Zebulon Baird Vance Monument

The Vance Monument was a late 19th–century granite obelisk in Asheville, North Carolina that memorialized Zebulon Baird Vance, a former governor of North Carolina. It was designed by architect Richard Sharp Smith. The monument was removed by the City of Asheville in May 2021.

History

Zebulon Baird Vance was a United States Congressman before the Civil War, Governor of North Carolina during and after the war, and a United States senator from 1880 until he died in 1894. He was born in a log cabin in Buncombe County, about south of Asheville, North Carolina and lived in Asheville where he practiced law before entering politics.

Vance Monument Association

In May 1896, the Vance Monument Association was organized by George S. Powell and George Willis Pack, a New Yorker who had recently moved to Asheville from Cleveland, Ohio. Other members of the association included W. D Gwyn Esq., J. P. Kerr, John A. Nichols, Thomas Walton Patton, J. E. Rankin, and J. P. Sawyer who was treasurer.

Chaired by Powell, the association's purpose was to raise funds and collect subscriptions or pledges to create a memorial for Vance. The association also held fundraising events, including a performance of Punch Robertson Company at the Grand Opera House. Twenty volunteers under the leadership of Mrs. John M. Campbell went door–to–door to raise funds and sell tickets to the charity event. There was also another community-wide fundraiser on July 4, 1896, at Battery Park Hill. Net proceeds of the event were $280, with an estimated gross of $125.

Pack donated $2,000 or nearly two–thirds of the $3,326 raised. Pack made his pledge on the condition that Buncombe County would give land in front of the courthouse for a monument to Vance in perpetuity; the county promptly passed a resolution. Other contributors included Jewish organizations, Republican Senator Mathew S. Quay of Pennsylvania, Senator Blair Lee of Maryland, A. G. Elliott & Company which was a large Philadelphia paper firm, S. Hecht Jr & Son of Baltimore, and James Logan of the Logan, Swift and Brigham Envelope Company in Worcester, Massachusetts. English–born Logan wrote, "I, too, looked upon Senator Vance as one of the large men of North Carolina. I did not always agree with him, but that is not strange. Our training was wonderfully different."

In September 1897, the ''Asheville Daily Citizen'' noted, "The fact that George W. Pack gave about two–thirds of the money for the building of the memorial to Senator Vance speaks far more eloquently in Mr. Pack's favor than it does for the people of Senator Vance's old home county of Buncombe." However, there may have been hard feelings in Western North Carolina about Vance's decision to live in Charlotte after the Civil War. Regardless, contributions were made by the Buncombe County communities of Black Mountain, French Broad, and Swannanoa.

Pack's goal for the monument was "to inspire civic pride and virtue in mountaineers". Both Pack and the association agreed that "There should be no attempt to erect a statue of the late Senator, as it would be impossible to secure anything appropriate for the fund that has been subscribed. There will be no attempt to reproduce a likeness of Senator Vance." The most popular idea discussed by the association was a granite shaft on a base.

The association also appointed a Ladies Auxiliary to design and care for the grounds around the monument and raise funds for the dedication ceremony. Auxiliary members included Mrs. J. A. Burroughs, Mrs. M.E. Child, Miss Mary Erwin, Mrs. Hezekiah Alexander Gudger, Mrs. M. D. Long, Mrs. V. S. Lusk, Mrs. James Henry Rumbough, Mrs. J. H. Tucker, Miss Evelyn West, and Miss Annie Williams.

So that the association could wrap up its operations after the monument's dedication, there was a call on May 6, 1898, asking donors to pay the final $75 due from subscriptions. On May 9, all by $35 had been paid.

Designer selection

In June 1897, the association asked for bids to design "a single shaft fashioned after the Washington Monument and placed on a substantial pedestal". Designs for the monument were submitted by firms from Asheville; Atlanta, Georgia; Augusta, Georgia; Charlotte, North Carolina; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Greensboro, North Carolina; Mount Airy, North Carolina; Pacolet, South Carolina; and New England. F. M. Miles, a sculptor from of Asheville submitted two models, one of which was displayed at the A. Trifield cigar store on Patton Avenue in Asheville. However, the association indicated they preferred "a monument that is plain, in keeping with the plain, sturdy character of the man in whose memory it is to be erected."

More than three weeks after the deadline for design submissions, ''The Asheville Daily Citizen'' announced, "Plans which will be submitted to the Vance Monument committee are being drawn by R. S. Smith, the architect." On September 9, the association announced their selection of Asheville architect Richard Sharp Smith. Smith, a native of England, was known for his work as the supervising architect of Biltmore Estate and had just opened his private architectural practice in Asheville. In addition to his solid reputation and local affiliation, Smith also agreed to work free of charge as his contribution to the memorial. Smith submitted three designs to the association: the selected design in two heights——and a third design that was a fluted column that was tall. The association requested a revision of the former that was tall, along completed drawings and work specifications.

