Yılmaz Güney
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Yılmaz Güney (' Pütün; 1 April 1937 – 9 September 1984) was a
Kurdish Kurdish may refer to: *Kurds or Kurdish people *Kurdish languages *Kurdish alphabets *Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes: **Southern Kurdistan **Eastern Kurdistan **Northern Kurdistan **Western Kurdistan See also * Kurd (dis ...
film director, screenwriter,
novelist A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, while others aspire to ...
, and actor. He quickly rose to prominence in the Turkish film industry. Many of his works were devoted to the plight of ordinary
working-class The working class (or labouring class) comprises those engaged in manual-labour occupations or industrial work, who are remunerated via waged or salaried contracts. Working-class occupations (see also " Designation of workers by collar colou ...
people in Turkey. Güney won the
Palme d'Or The Palme d'Or (; en, Golden Palm) is the highest prize awarded at the Cannes Film Festival. It was introduced in 1955 by the festival's organizing committee. Previously, from 1939 to 1954, the festival's highest prize was the Grand Prix du Fe ...
at the
Cannes Film Festival The Cannes Festival (; french: link=no, Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (') and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films o ...
in 1982 for the film ''
Yol ''Yol'' (; translated as ''The Way'', ''The Road'' or ''The Path'') is a 1982 Turkish film directed by Şerif Gören and Yılmaz Güney. The screenplay was written by Yılmaz Güney, and it was directed by his assistant Şerif Gören, as Güne ...
'' (The Road) which he co-produced with
Şerif Gören Şerif Gören ( el, Σερίφ Γκιορέν, Seríf Gkiorén, born 1944 in Xanthi, Greece) is a Turkish film director. Aside from important movies under his own signature, he is also the winner of the Palme d'Or ("Golden Palm") award in Cannes ...
. He was at constant odds with the Turkish government over the portrayal of Kurdish culture, people and language in his movies. After being convicted of killing judge Sefa Mutlu in 1974 (a charge which he denied), Güney fled the country and was later stripped of his citizenship."Ben Fransız vatandaşı oldum o olmadı"
(interview with Güney's widow). Hürriyet / 5 March 2000
A year before his death in 1983, he co-founded the
Kurdish Institute of Paris The Kurdish Institute of Paris (french: Institut kurde de Paris), founded in February 1983 by (amongst others) film producer Yılmaz Güney and poet Cigerxwîn, is an organization focused on the Kurdish language, culture, and history. It is one ...
together with the Kurdish poets Cegerxwîn and Hejar among others.


Early life and education

Yılmaz Güney was born in 1937 in the village of Yenice in
Adana province Adana Province ( tr, ) is a province of Turkey located in central Cilicia. With a population of 2.26 million, it is the sixth most populous province in Turkey. The administrative seat of the province is the city of Adana, home to 79% of the r ...
. His
Zaza Zaza may refer to: Ethnic group * Zazas, a group of people in eastern Anatolia (southeastern Turkey) * Zaza–Gorani languages, Indo-Iranian languages ** Zaza language, spoken by the Zazas People Given name * Zaza Sor. Aree (born 1993), Thai k ...
father, Hamit, who was from
Siverek Siverek (from hy, Սեւավերակ, lit=black ruins, translit=Sevaverag, ku, Sêwreg) is a city and district in the south-east of Turkey, in Şanlıurfa Province. Population 107,634 (city); 247,000 (district) (2000 census). Siverek is in Şanl ...
in
Şanlıurfa province Şanlıurfa Province ( tr, Şanlıurfa ili; ku, Parêzgeha Rihayê) or simply Urfa Province is a province in southeastern Turkey. The city of Şanlıurfa is the capital of the province which bears its name. The population is 1,845,667 (2014). The ...
, moved to Yenice after both of his brothers were murdered. His Kurdish mother was from
Varto Varto (, ku, Gimgim, grc-x-medieval, Barzanissa) is a town and district in Muş Province, Turkey. The population of Varto city is around 13,000 with another 17,000 living in the villages. The largest population from Varto in Europe is in Berli ...
in
Muş province Muş Province ( tr, Muş ili, Armenian: Մուշի մարզ, ku, Parêzgeha Mûşê) is a province in eastern Turkey. It is 8,196 km2 in area and has a population of 406,886 according to a 2010 estimate, down from 453,654 in 2000. The provin ...
. His parents migrated to Adana to work as labourers in the cotton fields and the young Yılmaz grew up surrounded by the Kurdish working class. Besides working in the fields he had several other jobs including movie delivery boy, horse-cart driver and writing short stories for a local magazine. His first article was published in August 1955 and his first poem a week later while he was still attending high school. His writing brought him into difficulties with the authorities, especially for a short story he wrote about a person aiming for a better world, which was deemed Communist propaganda and for which he had to stand trial. These experiences laid the ground for his future work which generally focused on a realistic portrayal of the downtrodden and marginalised in Turkish society. In 1957, Güney started studiying law at
Istanbul University , image = Istanbul_University_logo.svg , image_size = 200px , latin_name = Universitas Istanbulensis , motto = tr, Tarihten Geleceğe Bilim Köprüsü , mottoeng = Science Bridge from Past to the Future , established = 1453 1846 1933 ...
but was quickly drawn into the film industry in which he already had connections from his time in Adana. In Istanbul he met the novelist
Yasar Kemal Yasar may refer to: People * Yaşar (name), a Turkish name, including a list of people with the name * Mehmet Yasar, 19th century Macedonian politician * Nedim Yasar Nedim Yasar (born in Turkey as Nedim Yaşar in 1987 - died in Copenhagen, Denma ...
, who connected him with other people from Adana working in the Istanbul film industry.


