Bosnia on the expense of other regions, namely ''Soli'' and Lower ''Podrinje''. its representatives constantly participated in the work of the ''Stanak'', and the unifying factor is the position of the ''Usora'' duke.

''Soli'' was also specially organized in the early feudal period. As such, it entered the title of Bosnian rulers, but somewhere in the first half of the 14th century it completely merged with ''Usora''. Apart from the name and only the approximate territory, we know nothing about the organization of this ''zemlja''.

''Donji Kraji'' (lit. ''Lower Ends''), in size and organization, correspond exactly to the physiognomy of an early feudal ''zemlja''. For the entire duration of the medieval Bosnian state, this area has its own political organization, which means that it is regularly in the title of rulers, the representatives of the ''Donji Kraji'' are very active in the state noble council (stanak), and the whole area is governed by a knyaz, later a duke. The term ''Donji Kraji'' (Lower Ends) itself seems to have been created out of necessity (in the absence of another better or older name). and that the organization of this area was developed only after the absorption into the Bosnian state.

''Hum'' or ''Humska zemlja'' is a well-known land from the early Middle Ages, however, by the time almost all of Hum's territory belonged to Bosnia, the political organization of Hum as a whole had already been destroyed. True, the entire territory of Hum is part of the Bosnian state, the name appears in the ruling title (Ban Stjepan is even the formal prince of Hum), in the state council sit nobles "from Hum", but at that time we have more unified political authorities for read Hum. Only Duke Stjepan Vukcic is renewing the title of "lord of the land of Hum", but that is something completely different in content.} In the 14th century, the entire area between the Neretva and the Cetina was annexed to the Bosnian state, which represents the entire land part of the former "land" of the Neretvans. The political organization of this area was already liquidated at the time when the Bosnian state expanded there, but it can be noticed that even in the 15th century the memory of the former political entity did not completely disappear. It is significant that the noble Radivojevic family tried to unite this area into a single feudal area in the second decade of the 15th century. In the second half of the 14th century, the entire area of the former "land" of Travunija ( Trebinje) became part of Bosnia. However, the political organization of this ''zemlja'' was already so fragmented at the time that it did not appear in the title of rulers or in any other form during the entire period of the Bosnian state. There is only one geographical content left, and that is only in the understanding of the (surrounding) population of the nearest areas.

''Podgorje'' is another area, which as a whole was part of the Bosnian state. It had, at least occasionally, a political organization and a size that corresponded to the physiognomy of a ''zemlja''. This is a mountainous area, located between ''zemlja''s of ''Bosna'', ''Hum'', ''Zeta'' and ''Drina''. Only a few scarce information from the '' Chronicle of Pop Dukljanin'' speak of the special political organization of ''Podgorje'', but the former political individuality has left its mark on the ethnic and folklore characteristics of the population. In any case, at the time of its incorporation into the Bosnian state, ''Podgorje'', as an administrative-political entity, no longer existed.

Formally, which means in terms of names and compactness of areas, some other regions of the Bosnian state were reminiscent of ''zemlja''. These were in actuality a transitional forms between early feudal ''zemlja''s and "feudal areas", although by character and time they belong to developed feudalism. These are areas comprised 3-5 ''župa''s. They represented geographical and political entities and the existence of established names indicates a somewhat older age. Such were the areas of '' Drina'' in the upper basin of the river Drina, ''Podrinje'' in the area of the river Drinjača, and '' Završje'', which encompassed the karst fields of today's southwestern Bosnia (Duvno, Livno, Glamoč and perhaps Grahovo). The Drina has been known since at least the 11th century, but it cannot be said when it was formed into a wider area of at least 4-5 ''župa''s. Herceg Stjepan Vukčić is intitulated the ''Knyaz of Drin''a, and the ethnic term ''Drinjak'' for the inhabitants of this area is still in use, clearly separating inhabitants of that region from the ''Bosnians'' or ''Hercegovinians''. ''Podrinje'' also entered the title of Bosnian rulers, and in the feudal period, a specific feudal area of Trebotić- Dinjičić-Kovačević noble family was organized in this area.

See also

* History of Balkans
* Land (administrative unit)

Citations

Bibliography

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{{Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions

Medieval Bosnian state
Principality of Bosnia (early medieval)