Groundbreaking ceremony

A groundbreaking ceremony for the Vance Monument was held on the winter solstice, December 22, 1897, at the western head of Court Square (now called Pack Square). The cornerstone was laid in the northeast corner of the monument a rare public Masonic ceremony by Grand Master Walter E. Moore of the North Carolina Grand Lodge, by special invitation of the Vance Monument Association.Burgess, Joel (March 12, 2022).
City Accepts $115K Donation to Repair Vance Monument"
''Asheville Citizen-Times''. pp. A4. Retrieved February 28, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. The gavel used by Moore was made by George Donnan of Market Street Woodworking for the event from locust procured at Vance's birthplace. Moore was joined by other Masons on the platform, along with members of the Zebulon Vance Camp of the United Confederate Veterans.

The Masonic ceremony began with a procession of seventy Masons from the Patton Avenue Lodge to the monument site in Court Square. Grand Master Moore placed a copper box under the cornerstone, containing a ''Bible'', Charter and Code for the City of Asheville, honor roll from the city schools, a muster roll for Vance's Rough and Ready regiment, current issues of all local newspapers including ''The Colored Enterprise'', proceedings of North Carolina's Grand Lodge, a program for the day's event, newly minted United States coins, and a Yearbook for the City of Asheville. As part of the ceremony, the Moore said, "This corner-stone has been tested by the proper implements of masonry. I find that the craftsmen have skillfully and faithfully performed their duty, and I do declare the stone to be well-formed, true and trusty, and correctly laid, according to the rules of our ancient craft." In addition to the Masonic ceremony, the groundbreaking included music by the Asheville Orchestra, oration by Dr. R. R. Swope D.D., and local school children singing "The Old North State" and "America".

Asheville's Zeb Vance Democratic Club was not included in the groundbreaking ceremony, although the group offered their members as speakers for the event. In October 1897, this group ordered 1,000 club buttons featuring a picture of Vance and the words "white supremacy" and "ZVDC".

Construction

On September 10, 1897, two days after he met with the association, Smith ran an ad in the local newspaper calling for contractors to bid on the construction of the monument. Bids were submitted by ten firms from Asheville, Atlanta, Georgia; Augusta, Georgia; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Pacolet, South Carolina; and Wilmington, North Carolina. The contract was awarded to James G. Colvin of Asheville who bid $2,758. There was also a call for bids on granite from the Mount Airy and Salisbury quarries in North Carolina, and the quarry in Pacolet, South Carolina. Southern Railway Company agreed reduce the freight rate for shipping from the North Carolina quarries. However, J. C. Johnson of the Keystone Granite Quarry in Pacolet received the contract and had quarried the stone by mid–November 1897.

The association decided the best place for the monument was on Court Square (now called Pack Square) where there was an existing water fountain. This location was approved by Asheville's Board of Aldermen and Buncombe County's Commissioners, with the fountain being removed on September 27, 1897. Lines from the Asheville Telephone Exchange that crossed court square near the proposed location of the monument were also relocated to a back street.

R.M. Ramsay was given the contract to dig the monument's foundation and began work on October 23, 1897. The first shovelful of dirt was thrown by John Y. Jordan, with the second by John O'Donnell. By October 28, the foundation was excavated and contractor Colvin was installing of cement for the monument's foundation.

The groundbreaking ceremony of December 22, 1897, laid the monument's cornerstone. By January 6, 1898, the polished panels for the pedestal had arrived and were being installed. However, after two stone panels were installed, superintendent of construction and architect Smith rejected both panels because the stone had a naturally occurring white line running diagonally across them. Apparently, this defect was not visible until the granite was polished. Replacement stones were ordered from the Keystone Granite Quarry. The next day, the first capstone was moved from the railroad station to the construction site; it weighed over six tons and took eight mules to move it. Each stone cost more than $100, delivered. On February 4, 1898, four railroad cars of granite arrived from South Carolina, including the replacement pedestal panels.

Once the pedestal was completed, work began on placing the stone for the obelisk. Each stone block was raised by attaching it to a derrick boom lift, using rope and chain. A team of men then used a windlass to raise the stone, one inch at a time. While using a boom to raise a capstone over the monument on February 27, 1898, one of the ropes on the block slipped and fell to the ground. Instead of having to lower the block to the ground, Will Ward, a climber with the Asheville Telephone Exchange, came to the rescue. To get a new rope lashed to the block, he climbed a distance of , hand–over–hand to the peak on the monument. His climb took ten minutes and nearly ended in tragedy when he accidentally slid partway down the line provided for his descent. Ward got construction back on track, with plans to install the capstone the next day.