Film Career in Turkey

Through
Yeşilçam Cinema of Turkey or Turkish cinema (also old known as ''Yeşilçam'' literally means ''The Green Pine'' in Turkish language), () or Türk sineması is the sobriquet that refers to the Turkish film art and industry. It is an important part of ...
, the Turkish studio system, a handful of directors, including
Atıf Yılmaz Atıf Yılmaz Batıbeki (9 December 1925 – 5 May 2006) was a renowned Turkey, Turkish film director, screenwriter, and film producer. He was very much a legend in the film industry of Turkey with 119 movies directed. He also wrote 53 screenp ...
, began to use cinema as a means of addressing the problems of the people. Until then state-sanctioned melodramas, war films and adaptations of plays had mostly been performed in Turkish theatres. The new filmmakers began to shoot and screen more realistic images of Kurdish and Turkish life. Yılmaz Güney, a gruff-looking young actor who earned the moniker ''Çirkin Kral'' ( Turkish: The Ugly King) or "Paşay Naşirîn" in
Kurdish Kurdish may refer to: *Kurds or Kurdish people *Kurdish languages *Kurdish alphabets *Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes: **Southern Kurdistan **Eastern Kurdistan **Northern Kurdistan **Western Kurdistan See also * Kurd (dis ...
, was one of the most popular new names to emerge from this milieu. After working as an apprentice screenwriter for and assistant to Atıf Yılmaz, he began appearing in as many as twenty films a year and became one of Turkey's the most popular actors. However, in 1957 Güney was accused of Communist propaganda just weeks after settling in Istanbul and was sentenced in May 1958 to seven and a half years imprisonment,Heß, Michael Reinhard (2012), pp.56–57 a verdict against which he appealed. His conviction lead to his dismissal by his conservative employer, but brought him new employment with the left-wing Atıf Yılmaz who was preparing a movie based on a work of Yaşar Kemal. For this new job, he changed his surname from Putün to the Güney by which he is known today.Heß, Michael Reinhard (2012), p.62 Atif Yilmaz introduced him to a career as an actor which began in 1958 when he was the supporting actor in the movie ''The Children of the Fatherland'' (Turkish: Bu Vatanın Çocukları) before becoming a main character the same year in the movie ''Alageyik (''Red Deer'')''. The appeals court In Istanbul reduced his prison sentence to one year and a half, but before he could enter prison, the juridical procedures were interrupted by the coup d'état in 1960. He was then imprisoned on 15 June 1961 on the grounds of the verdict before the coup and released in 1962. In prison he wrote what some labelled a
Communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...
novel, ''They Died with Their Heads Bowed''. Güney stayed loyal to his left-wing connections throughout his career and his relationship with the authorities became even more tense in the ensuing years. Not satisfied with his star status in the Turkish film industry, Güney began directing his own pictures in 1965. From 1966 onwards he earned considerable amounts with the movies he produced which gave him some financial freedom.Heß, Michael Reinhard (2012), p.76 He and his partner
Nebahat Çehre Hilal Nebahat Çehre (; born 15 March 1945), is a Turkish actress, model, and singer who was crowned Miss Turkey 1960. She is best known for her protagonist roles as Firdevs Yöreoğlu on the Kanal D drama series '' Aşk-ı Memnu'' (2008–10) ...
were able to leave their apartment in
Beyoğlu Beyoğlu (, ota, بك‌اوغلی, script=Arab) is a district on the European side of İstanbul, Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula of Constantinople) by the Golden Horn. It was known as the region of Pera (Πέρα, meani ...
and settle in uptown
