Zaryadye ( rus, Зарядье, p=zɐˈrʲædʲje) is a historical district in
Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
established in 12th or 13th century within
Kitai-gorod
Kitay-gorod ( rus, Китай-город, p=kʲɪˈtaj ˈɡorət), also referred to as the Great Possad () in the 16th and 17th centuries, is a cultural and historical area within the central part of Moscow in Russia, defined by the remnants ...
, between Varvarka Street and
Moskva River
The Moskva (russian: река Москва, Москва-река, ''Moskva-reka'') is a river running through western Russia. It rises about west of Moscow and flows roughly east through the Smolensk and Moscow Oblasts, passing through centra ...
. The name means "the place behind the rows", i.e., behind the
market
Market is a term used to describe concepts such as:
*Market (economics), system in which parties engage in transactions according to supply and demand
*Market economy
*Marketplace, a physical marketplace or public market
Geography
*Märket, an ...
rows adjacent to the
Red Square
Red Square ( rus, Красная площадь, Krasnaya ploshchad', ˈkrasnəjə ˈploɕːətʲ) is one of the oldest and largest squares in Moscow, the capital of Russia. Owing to its historical significance and the adjacent historical build ...
.
History
Zaryadye is the oldest trading settlement outside the Kremlin walls. The first chronicle notice is dated 1365, when a fire destroyed the area. Fires continued in 1390, 1468, 1493, 1547; in 1451, the fire was set by
Tatar
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different raiders. Zaryadye's Main Street (Великая улица), later called Mokrinsky Lane (Мокринский переулок), connected Kremlin with the docks and warehouses on Moskva River; some sources call it the ''first'' street of Moscow outside Kremlin walls.
In 1536–1538, the walls of
Kitai-gorod
Kitay-gorod ( rus, Китай-город, p=kʲɪˈtaj ˈɡorət), also referred to as the Great Possad () in the 16th and 17th centuries, is a cultural and historical area within the central part of Moscow in Russia, defined by the remnants ...
fortress separated Zaryadye from the river; access to the river was possible only through the gates in south-western and south-eastern corners of the neighborhood. The businesses changed their logistics pattern, walking away from river trade to supplies by land. Population of traders became more and more diluted by craftsmen and court servants.
Peter I Peter I may refer to:
Religious hierarchs
* Saint Peter (c. 1 AD – c. 64–88 AD), a.k.a. Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simon, apostle of Jesus
* Pope Peter I of Alexandria (died 311), revered as a saint
* Peter I of Armenia (died 1058), Catholico ...
reforms struck two blows at Zaryadye. First, when the court relocated to
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, the area lost the tenants, many businesses closed. Second, Peter's rampart, built between Kitai-gorod wall and the river, closed all the sewage moats, trapping all the waste inside Zaryadye. For at least a century, Zaryadye became an unhealthy and unsafe social bottom of Moscow.
![Zaryadye map 1881](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Zaryadye_map_1881.jpg)
Things improved after the fire of 1812. The State, fearing future fires, banned all wooden construction. Poorer landlords of Zaryadye could not afford stone buildings and sold their properties. They were purchased by real estate developers, who quickly converted Zaryadye into an area of cheap rental housing, usually two or three stories high. For nearly a century, Zaryadye was the location of Moscow's
garment industry
Clothing industry or garment industry summarizes the types of trade and industry along the production and value chain of clothing and garments, starting with the textile industry (producers of cotton, wool, fur, and synthetic fibre), embellishment ...
, a backyard of the wealthy Kitai-gorod.
Since 1826, Glebovskoye Podvorye (Глебовское подворье), an inn in Zaryadye, was the hub of Moscow's
Jewish
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
community. In 1856, Jews were allowed free settlement in the city, and preferred settling nearby, in Zaryadye. By 1891, Moscow housed an estimated 35,000 Jews, at least half of them settled in Zaryadye (the first
synagogue
A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...
opened in 1891 two blocks north-east).
[Russian]
Jewish Encyclopedia
/ref>
After 1918, with the collapse of traditional small business, Zaryadye tenants relocated to the remote workers' neighborhoods. The properties were taken over by state offices.
Destruction
The 1935 master plan of Moscow called for demolition of Zaryadye, clearing space for the ''Industry Building'' ( Narkomtiazhprom) and its riverside ramps. This project did not materialize as planned.
The first round of destruction (1936) cleared the blocks adjacent to Moscow Kremlin
The Kremlin ( rus, Московский Кремль, r=Moskovskiy Kreml', p=ˈmɐˈskofskʲɪj krʲemlʲ, t=Moscow Kremlin) is a fortified complex in the center of Moscow founded by the Rurik dynasty. It is the best known of the kremlins (R ...
for the ramps of Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge
Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge (russian: Большой Москворецкий мост, link=no) is a concrete arch bridge that spans the Moskva River in Moscow, Russia, immediately east of the Kremlin. The bridge connects Red Square with Bolshay ...