By March 8, 1898, only of the monument remained to be constructed. The next day several hundred people and photographers gathered at Court Square, with others at the courthouse tower, to watch the placement of the final pyramidal top stone which weighed . The plan was to move the stone block to the top of the obelisk, and then use the derrick to raise stonemason Hugh Crawford to the top of the monument via a rope tied around his waist. However, as the workers were using the windlass to raise the stone, the boom started to lean slightly to the south. Once the stone was raised several feet off of the ground, it started to hang to the north like a giant plum bob. The boom "groaned and strained" and there was the sound of timbers cracking. As the crowd panicked and rushed to safety; one man tripped over an apple vendor's baskets, causing apples to roll everywhere. However, the windlass men gave enough rope to relieve the strain on the boom and safely brought the stone to the ground. They determined that the problem was caused by the breaking of a board that was part of the splicing of the boom; the boom had to be lowered and re-spliced and lashed before work could continue.

As the crowd gathered the next day to watch the second attempt at placing the top stone, they stayed farther away for safety. However, the repaired boom worked smoothly and the stone was placed on the obelisk with "absolute smoothness". Throughout the entire construction process, there were no injuries.

Fencing and lighting

On July 28, 1896, George Powell, president of the Vance Monument Association, announced that the iron fencing in Court Plaza would be removed as part of its redesign and beautification, along with posts and cables. There was a positive reaction to this joint plan of the city and county to convert the area into a park. The ''Asheville Daily Citizen'' said this would be a shock to the "Ancient and Unhonored Order of Ever-Tireds" whose "sole occupation and chief delight" was to pose against the old fence. Apparently, the fence "drew loafers as molasses will draw flies, and caused congregations that would not assemble were otherwise".

As the monument's completion approached, the community started marking suggestions to improve the surrounding area of Court Square. One newspaper reader suggested moving the existing lighting to an artistic arrangement that focuses on the monument, noting this "would benefit and please the fancy".

In an editorial on March 15, 1898, the ''Asheville Daily Citizen'' anticipated restoration of the landscape now that construction was over, but "if we are to keep the square in anything like a decent condition, the fence should be put back. One year's trial shows conclusively that the no-fence law is no good when applied to the square. The Rest Easies stand on the corners and whet off the grass, the Hurry Ups cut across the corners in order to get there a minute earlier, and the Jehus will make a cot of the greensward as they wait for patrons at the Asheville Livery Stables. Already some have picked the monument as a resting place and it has become very evident that not only will it be necessary to fence the square but that there must be a railing about the monument's base." Three days later, on March 18, the association had a railing installed around the pedestal of the monument. On March 26, 1898, there was public excitement when a load of iron fencing was delivered to the monument. However, the fencing was delivered by mistake; it was ordered for George W. Packs' home on Merrimon Avenue.

The association installed granite curbing around the monument square and its adjacent sidewalks to protect the grass and trees. On April 7, 1898, Smith and the committee called for contractors to supply granite curbing. The contract was again awarded to James G. Colvin of Asheville for $197. Next, the association discussed designing and adding a iron fence around the monument, set with stone posts placed that would be apart. For the fence, the area around the monument had to be graded and, then, would be planted with grass.

Impatient for the fence, on May 20, 1898, the ''Asheville Daily Citizen'' wrote, "It has already become quite apparent that the crowd cannot be trusted to allow the Vance monument and the square to remain in any presentable condition." Apparently, the issue was that the cubing installed by the association, as well as the steps of the pedestal, were an ideal seating area. The paper called for the Board of Aldermen to install a fence around the entire area. By November 1898, the association's fence was in place; however, the newspaper noted that the fence was so low that people could easily step over it.

Shortly after World War I, Nathan Strauss traveled to Asheville to lay a wreath at the Vance Monument as a "debt of gratitude". Straus, a Jewish philanthropist and owner of R. H. Macy & Company and Abraham & Straus department stores in New York City, built a "suitable fence" around the monument.

Dedication

In February 1898, the Vance Monument Association appointed a dedication committee. Committee members included J. P. Kerr, J. A. Nichols, and J. P. Sawyer. In addition to planning the dedication ceremonies, the committee was asked to collect suggestions from the public. Items to be addressed included selecting the speakers and deciding whether it would be "strictly a state affair, or whether admirers of the great North Carolinian ancein other States shall be invited." On March 11, 1898, the committee set the dedication for Memorial Day, May 10, 1898, and decided to invite Senator John W. Daniel from Virginia and Judge. Robert F. Armfield from Statesville, North Carolina to speak at the dedication. The group established a committee of related camps and organizations to collaborate for the dedication. Invitees included Honorable Theodore F. Davidson, Professor J. D. Eggleston Jr., S. Lipinsky, Colonel V. S. Lusk, Theo S. Morrison, Lieutenant J. A. Perry, Colonel James M. Ray, Major White G. Smith, R. P. Walker, and Dr. John Hey Williams. In addition, the Statesville Cornet Concert band volunteered to perform at the dedication.