Levent Levent is a neighbourhood and one of the main business districts of Istanbul, Turkey, located on the European side of the city. It is a part of the municipality of Beşiktaş and is situated to the north of the Golden Horn, at the western sh ...
. By 1968 he had formed his own production company, Güney Filmcilik (Güney Films). Over the next few years, the titles of his films mirrored the feelings of the underprivileged people of Turkey and he often portrayed people struggling against the mighty and powerful: ''Kasımpaşalı Recep'' (Recep from Kasımpaşa) or ''Konyakçı'' (the Cognac Drinker), both produced in 1965, are examples. Other movies he worked in are ''
Umut Umut (; ) is a Turkish gender neutral given name meaning '' hope''. Notable people named Umut include: * Umut Akkoyun (born 2000), Turkish tennis player * Umut apa (fl. 1991–2005), renowned charismatic healer from Kazakhstan * Umut Aral (bor ...
'' (''Hope'', 1970); ''Ağıt'' (''Elegy'', 1972); ''Acı'' (''Pain'', 1971); and ''Umutsuz'' (''The Hopeless'', 1971). ''Umut'' is considered to have been the first realistic film of Turkish Cinema and the American director
Elia Kazan Elia Kazan (; born Elias Kazantzoglou ( el, Ηλίας Καζαντζόγλου); September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was an American film and theatre director, producer, screenwriter and actor, described by ''The New York Times'' as "one o ...
was among the first to praise it, writing "Umut is a poetic film, completely native, not an imitation of Hollywood or any of the European masters, it had risen out of a village environment".


Imprisonment

After the military coup in March 1971, Güney was in pretrial for weeks and decided to leave Istanbul to evade further trouble with the authorities. Arrested for harbouring anarchist students, he was jailed in 1972 during preproduction for '' Zavallılar'' (''The Miserable'', 1975), and before completing ''Endişe'' (''Worry'', 1974), which was finished by his assistant,
Şerif Gören Şerif Gören ( el, Σερίφ Γκιορέν, Seríf Gkiorén, born 1944 in Xanthi, Greece) is a Turkish film director. Aside from important movies under his own signature, he is also the winner of the Palme d'Or ("Golden Palm") award in Cannes ...
. This was a role that Gören would repeat over the next twelve years, directing several scripts that Güney wrote while in prison. Released from prison in 1974 as part of a general amnesty, Güney was re-arrested that same year and charged with shooting Sefa Mutlu, the judge of the
Yumurtalık Yumurtalık (meaning "egg nest") is a resort town and a district in the Adana Province of Turkey. It was formerly called Aegeae, Ayas, Lyeys or Laiazzo. It is a Mediterranean port at a distance of about from Adana city. Yumurtalık's population do ...
district in
Adana province Adana Province ( tr, ) is a province of Turkey located in central Cilicia. With a population of 2.26 million, it is the sixth most populous province in Turkey. The administrative seat of the province is the city of Adana, home to 79% of the r ...
, dead in a night club during a drunken row. He was given a prison sentence of nineteen years but always declared his innocence. During his incarceration, his most successful screenplays were '' Sürü'' (''The Herd'', 1978) and '' Düşman'' (''The Enemy'', 1979), both directed by
Zeki Ökten Zeki Ökten (4 August 1941 – 19 December 2009) was a Turkish film director. Biography He was born on 4 August 1941 in Istanbul. Zeki Ökten was interested in theatre during his education at the Haydarpaşa High School. He entered his filmm ...
. ''Düşman'' won an Honourable Mention at the
30th Berlin International Film Festival The 30th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 18–29 February 1980. The Golden Bear was awarded to the American film ''Heartland'' directed by Richard Pearce and West German film '' Palermo oder Wolfsburg'' directed by Werne ...
in 1980. While in prison, Kazan visited and supported him, believing he had been jailed on account of his political activism.


