In algebraic geometry, Zariski's main theorem, proved by , is a statement about the structure of birational morphisms stating roughly that there is only one branch at any normal point of a variety. It is the special case of
Zariski's connectedness theorem In algebraic geometry, Zariski's connectedness theorem (due to Oscar Zariski) says that under certain conditions the fibers of a morphism of varieties are connected. It is an extension of Zariski's main theorem to the case when the morphism of vari ...
when the two varieties are birational.
Zariski's main theorem can be stated in several ways which at first sight seem to be quite different, but are in fact deeply related. Some of the variations that have been called Zariski's main theorem are as follows:
*The total transform of a normal fundamental point of a birational map has positive dimension. This is essentially Zariski's original form of his main theorem.
*A birational morphism with finite fibers to a normal variety is an isomorphism to an open subset.
*The total transform of a normal point under a proper birational morphism is connected.
*A closely related theorem of Grothendieck describes the structure of
quasi-finite morphism In algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, a morphism ''f'' : ''X'' → ''Y'' of schemes is quasi-finite if it is of finite type and satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:
* Every point ''x'' of ''X'' is isolated in its ...
s of
schemes, which implies Zariski's original main theorem.
*Several results in commutative algebra that imply the geometric form of Zariski's main theorem.
*A normal local ring is
unibranch In algebraic geometry, a local ring ''A'' is said to be unibranch if the reduced ring ''A''red (obtained by quotienting ''A'' by its nilradical) is an integral domain, and the integral closure ''B'' of ''A''red is also a local ring. A unibranch l ...
, which is a variation of the statement that the transform of a normal point is connected.
*The local ring of a normal point of a variety is
analytically normal In algebra, an analytically normal ring is a local ring whose completion is a normal ring, in other words a domain that is integrally closed in its quotient field.
proved that if a local ring of an algebraic variety is normal, then it is analyti ...
. This is a strong form of the statement that it is unibranch.
The name "Zariski's main theorem" comes from the fact that Zariski labelled it as the "MAIN THEOREM" in .
Zariski's main theorem for birational morphisms
Let ''f'' be a birational mapping of algebraic varieties ''V'' and ''W''. Recall that ''f'' is defined by a closed subvariety
(a "graph" of ''f'') such that the projection on the first factor
induces an isomorphism between an open
and
, and such that
is an isomorphism on ''U'' too. The complement of ''U'' in ''V'' is called a ''fundamental variety'' or ''indeterminancy locus'', and an image of a subset of ''V'' under
is called a ''total transform'' of it.
The original statement of the theorem in reads:
:MAIN THEOREM: If ''W'' is an irreducible fundamental variety on ''V'' of a birational correspondence ''T'' between ''V'' and ''V''′ and if ''T'' has no fundamental elements on ''V''′ then — under the assumption that ''V'' is locally normal at ''W'' — each irreducible component of the transform ''T''
'W''is of higher dimension than ''W''.
Here ''T'' is essentially a morphism from ''V''′ to ''V'' that is birational, ''W'' is a subvariety of the set where the inverse of ''T'' is not defined whose local ring is normal, and the transform ''T''
'W''means the inverse image of ''W'' under the morphism from ''V''′ to ''V''.
Here are some variants of this theorem stated using more recent terminology. calls the following connectedness statement "Zariski's Main theorem":
:If ''f'':''X''→''Y'' is a birational projective morphism between noetherian integral schemes, then the inverse image of every normal point of ''Y'' is connected.
The following consequence of it (Theorem V.5.2,''loc.cit.'') also goes under this name:
:If ''f'':''X''→''Y'' is a birational transformation of projective varieties with ''Y'' normal, then the total transform of a fundamental point of ''f'' is connected and of dimension at least 1.
Examples
*Suppose that ''V'' is a smooth variety of dimension greater than 1 and ''V''′ is given by blowing up a point ''W'' on ''V''. Then ''V'' is normal at ''W'', and the component of the transform of ''W'' is a projective space, which has dimension greater than ''W'' as predicted by Zariski's original form of his main theorem.
*In the previous example the transform of ''W'' was irreducible. It is easy to find examples where the total transform is reducible by blowing up other points on the transform. For example, if ''V''′ is given by blowing up a point ''W'' on ''V'' and then blowing up another point on this transform, the total transform of ''W'' has 2 irreducible components meeting at a point. As predicted by Hartshorne's form of the main theorem, the total transform is connected and of dimension at least 1.
*For an example where ''W'' is not normal and the conclusion of the main theorem fails, take ''V''′ to be a smooth variety, and take ''V'' to be given by identifying two distinct points on ''V''′, and take ''W'' to be the image of these two points. Then ''W'' is not normal, and the transform of ''W'' consists of two points, which is not connected and does not have positive dimension.
Zariski's main theorem for quasifinite morphisms
In EGA III, Grothendieck calls the following statement which does not involve connectedness a "Main theorem" of Zariski :
:If ''f'':''X''→''Y'' is a quasi-projective morphism of Noetherian schemes then the set of points that are isolated in their fiber is open in ''X''. Moreover the induced scheme of this set is isomorphic to an open subset of a scheme that is finite over ''Y''.