On March 26, 1898, the Zebulon Vance chapter of the United Confederate Veterans voted to attend the May dedication. However, Judge Armfeld declined the invitation to give the address because of his poor health. The Honorable Alfred Moore Waddell of Wilmington, North Carolina, accepted the committee's invitation, saying, "Although I have already declined several invitations for the 10th May...I accept this from your association as a duty which I have neither the right nor the inclination to refuse." However, on April 25, Waddell had to cancel because he had a conflicting date in the U.S. Court of Appeals. Nationally known orator and Governor of Tennessee, Robert Love Taylor agreed to deliver an address. Taylor wrote, "I...will be with you on that date to honor one of the greatest and best men the South as ever produced."

The committee hired Leroy Mitteldorfer of M. Mittledorfer & Son of Richmond, Virginia to decorate the Court Square buildings for the dedication. Buncombe County agreed to decorate the courthouse. A resolution was also passed asking the citizens of Asheville to decorate their houses for dedication day. A platform was built near the monument for the dedication, and chairs were set up between the monument and the courthouse. The day before the dedication, school children were asked to bring wildflowers and evergreens to the monument to cover the unfinished ground around it. The committee also requested dogwood and evergreen boughs to cover the front of the platform. These offerings provided beautification and connected with nature which Vance loved.

As the dedication approached, the newspaper announced the expected dignitaries and their arrival in Asheville. Included were Mrs. Zebulon Baird Vance from Washington, D. C. and Charles N. Vance. Guests from Marion, North Carolina included Sheriff Gardin, John McDonald, Miss Mary E. McDonald, E. G. Neal, and Dr. James A. Sinclair. Hickory, North Carolina was represented by C. H. Cline and E. B. Menzies, and Statesville, North Carolina by T. J. Allison. Major Robert Bingham announced that he entire study body of the Bingham Military Academy would attend. Also scheduled to attend was the president of the Asheville Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy, along with as many members as possible. The committee encouraged all teachers in the area to bring their classes, saying they would be provided seating.

To enable people from across the region to attend the dedication, the Associated Railways of Virginia and the Carolinas announced that they would offer half-rate round trips to Asheville for civilians and one cent per mile traveled for military companies. This meant the round trip from Raleigh to Asheville would only cost $8.80.

The unveiling and dedication of the Vance Monument were on May 10, 1898. Although scheduled to start at 10 am, the day before the event, the association announced a delay until 3 p.m. because the guest speaker, Governor Taylor, could not catch a train to make the earlier time. As requested, many businesses were decorated for the event, and flags were everywhere. Across from the monument, W. F. Snyder's Grocery featured a large picture of Vance, surrounded by evergreens intertwined with red, white, and blue fabric. There was also a large oil portrait of Vance, painted by John A. Williams of Asheville, at the Asheville Street Railway Company's office.

The event also had media coverage. In addition to local newspapers, S. A. Cunningham and Mrs. L. B. Eperson came from Nashville, Tennessee for ''Confederate Veteran'' ''magazine.'' Photographer C. F. Ray took pictures of the decorated storefronts and also of the monument itself. The ''Asheville Daily Citizen'' noted, "Never in Asheville has there been compressed into the square so large a number of people as gathered before 3 o'clock. Hundreds of handsomely dressed ladies, many of them students of the schools of the vicinity, added to the beauty of the assemblage." Crowds not only filled the square but the adjacent streets and sidewalks. People also watched from the windows nearby buildings. Before the ceremony began, members of the United Confederate Veterans marched to the square from their hall on Main Street. Speakers and association representatives were seated on the platform, along with Mrs. Zebulon Vance and the mother-in-law and sister-in-law of Governor Taylor.

The celebration began with music by the Asheville Concert Band, followed by a performance of the "Watch Hill" by Two-Step Kenneth. Then, the assembled crowd sang, "America". Next, Rev. R. F. Campbell D.D. of First Presbyterian Church of Asheville gave the invocation, followed by ''Grand America Fantasia'', tone pictures of the North and South, by Theodore Bendix. Then, the band played "Yankee Doodle", "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground", and "Dixie". There was a huge cheer from the crowd at the end of "Dixie". Finally, there was an address given by Governor Taylor. In his address, Taylor praised Vance's contributions to both state and nation, saying, "Through his long and brilliant career, his love of humanity never waned and his devotion for this country never cooled." He continued, "Senator Vance was a splendid thinker and statesman of rare ability, but he always looked on the bright side of things..." Taylor focused his speech on Vance's service to the United States, making only two brief references to Vance's service to the Confederacy. When Taylor ended his speech at 3:35 pm, it was generally agreed that he had given "a brilliant and beautiful speech".