Personal life

Güney's first marriage was to fellow Turkish actor and
Miss Turkey Miss Turkey ( tr, Türkiye Güzellik Kraliçesi) is a national beauty pageant in Turkey. The pageant was founded in 1929, where the winners titled as Miss Turkey Universe, Miss Turkey World and Miss Turkey Supranational. History Miss Turk ...
,
Nebahat Çehre Hilal Nebahat Çehre (; born 15 March 1945), is a Turkish actress, model, and singer who was crowned Miss Turkey 1960. She is best known for her protagonist roles as Firdevs Yöreoğlu on the Kanal D drama series '' Aşk-ı Memnu'' (2008–10) ...
, who co-starred alongside Güney in several films. Their relationship began in 1964 and they married in 1967. Before his marriage, Güney fathered a daughter, Elif Güney Pütün, from his relationship with Birsen Can Ünal. Güney and Nebahat Çehre divorced in 1968 after he tried to crush his wife with a car, but many of those closest to Güney always regarded Çehre as the love of his life. In 2019 Çehre shared details of her relationship with Güney asa guest on the programme ''Şafak Yavuz's Visor''. In 1970 Güney remarried to Jale Fatma Süleymangil, more commonly known as Fatoş Güney. They had a son named Remzi Yılmaz Pütün.


Exile and death

In September 1980, Güney's works were banned by the new military junta causing Güney to declare: "There are only two possibilities: to fight or to give up, I chose to fight". After escaping from prison in 1981 and fleeing to France, Güney won the
Palme d'Or The Palme d'Or (; en, Golden Palm) is the highest prize awarded at the Cannes Film Festival. It was introduced in 1955 by the festival's organizing committee. Previously, from 1939 to 1954, the festival's highest prize was the Grand Prix du Fe ...
at the
1982 Cannes Film Festival The 35th Cannes Film Festival was held from 14 to 26 May 1982. The Palme d'Or was jointly awarded to '' Missing'' by Costa Gavras and ''Yol'' by Şerif Gören and Yılmaz Güney. The festival opened with the 1916 film ''Intolerance'', directed b ...
for his film ''
Yol ''Yol'' (; translated as ''The Way'', ''The Road'' or ''The Path'') is a 1982 Turkish film directed by Şerif Gören and Yılmaz Güney. The screenplay was written by Yılmaz Güney, and it was directed by his assistant Şerif Gören, as Güne ...
(''The Road'')'' whose director in the field was once again Şerif Gören. It was not until 1983 that Güney resumed directing, telling a brutal tale of imprisoned children in his final film, '' Duvar'' (''The Wall'', 1983), which was made in France with the cooperation of the French government. Meanwhile, Turkey's government revoked his citizenship and a court sentenced him to another twenty-two years in jail in absentia.''
New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid d ...
'', 10 September 1984
Yilmaz Guney Is Dead;Turkish Film Director
/ref> Yılmaz Güney died of
gastric cancer Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach. Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas, which can be divided into a number of subtypes, including gastric adenocarcinomas. Lymph ...
on 9 September 1984, in Paris, France. He is buried at the
Père Lachaise Cemetery Père Lachaise Cemetery (french: Cimetière du Père-Lachaise ; formerly , "East Cemetery") is the largest cemetery in Paris, France (). With more than 3.5 million visitors annually, it is the most visited necropolis in the world. Notable figures ...
in Paris.


