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Zelenograd (russian: Зеленоград, , ) is a
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
and
administrative okrug An ''okrug, ; russian: о́круг, ókrug; sr, округ, okrug, ; uk, о́круг, о́kruh; be, акруга, akruha; pl, okręg; ab, оқрҿс; mhr, йырвел, '' is a type of administrative division in some Slavic states. The ...
of Moscow, Russia. The city of Zelenograd and the territory under its jurisdiction form the Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug (ZelAO), an
exclave An enclave is a territory (or a small territory apart of a larger one) that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state or entity. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is sometimes used improperly to deno ...
located within
Moscow Oblast Moscow Oblast ( rus, Моско́вская о́бласть, r=Moskovskaya oblast', p=mɐˈskofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ), or Podmoskovye ( rus, Подмоско́вье, p=pədmɐˈskovʲjə, literally "under Moscow"), is a federal subject of Rus ...
, north-west of central Moscow, along the M10 highway. Zelenograd is the smallest administrative okrug of Moscow by area, the second-lowest by population, and the largest Moscow exclave by area and by population within Moscow Oblast. Zelenograd, if it were a separate settlement, would be the fifth-largest city in Moscow Oblast and one of the 100 largest cities of Russia. Before the expansion of the territory of Moscow in 2012, Zelenograd occupied second place among the administrative okrugs of Moscow, second only to the
Eastern Administrative Okrug Eastern Administrative Okrug (russian: Восто́чный администрати́вный о́круг, ), or Vostochny Administrative Okrug, is one of the twelve high-level territorial divisions (administrative okrugs) of the federal city o ...
, in terms of the share of greenery in its total area (approximately 30%). Zelenograd was founded in 1958 as a
new town New is an adjective referring to something recently made, discovered, or created. New or NEW may refer to: Music * New, singer of K-pop group The Boyz Albums and EPs * ''New'' (album), by Paul McCartney, 2013 * ''New'' (EP), by Regurgitator, ...
in the Soviet Union, and developed as a center of electronics, microelectronics and the
computer industry A computer is a machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation) automatically. Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These progra ...
known as the "Soviet/Russian Silicon Valley". It remains an important center of electronics in Russia. The city color is green and its emblematic animal is the
squirrel Squirrels are members of the family Sciuridae, a family that includes small or medium-size rodents. The squirrel family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels (including chipmunks and prairie dogs, among others), and flying squirrels. Squ ...
.


History

Zelenograd was founded in 1958 as an unnamed planned city near the village and railway station of Kryukovo on a previously empty, forested place, and its architecture and civic layout yields to one general architectural plan (chief architects Igor Rozhin (1956–1963), then Igor Pokrovsky (1963–2002)), which has appreciable influence from the garden city movement, the development of the
Tapiola Tapiola (; sv, ) is a district of the municipality of Espoo on the south coast of Finland, and is one of the major urban centres of Espoo. It is located in the western part of Greater Helsinki. The name ''Tapiola'' is derived from '' Tapio'', w ...
district in Finland, and new towns in the United Kingdom (
Harlow Harlow is a large town and local government district located in the west of Essex, England. Founded as a new town, it is situated on the border with Hertfordshire and London, Harlow occupies a large area of land on the south bank of the upp ...
and others). The city was planned as a center of the textile industry initially, but in 1962, Alexander Shokin (Chairman of State Committee of Electronic Technology, then first Minister of Electronic Technology) proposed to change the line of future city business to electronics. Some researchers of Soviet electronics history mentioned that a similar idea was proposed to the Soviet government by two fugitive Silicon Valley engineers - Alfred Sarant (more known in Russia as ''Philip Staros'') and Joel Barr (''Joseph Berg''). On January 15, 1963, the city received official city status and name ''Zelenograd'', and on November 25, 1968, Zelenograd received the status of district of Moscow (one of the 30 districts) simultaneously. In 1988, Zelenograd incorporated the former village of Kryukovo, one of the important sites during the
Battle of Moscow The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front during World War II. It took place between September 1941 and January ...
(October 1941 – January 1942). Several monuments to the Defenders of Moscow and the heroes of the Great Patriotic War are located in Zelenograd and the surrounding area, the most famous of which is the ''Shtyki'' Memorial, from which the remains of the Unknown Soldier were taken for reinterment at the Kremlin Wall in the Alexander Garden in Moscow. Before 1989, Zelenograd was a de facto closed city in some aspects: it was prohibited to take photos in the central parts of the city, near the plants, teaching and research facilities, and foreigners were not admitted into the city. In 1991, Zelenograd was reformed in one of the administrative okrugs of Moscow.