At some point in the ceremony, the United Daughters of the Confederacy laid a wreath of galax leaves at the base of the monument. During the dedication, the police kept carriages out of Court Plaza. In the evening after the dedication, the Y.M.C.A. wheelmen had a bicycle parade with Japanese lanterns for decorations.

George Pack was "thoroughly satisfied" with the monument; he said, "It is simple and ragged like the man whose memory it perpetuates and the people from whom he came." ''The Baltimore Sun'' wrote, "In honoring the memory of Zebulon B. Vance the people of North Carolina have honored themselves. He was one of the greatest and most popular citizens of the old North State, and she never had a more loyal or devoted son."

Restoration and rededication

In 2008, the City of Asheville reviewed the monument's condition, determining that it had failing mortar, corroded stone, and needed to be cleaned. In 2012, the 26th North Carolina, a nonprofit Civil War re-enactment and preservation group, raised $115,000 towards the restoration. The Vetust Study Club was a major donor. In April 2015, the monument underwent its $126,000 restoration, with the city contributing the difference of $11,000. Repairs took around four weeks and involved scaffolding around the monument and temporary construction fence. Restoration was undertaken by a professional conservator.

As part of the restoration, plans were made to remove the copper box placed under the cornerstone by the Masons in the first groundbreaking ceremony. On March 30, 2015, workers attempted to remove the Masons' time capsule in preparation for their work but had to break the side of the box off because the cornerstone had shifted over time. The crew used this extreme tactic because the restoration work included cleaning the stone and mortar with water, which would have damaged the box and its contents. The contents were removed and restored by staff from the Western Office of the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. Heather South, archivist with Cultural Resources, indicated that the contents would probably require a significant amount of conservation work given that it was buried for more than 100 years. One important discovery was the enclosed issue of the ''Colored Enterprise'' newspaper because no other known copy of this African American newspaper from Asheville survives.

On June 6, 2015, there was a rededication ceremony where another bronze plaque was placed on a small sloped granite block in front of the west face of the monument. The plaque lists the names of the donors to the restoration project; the plaque is dated May 15, 2015.

Description

Richard Sharp Smith's design for the Vance Monument was based on the Washington Monument. It was a graduated obelisk built from brick and covered with granite blocks. The granite blocks were thick and from deep, and were set with LaForge mortar. The stone was pitch-faced or rough-cast except for a vertical margin line that ran the length of the four corners of the obelisk. The interior brick was of an extra hard-burnt variety. Smith suggested the brick core as it reduced construction costs and allowed the association to build a taller monument. The granite was anchored to the brick with galvanized iron clamps.

The obelisk was constructed on top of a square pedestal base. The pedestal was tall and had chamfered corners. On each of the pedestal's four sides, there was a polished panel that was , weighing nearly . The pedestal also had an additional of foundation that was sunk into the ground and anchored with Portland cement. On the south corner block it reads: "DEC. 22 A.L. 5897 / WALTER E. MOORE / GRAND MASTER."

With the obelisk and its pedestal combined, the Vance Monument was tall. At the time, the monument was "towering", the tallest structure in Asheville, and was meant to be seen from a distance. The only indication that the monument was for Vance was the single word "VANCE" engraved into the polished panel on each side of the pedestal. Local history columnist and librarian Rob Neufeld noted, "It is one few Civil War monuments in the South that is of an abstract thing. The fact that it is not of a person, a soldier, a horse, or some kind of object that symbolized the war is significant. It is not, therefore, a symbol of slavery in the South; it's a monument to honor Vance."

The pedestal had a railing at its bottom step and was surrounded by a low, simple iron fence with supporting stone posts spaced at intervals. Shortly after, World War I, a taller fence iron fence was installed.

Forty years later, the Asheville Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy added a plaque to the monument, along with the support of the American Legion and the B'nai B'rith. The plaque read:

Popular Culture

Two months before the dedication of the Vance Monument, it was already making its way into jokes in the local newspaper. On March 7, 1898, the ''Asheville Daily Citizen'' wrote, "It is easily apparent that an army of Rest-Easies has its eyes on the steps at the base of the Vance monument as a place of reclining during the summer months. It is feared that a number of them will be suffering from crick on the neck if the monument is not completed soon." On March 22, the newspaper reported, "A reader of the ''Citizen'' suggests that in order to make the steps of the Vance monument as comfortable as possible for the Sons of Rest they ought to be cushioned."