.
This was followed by the destruction of most of Zaryadye in 1947, clearing the ground for the skyscraper
A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable building having multiple floors. Modern sources currently define skyscrapers as being at least or in height, though there is no universally accepted definition. Skyscrapers are very tall high-ris ...
designed by Dmitry Chechulin
Dmitry Nikolaevich Chechulin (russian: Дми́трий Никола́евич Чечу́лин; , in Shostka – 29 October 1981, in Moscow) was a Russian Soviet architect, city planner, author, and leading figure of Stalinist architecture.
Life ...
. This project was cancelled at the foundation stage.
1947 postcard
shows that, in addition to the existing row of churches on Varvarka Street, this round of demolition spared the 2-story buildings on Moskvoretskaya Street, right next to the bridge, and the Kitai-gorod wall facing the river. According to P. V. Sytin,[Sytin, p. 34] the historical church of St. Anna and other relics had to be disassembled and rebuilt in the Kolomenskoye
Kolomenskoye (russian: Коло́менское) is a former royal estate situated several kilometers to the southeast of the city center of Moscow, Russia, on the ancient road leading to the town of Kolomna (hence the name). The 390 hectare ...
park; this did not materialize. The site was left vacant for over 15 years.
A third round, in the 1960s, cleared these buildings near the bridge. In 1967, Rossiya Hotel
The Rossiya Hotel (russian: Гостиница «Россия») was a five-star international hotel in Moscow. It was the largest hotel in the world from 1967 to 1980. Until its closure in 2006, it remained the second largest hotel in Europe, ...
was built on this site. The demolition of the hotel was completed in 2007 and a new urban park, Zaryadye Park
Zaryadye Park ( rus, Парк Зарядье) is a landscape urban park located adjacent to Red Square in Moscow, Russia, on the site of the former Rossiya Hotel. The park was inaugurated on 9 September 2017 by Russian President Vladimir Putin an ...
, was opened on the site of the former hotel in 2017.
Historical legacy
Spared historical buildings include:
*Cathedral of the Sign (1679–84)
* Church of All Saints (1610s)
*St. George Church on Pskov Hill (1657)
*St. Maksim Church (1698)
*St. Anna's Church at the Corner (1510s)
*St. Barbara Church (1796–1804)
*The Old English Embassy (1550s)
*16th-century Romanov
The House of Romanov (also transcribed Romanoff; rus, Романовы, Románovy, rɐˈmanəvɨ) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after the Tsarina, Anastasia Romanova, was married to th ...
boyar residence
*Two fragments of Kitai-gorod wall on the western edge of a lot
Gallery
File:Romanov boyar residence.jpg, 16th-century Romanov
The House of Romanov (also transcribed Romanoff; rus, Романовы, Románovy, rɐˈmanəvɨ) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after the Tsarina, Anastasia Romanova, was married to th ...
boyar residence
File:Kitai-gorod wall.JPG, Kitai-gorod
Kitay-gorod ( rus, Китай-город, p=kʲɪˈtaj ˈɡorət), also referred to as the Great Possad () in the 16th and 17th centuries, is a cultural and historical area within the central part of Moscow in Russia, defined by the remnants ...
's Wall
File:Church of All Saints Zaryadye.jpg, Church of All Saints
File:Zaryadye-1796.jpg, View of the wall of Kitai-Gorod and the Zaryadye from the embankment of the Moskva River, 1796
File:Alexeev Moskvoretskaya ulitsa.jpg, Moskvoretskaya Street c. 1800. By Fedor Alexeev
File:Zaryadye prolomnye vorota 2.jpg, Break-gate of Kitai-gorod wall of Zaryadye
File:Zaryadye Vorota.gif, Break-gate of Kitai-gorod wall of Zaryadye
File:Zaryadyr hram Nikoly Moskvoreckogo.jpg, Church of St. Nicholas "Moskvoretsky" in the Zaryadye, 19th century
File:Church of Saint Nicholas «Wet».JPG, Church of St. Nicholas "Wet" in the Zaryadye, 19th century
File:Zaryadye Varvarka19 vek.jpg, Varvarka Street and Zaryadye with the Chambers of the Romanov boyars in the 19th century
File:Kitaj-Gorod 01.JPG, St. George Church on Pskov Hill (1657)
File:Kitaj-Gorod 02.JPG, St. Maksim Church (1698)
File:Kitaj-Gorod 03.JPG, St. Barbara Church (1796-1804)
File:Cathedral of the Sign.jpg, Cathedral of the Sign (1679–84)
Footnotes
External links
*1929 map of Moscow Cente
www.mosmap.narod.ru
www.zariadie.ru
{{coord, 55.7513, N, 37.629, E, source:kolossus-ruwiki, display=title
Geography of Moscow
Tourist attractions in Moscow
Kitay-Gorod