Filmography


Actor

*''Alageyik'' (1958) *''Bu Vatanın Çocukları'' (1958) *''Tütün Zamanı'' (1959) *''Dolandırıcılar Şahı'' (1961) *''Tatlı Bela'' (1961) *''İkisi de Cesurdu'' (1963) *''Halime'den Mektup Var'' (1964) *''Her Gün Ölmektense'' (1964) *''Kamalı Zeybek'' (1964) *''Kara Şahin'' (1964) *''Kocaoğlan'' (1964) *''Koçero'' (1964) *''Mor Defter'' (1964) *''On korkusuz Adam'' (1964) *''Prangasız Mahkumlar'' (1964) *''Zımba Gibi Delikanlı'' (1964) *''Gönül Kuşu'' (1965) *''Haracıma Dokunma'' (1965) *''Kahreden Kurşun'' (1965) *''Kan Gövdeyi Götürdü'' (1965) *''Kanlı Buğday'' (1965) *''Kasımpaşalı'' (1965) *''Kasımpaşalı Recep'' (1965) *''Konyakçı'' (1965) *''Korkusuzlar'' (1965) *''Krallar Kralı'' (1965) *''Sayılı Kabadayılar'' (1965) *''Silaha Yeminliydim'' (1965) *''Sokakta Kan Vardı'' (1965) *''Tehlikeli Adam'' (1965) *''Torpido Yılmaz'' (1965) *''Üçünüzü de Mıhlarım'' (1965) *''Yaralı Kartal'' (1965) *''Ben Öldükçe Yaşarım'' (1965) *''Beyaz Atlı Adam'' (1965) *''Dağların Oğlu'' (1965) *''Davudo'' (1965) *''Anası Yiğit Doğurmuş'' (1966) *''Arslanların Dönüşü'' (1966) *''At Avrat Silah'' (1966) *''Bomba Kemal'' (1966) *''Çirkin Kral'' (1966) *''Esrefpaşalı'' (1966) *'' Law of the Border'' (''Hudutların Kanunu''; 1966) *''Kibar Haydut'' (1966) *''Kovboy Ali'' (1966) *''Silahların Kanunu'' (1966) *''Tilki Selim'' (1966) *''Ve Silahlara Veda'' (1966) *''Yedi Dağın Aslanı'' (1966) *''Yiğit Yaralı ÖlÜr'' (1966) *''At hırsızı Banus'' (1967) *''Balatlı Arif'' (1967) *''Bana Kurşun İşlemez'' (1967) *''Benim Adım Kerim'' (1967) *''Büyük Cellatlar'' (1967) *''Çirkin Kral Affetmez'' (1967) *''Eşkiya Celladı'' (1967) *''İnce Cumali'' (1967) *''Kızılırmak-Karakoyun'' (1967) *''Kozanoğlu'' (1967) *''Kuduz Recep'' (1967) *''Kurbanlık Katil'' (1967) *''Şeytanın Oğlu'' (1967) *''Kardeşim Benim'' (1968) *''Kargacı Halil'' (1968) *''Marmara Hasan'' (1968) *''Öldürmek Hakkımdır'' (1968) *''Pire Nuri'' (1968) *''Seyyit Han'' (1968) *''Aslan Bey'' (1968) *''Azrail Benim'' (1968) *''Beyoğlu Canavarı'' (1968) *''Can Pazarı'' (1968) *''Aç Kurtlar'' (1969) *''Belanın Yedi Türlüsü'' (1969) *''Bin Defa Ölürüm'' (1969) *''Bir Çirkin Adam'' (1969) *''Çifte Tabancalı Kabadayı'' (1969) *''Güney Ölüm Saçıyor'' (1969) *''Kan Su Gibi Akacak'' (1969) *''Kurşunların Kanunu'' (1969) *''Çifte Yürekli'' (1970) *''İmzam Kanla Yazılır'' (1970) *''Kanımın Son Damlasına Kadar'' (1970) *''Onu Allah Affetsin'' (1970) *''Piyade Osman'' (1970) *''Sevgili Muhafızım'' (1970) *''Şeytan Kayaları'' (1970) *''Son Kızgın Adam'' (1970) *''
Umut Umut (; ) is a Turkish gender neutral given name meaning '' hope''. Notable people named Umut include: * Umut Akkoyun (born 2000), Turkish tennis player * Umut apa (fl. 1991–2005), renowned charismatic healer from Kazakhstan * Umut Aral (bor ...
'' (1970) *''Yedi Belalılar'' (1970) *''Zeyno'' (1970) *''Canlı Hedef'' (1970) *''Baba'' (1971) *''Çirkin ve Cesur'' (1971) *''İbret'' (1971) *''Kaçaklar'' (1971) *''Namus ve Silah'' (1971) *''Umutsuzlar ''(1971) *''Vurguncular'' (1971) *''Ağıt'' (1972) *''Sahtekar'' (1972) *'' Zavallılar'' (1975) *''Arkadaş'' (1974) *''Endişe'' (1974)