On March 9, 1898, the newspaper made a political joke that reference the monument: "If the President wishes to retire Secretary Sherman and wants a man for his place that has a backbone as rigid as the Vance monument, there is Richmond Olney."

''The Colored Enterprise'' told a humorous story about the crowds watching the construction of the Vance Monument. As the capstone was being raised, Rev. Rice of Rock Hill Baptist Church was talking to one of his Baptist brethren when a pint of corn liquor dropped to the pavement. Apparently, the smell caused quite a stir in the crowd, and a great deal of embarrassment for the man. Rev. Rice said "he never felt so bad for a man in his life, especially as the man in question "always sits high in the 'amen corner' of the church." The paper noted that the corn liquor "was doubtless intended for sprains and bruises".

W. B. Williamson & Co. Furniture and Carpet House ran several advertisements in the ''Asheville Daily Citizen'' newspaper saying, "The unveiling of the Vance Monument can scarcely attract more people than the unpacking of the many new patterns of furniture, carpets, mattings, etc."

In November 1898, the ''Asheville Daily Citizen'' joked about the association's low fence around the monument, saying, "The fence can easily be straddled, and the folks who loaf about the square will think it delightful to step over it and make their way to the base of the monument, there to bask in the sun and save coal. About the only way to keep the crowd out is to put up a 10' fence, cover the top with spikes and keep a half dozen policemen on the inside."

Annually on or about May 13, Vance's birthday, members of the local chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy and the local chapter of B'nai B'rith, a Jewish service group, came together to lay a wreath at the monument. According to tradition, a member of the B'nai B'rith was present for the monument's dedication when the United Daughters of the Confederacy laid the first wreath at its base. The wreath always includes leaves of the native plant galax which is supposed to have healing powers. Henry Meyers, former B'nai B'rith state chairman, spoke at the event almost every year until his death.

Steve Rasmussen dubbed the monument "Asheville Monument to Tolerance", in 2003, citing Vance's extensive oration on behalf of Jews. Rasmussen wrote, "The Vance Monument is more than just a shrine to a Civil War-era governor; more, even, than a forum for Asheville's remarkably diverse political views. Ever since the winter solstice day in 1897 when its cornerstone was laid (in a rare public Masonic ritual) to honor the Confederate Christian who stood up for the Jews, the monument has symbolized the most controversial of First Amendment rights: freedom of religion."

In 2017, author and historian Keith Essig suggested renaming it the Advance Monument. He said this name would recall ''The Advance'', an African American newspaper published by Edward Stephens in the 1890s. Stephens was a founder of the Young Man's Institute in Asheville, as well as an administrator for Asheville's black schools during segregation.

In August 2020, Sean Devereaux made a tongue-in-cheek suggestion to turn the Vance Monument into a giant tennis racket. His rationale was that Vance owned slaves; Asheville was named for Samuel Ashe who owned an entire plantation of slaves; and professional tennis player Arthur Ashe's family traces back to enslavement with Samuel Ashe. Devereaux suggested changing Asheville's namesake to Arthur Ashe, and at the same time, turning the monument into a tennis racket shank to honor Ashe.

21st century controversy

Zebulon Vance

The main controversy with the Vance Monument stemmed from Zebulon Vance's connection to slavery and his racist attitudes toward African Americans. Kerby Price, a historic interpreter at the Vance Birthplace State Historic Site says, "Vance, born in 1830, remains one of North Carolina's most noteworthy politicians. He also owned ixslaves. During his nearly 40 years of leadership, the statesmen never publicly denounced the practice." As a member of the U.S. Congress in March 1860, Vance said, "Plainly and unequivocally, common sense says keep the slave where he is now—in servitude. The interest of the slave himself imperatively demands it. The interest of the master, of the United States, of the world, nay of humanity itself, says, keep the slave in his bondage; treat him humanely, teach him Christianity, care for him in sickness and old age, and make his bondage light as may be; but above all, keep him a slave and in strict subordination; for that is his normal condition; the one in which alone he can promote the interest of himself or of his fellows."

African American Heritage Commission

The North Carolina General Assembly created the African American Heritage Commission (AAHC) in 2008. In 2014, the commission began considering the creation of a monument for African Americans in Asheville to provide balance for the Vance Monument. One idea from the AAHC was to contextualize the Vance Monument. Sasha Mitchell, AAHC chair, said they wanted to add a series of small markers in the monument square to tell the story of Asheville's African Americans. Mitchel said, "To be perfectly honest, I wish it he Vance Monumentwasn't there. But it is there and moving it would be very expensive. As far as putting money into moving it rather than for contextualizing it, I don't know that that would be the wisest use of money."