In EGA IV, Grothendieck observed that the last statement could be deduced from a more general theorem about the structure of
quasi-finite morphism In algebraic geometry, a branch of mathematics, a morphism ''f'' : ''X'' → ''Y'' of schemes is quasi-finite if it is of finite type and satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:
* Every point ''x'' of ''X'' is isolated in its ...
s, and the latter is often referred to as the "Zariski's main theorem in the form of Grothendieck".
It is well known that
open immersion
Open or OPEN may refer to:
Music
* Open (band), Australian pop/rock band
* The Open (band), English indie rock band
* ''Open'' (Blues Image album), 1969
* ''Open'' (Gotthard album), 1999
* ''Open'' (Cowboy Junkies album), 2001
* ''Open'' (YF ...
s and
finite morphism In algebraic geometry, a finite morphism between two affine varieties X, Y is a dense regular map which induces isomorphic inclusion k\left \righthookrightarrow k\left \right/math> between their coordinate rings, such that k\left \right/math> is ...
s are quasi-finite. Grothendieck proved that under the hypothesis of separatedness all quasi-finite morphisms are compositions of such :
:if ''Y'' is a
quasi-compact
In mathematics, specifically general topology, compactness is a property that seeks to generalize the notion of a closed and bounded subset of Euclidean space by making precise the idea of a space having no "punctures" or "missing endpoints", i ...
separated scheme and
is a
separated, quasi-finite, finitely presented morphism then there is a factorization into
, where the first map is an open immersion and the second one is finite.
The relation between this theorem about quasi-finite morphisms and Théorème 4.4.3 of EGA III quoted above is that
if ''f'':''X''→''Y'' is a projective morphism of varieties, then the set of points that are isolated in their fiber is quasifinite over ''Y''. Then structure theorem for quasi-finite morphisms applies and yields the desired result.
Zariski's main theorem for commutative rings
reformulated his main theorem in terms of commutative algebra as a statement about local rings. generalized Zariski's formulation as follows:
:If ''B'' is an algebra of finite type over a local Noetherian ring ''A'', and ''n'' is a maximal ideal of ''B'' which is minimal among ideals of ''B'' whose inverse image in ''A'' is the maximal ideal ''m'' of ''A'', then there is a finite ''A''-algebra ''A''′ with a maximal ideal ''m''′ (whose inverse image in ''A'' is ''m'') such that the localization ''B''
''n'' is isomorphic to the ''A''-algebra ''A''′
''m''′.
If in addition ''A'' and ''B'' are integral and have the same field of fractions, and ''A'' is integrally closed, then this theorem implies that ''A'' and ''B'' are equal. This is essentially Zariski's formulation of his main theorem in terms of commutative rings.
Zariski's main theorem: topological form
A topological version of Zariski's main theorem says that if ''x'' is a (closed) point of a normal complex variety it is
unibranch In algebraic geometry, a local ring ''A'' is said to be unibranch if the reduced ring ''A''red (obtained by quotienting ''A'' by its nilradical) is an integral domain, and the integral closure ''B'' of ''A''red is also a local ring. A unibranch l ...
; in other words there are arbitrarily small neighborhoods ''U'' of ''x'' such that the set of non-singular points of ''U'' is connected .
The property of being normal is stronger than the property of being unibranch: for example, a cusp of a plane curve is unibranch but not normal.
Zariski's main theorem: power series form
A formal power series version of Zariski's main theorem says that if ''x'' is a normal point of a variety then it is
analytically normal In algebra, an analytically normal ring is a local ring whose completion is a normal ring, in other words a domain that is integrally closed in its quotient field.
proved that if a local ring of an algebraic variety is normal, then it is analyti ...
; in other words the completion of the local ring at ''x'' is a normal integral domain .
See also
*
Deligne's connectedness theorem
*
Fulton–Hansen connectedness theorem In mathematics, the Fulton–Hansen connectedness theorem is a result from intersection theory in algebraic geometry, for the case of subvarieties of projective space with codimension large enough to make the intersection have components of dim ...
*
Grothendieck's connectedness theorem In mathematics, Grothendieck's connectedness theorem , states that if ''A'' is a complete Noetherian local ring whose spectrum is ''k''-connected and ''f'' is in the maximal ideal, then Spec(''A''/''fA'') is (''k'' − 1)-connected. ...
*
Stein factorization
*
Theorem on formal functions
References
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*{{citation, doi=10.1073/pnas.35.1.62, pmid=16588856
, mr=0028056
, last=Zariski, first= Oscar
, title=A simple analytical proof of a fundamental property of birational transformations.
, journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , volume=35, issue=1, year=1949, pages= 62–66
, jstor=88284, pmc=1062959, bibcode=1949PNAS...35...62Z
, doi-access=free
External links
Is there an intuitive reason for Zariski's main theorem?
Theorems in algebraic geometry