Director

*''At Avrat Silah'' (1966) *''Bana Kurşun İşlemez'' (1967) *''Benim Adım Kerim'' (1967) *''Pire Nuri'' (1968) *''Seyyit Han'' (1968) *''Aç Kurtlar'' (1969) *''Bir Çirkin Adam'' (1969) *''
Umut Umut (; ) is a Turkish gender neutral given name meaning '' hope''. Notable people named Umut include: * Umut Akkoyun (born 2000), Turkish tennis player * Umut apa (fl. 1991–2005), renowned charismatic healer from Kazakhstan * Umut Aral (bor ...
'' (1970) *''Canlı Hedef'' (1970) *''Piyade Osman'' (1970) *''Baba'' (1971) *''İbret'' (1971) *''Kaçaklar'' (1971) *''Umutsuzlar'' (1971) *''Vurguncular'' (1971) *''Yarın Son Gündür'' (1971) *''Acı'' (1971) *''Ağıt'' (1972) *''Arkadaş'' (1974) *''Endişe'' (1974) *'' Zavallılar'' (1975) * Surü (1978) *'' Düşman'' (1979) *''
Yol ''Yol'' (; translated as ''The Way'', ''The Road'' or ''The Path'') is a 1982 Turkish film directed by Şerif Gören and Yılmaz Güney. The screenplay was written by Yılmaz Güney, and it was directed by his assistant Şerif Gören, as Güne ...
'' (1982) *'' Duvar'' (1983)


Biography

A biography of Güney, ''Halkın Sanatçısı, Halkın Savaşçısı: Yılmaz Güney (The People's Artist, The People's Warrior: Yılmaz Güney)'', was published by Dönüşüm Publishing in 1992 and reprinted in 2000. In 2001 its publisher was fined for some of its content, although this was overturned in 2003 when the relevant law was repealed.


Films about Guney

''Yilmaz Guney: His Life, His Films'' (Jane Cousins-Mills, 1987) ''The Legend of the Ugly King'' (Hüseyin Tabak, 2017) ''Yilmaz Guney: Rebel with a Cause'' (Karzan Kardozi, 2013) ''The Ballad of Exiles Yilmaz Guney'' (Ilker Savaskurt, 2016)


See also

*
List of Turkish film directors This is a list of Turkish nationality law, Turkish film directors. * Ömer Lütfi Akad - film director * Fatih Akın - German film director of Turkish descent * Zeki Alasya - film director, actor * Mustafa Altıoklar - film director, producer * Su ...


References


External links

*
Interviews and information


Senses of Cinema

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guney, Yilmaz 1937 births 1984 deaths People from Siverek Kurdish film directors Turkish film directors Turkish male film actors Best Actor Golden Orange Award winners Best Screenplay Golden Orange Award winners Best Actor Golden Boll Award winners Best Director Golden Boll Award winners Best Screenplay Golden Boll Award winners Turkish escapees Escapees from Turkish detention Turkish people of Kurdish descent Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery Turkish people convicted of murder Turkish exiles Turkish murderers Turkish Kurdish people 20th-century Turkish male actors Directors of Palme d'Or winners Turkish prisoners and detainees Deaths from cancer in France Deaths from stomach cancer Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni 20th-century Turkish screenwriters