A coalition of community activists—including the Center for Diversity Education, Carolina Jews for Justice, Masonic Lodge Venus No. 62, the Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance, and the Mountain's People Assembly—backed the AAHC and called upon Asheville's Public Art Board to create new work near the Vance Monument for the "largely unrecognized African American history tied to the Vance Monument". The group started a Change.org petition that read, "It was at this site where enslaved people were sold and had bills of sale recorded. In addition, enslaved people were punished and imprisoned at this same site, yet no marker of any kind acknowledges this or the many contributions African-Americans made to this region." The petition referenced the site of a prior courthouse that was closer to the Vance Monument, as well as the former jail which was on top of the monument's site.

The AAHC made its recommendations to the city and also submitted the petition with 2000 signatures. However, no action was taken by the city. When no progress was made, Mitchell stated his belief that regulations and staff support got in the way. On June 23, 2015, the Vance Monument was marked with spray paint, with "Black Lives Matter" being painted on the monument's nameplate. The paint was removed and no arrests were made. After the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, Asheville created a subcommittee to study what to do with its Confederate markers and monuments, including the Vance Monument. However, those efforts "went nowhere".

George Floyd protests

Over several nights in late May and early June 2020, Asheville residents gathered at Pack Square, by the Vance Monument, to protest the murder of George Floyd by a police officer in Minneapolis on May 25, 2020. Protesters marked the pedestal of the monument with spray paint.Boyle, John; Wicker, Mackenzie (June 10, 2020).
City, County Take Steps to Remove Monumen
t". ''Asheville Citizen-Times''. pp. A4. Retrieved March 5, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. The nationwide and worldwide George Floyd protests called for social justice, including the removal of monuments to the Civil War and racists. Newspaper reporter John Boyles wrote, "The killing of Minneapolis resident George Floyd under the knee of police officer Derek Chauvin...changed everything in America, though, including our quaint mountain city's assessment of its most visible monument." One June 5, peaceful protestors used a wall in the monument square to create an altar, covered with photographs of "victims of police brutality".

On July 8, 2020, city workers began the process of covering the monument "in order to reduce its impact on the community and to reduce the risk of harm it presents in its current state". This action resulted from a joint resolution passed by the Asheville and Buncombe County. The cost for $18,500, plus $2,600 a month to rent scaffolding. Boyle noted, "It really looks like someone draped a giant plastic leaf bag over the obelisk and cinched it up real tight. It simultaneously piques your curiosity and makes you recoil at its ugliness."

On July 29, Change.org and The George Floyd Foundation temporarily replaced Vance Monument with a hologram of George Floyd. This was part of a national tour, following the Freedom Riders' route, in Floyd's memory. The week-long hologram installation was "transforming spaces that were formerly occupied by racist symbols of America's dark Confederate past into a message of hope, solidarity, and forward-thinking change."

Removal

Legal issues

In June 2020, the Asheville City Council explored the possibility of removing the Vance Monument. One obstacle was a 2015 North Carolina Statute 100–2.1 that allows privately owned monuments to be moved but stated that monuments on public land could not be moved unless they were relocated to a "site of similar prominence". N.C. Senator Jim Davis, primary sponsor of the 2015 law prohibiting removal of Civil War era monuments, said he believed history needed to be preserved and that trying to rewrite history and remove monuments would not "alleviate the fact that slavery was". However, Davis acknowledged that there were some exceptions to the statute and that the only recourse when violated was through the courts.

City attorney Brad Branham said it was not clear who owned the Vance Monument and additional research was needed. He said, "Records from the time of its erection are often unclear or unavailable." Part of the state law also requires a review by the North Carolina Historical Commission. However, Branham said that only applied to state-owned monuments.

At first, some thought that the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) owned the Vance Monument, but not the land it was on. Then, it was determined that the UDC had just placed a plaque and a free-standing stone by the monument. However, Sara N. Powell, president of the North Carolina Division of the UDC said the additions to Vance Monument—a plaque and free-standing stone—were "gifts and protected by state law". However, the City moved forward with trying to determine the monument was private property. Attorney Kirk Lyons with the Southern Legal Resource Center said, "They will probably have a very hard time proving that because, you know, things were done on a handshake a hundred years ago."

By March 2021, the City claimed they could remove the monument despite the state statute as the monument was a "'public safety hazard' because of numerous incidents of vandalism and threats to destroy it".