Geography

The
Skhodnya River Skhodnya River ( rus, Сходня, p=ˈsxodʲnʲə), also known as Sukhodnya, Vkhodnya, Vykhodnya and Vskhodnya is a river in the northwest of Moscow, Russia, the second largest tributary (after the Yauza) of the Moskva. It is long (of which 5& ...
originates near the village of Alabushevo (one of settlements, which are under Zelenograd jurisdiction) and forms two ponds within the precincts of city - Small and Large City Pond.


Administrative divisions

Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug is divided into five districts: * Matushkino (), previously District #1: 1st, 2nd, and 4th microdistricts, North Industrial Zone * Savyolki (), previously District #2: 3rd, 5th, 6th and 7th microdistricts, East Utility Zone, ''Nazar'evo'' village * Staroye Kryukovo (), previously District #3: 8th and 9th microdistricts, South Industrial Zone, north part of ''Malino'' settlement * Silino (), previously District #4: 10th, 11th, and 12th microdistricts, West and Alabushevo Industrial Zones * Kryukovo (): 14th-23rd microdistricts (21st one is scheduled only), Andreevka Utility Zone, Malino Industrial Zone, south part of ''Malino'' settlement, ''Kamenka'', ''Kutuzovo'', ''Novo-Malino'', and ''Rozhki'' villages The first four districts (about 2/3 area and population) are unofficially formed ''Old City'', and Kryukovo District (separated by
Saint Petersburg – Moscow Railway In religious belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness, likeness, or closeness to God. However, the use of the term ''saint'' depends on the context and denomination. In Catholic, Eastern Ortho ...
) is unofficially named ''New City''. The most of postal address in city has no name of street or square - the most of buildings have only 3- or 4-digit number: the first one or two digits are number of microdistrict, the last two ones are number of building within microdistrict borders. There is no 13th microdistrict in Zelenograd.


Economy


Industries

Zelenograd is home to the
National Research University of Electronic Technology National Research University of Electronic TechnologyEnglish official name for international usage.Contact informa ...
(MIET). Zelenograd was the headquarters of Sitronics Concerne since its founding in 1997 until 2005 (when its headquarters moved to Moscow) and Zelenograd is the headquarters of Mikron and Angstrem - both largest Russian
integrated circuit An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Large numbers of tiny ...
manufacturers. Zelenograd is one of technical-innovative type Special economic zones. Since December 21, 2005 SEZ "Zelenograd" officially consists of 2 areas: Area "Alabushevo" (141.87 ha), a main area for new plants and research centers; and Area "MIET" (4.47 ha), a technology park (mostly MIET spin-off enterprises).


Sports

A local football team ''
Zelenograd Zelenograd ( rus, Зеленогра́д, p=zʲɪlʲɪnɐˈgrat, lit. ''green city'') is a city and administrative okrug of Moscow, Russia. The city of Zelenograd and the territory under its jurisdiction form the Zelenogradsky Administrative O ...
'' (nicknamed Zelyono-Belye, or Green-Whites) was founded in 2002 and in 2007-2010 had been playing in the
Russian Second Division The Russian Second League (russian: Первенство России II дивизиона ФНЛ), formerly Russian Professional Football League is the third level of Russian professional football (soccer), football. History In 1998–2010, it ...
. A local rugby team ''Zelenograd'' was founded in 2006 and played in Russian Rugby Championship 2008 (but it could not get to Championship 2009).


Gallery


Sister cities

* Tulsa (
Oklahoma Oklahoma (; Choctaw language, Choctaw: ; chr, ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ, ''Okalahoma'' ) is a U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the nor ...
, United States) * Unterschleißheim ( Bavaria, Germany)


Patronized ships

*Landing ship '' Tsezar Kunikov'', Black Sea Fleet (since 1998) *Nuclear submarine ', Pacific Ocean Fleet (1998–2010, retired) *Supply ship '' Berezina'', Black Sea Fleet (1995–1997, retired)


References


External links


Official website of Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug
{{Use mdy dates, date=July 2012 Administrative okrugs of Moscow Populated places established in 1958 Naukograds Cities and towns in Moscow (federal city)