Vance Monument Task Force

In June 2020, City Council voted unanimously adopted a joint resolution giving the United Daughters of the Confederacy ninety days to remove their additions, and appointing a twelve-member task force to determine if the monument should be removed, re-purposed, or retained with another name on it. Buncombe County Board of Commissioners also approved the joint-resolution, with a vote of 4 to 3. The Board received 549 messages in favor of removing the Vance Monument and nineteen calls in favor of retaining it. Buncombe County chairman Brownie Newman said, he did not believe "that monument which romanticizes the Confederacy belongs on city or county-owned land." City Council member Keith Young, who is African–American, said he believed that those who erected the monument were saying to black people, "We still have power. We still have control. And this is your place in our society."

The Asheville City Council appointed its six members and two alternates to the task force on July 28. 2020. The County did the same. The task force voted to recommend the removal of the Vance Monument on November 19, 2020. On December 8, 2020, the City Council voted 6 to 1 to accept the recommendation, with a final decision on the removal pending future information on costs. The dissenting vote was cast by Sandra Kilgore, an African American, who said "removing the monument would destroy an artistic structure and cause ill-will between whites and African Americans". On March 23, 2021, City Council voted 6 to 1 to remove the monument for $114,150, awarded to an Asheville contractor. Additional funds were offered to conduct visioning for the site.

City of Asheville Mayor Esther Manheimer said, "From my perspective, this has been a long time coming, and I look forward to a new chapter for our city. I'm excited about our future and planning for a new symbol of our city."

Lawsuits

A Civil War re-enactment group based in Rutherfordton, North Carolina called the Historical Preservation of the 26th North Carolina Troops Inc., also known as the 26th North Carolina Regiment, filed a lawsuit in April 2021 claiming the city was "in breach of contract" by voting to remove the monument despite the group's restoration efforts since 2015, including the raising of nearly $140,000. Buncombe County Superior Court Judge Alan Thornburg dismissed the suit on April 30, 2021.

The 26th North Carolina Regiment filed an emergency request with the North Carolina Court of Appeals to halt the demolition of the monument until after they could file an appeal. The Court of Appeals acted on June 4, 2021, stopping demolition work and requiring the city to retain all parts of the monument.

In a June 28, 2021 filing with the Court of Appeals, the 26th North Carolina Regiment claimed the city violated the order to stop work on the monument by removing the granite obelisk. The city said it moved the blocks for safety reasons and so that the area could be reopened. An attorney for the 26th North Carolina Regiment said it was not known where the blocks were as the city would not reveal this information because of "security" concerns. The group hoped the case outcome would result in rebuilding the obelisk. However, its outcome depended on the resolution of a North Carolina Supreme Court case involving the Confederate Soldiers Monument in Winston-Salem, expected to take as long as eight more months.

The Court of Appeals ruled in the City's favor on April 5, 2022. This ruling allowed Asheville to continue with its removal of the monument. However, there were fifteen days for an appeal to be filed.

On April 10, the 26th North Carolina Regiment's board voted to appeal the ruling to the North Carolina Supreme Court. Their attorney, H. Edward Phillips III, said, "I still believe the City of Asheville does not have the authority to destroy the Vance Monument. What I do believe is that under the Monument Protection Act, the city has the authority to move the monument to a place of similar prominence and equal access to the public within the city." Phillips also added that the 26th North Carolina Regiment has standing in this case because of the money they raised to restore the monument.

The N.C. Supreme Court blocked the April judgment from the Court of Appeals in December 2022, and the plaintiff filed an appellant brief on February 16, 2023, to which the city intended to respond.

Demolition

Demolition began on May 17, 2021, with the stone obelisk completely removed by May 18. 2021. As the local television station noted, "It's a noticeable absence." Removal proceeded despite an emergency request filed in the North Carolina Court of Appeals by the 26th North Carolina Regiment. As of May 30, 2021, only the pedestal remained, with plans to move it in two stages—one between June 7 and 9, and the other between June 14 and 21. However, demolition work stopped because of a June 4, 2021, ruling from the Court of Appeals.

In April 2022, city attorney Brad Branham indicated that Asheville is holding onto the stone blocks for now. However, "It's our goal that those be disposed of in a way that the Vance Monument cannot be recreated somewhere in the future."

See also

* List of Confederate monuments and memorials in North Carolina
* List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vance Monument
Monuments and memorials in the United States removed during the George Floyd protests
Buildings and structures in Asheville, North Carolina
Jews and Judaism in North Carolina
Monuments and memorials in North Carolina
Obelisks in the United States
Outdoor sculptures in North Carolina
Removed Confederate States of America monuments and memorials
Vandalized works of art in North Carolina
1898 establishments in North Carolina
2021 disestablishments in North Carolina
Race-related controversies in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Buncombe County, North Carolina