ota, ولايت یمن , common_name = Yemen Vilayet , subdivision = Vilayet , nation = the Ottoman Empire , year_start = 1872 , year_end = 1918 , date_start = , date_end = , event_start = , event_end = Armistice of Mudros , p1 = Yemen Eyalet , flag_p1 = Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg , flag_s1 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg , s2 = Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen , flag_s2 = Flag of Yemen 1918.svg , s3 = Idrisid Emirate of Asir , flag_s3 = Flag of Asir.png , image_flag = Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg , flag_type = , image_coat = , image_map = Yemen Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (1900) v2.png , image_map_caption = The Yemen Vilayet in 1900 , capital =

Sana'a Sanaa ( ar, صَنْعَاء, ' , Yemeni Arabic: ; Old South Arabian: 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 ''Ṣnʿw''), also spelled Sana'a or Sana, is the capital and largest city in Yemen and the centre of Sanaa Governorate. The city is not part of the Gover ...

, today =

Yemen Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the north and Oman to the northeast and ...

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in Western Asia. It covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and has a land area of about , making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the second-largest in the Ara ...

, stat_year1 = c. 1900 , stat_area1 = 200000 , ref_area1 = , stat_pop1 = , stat_year2 = , stat_area2 = , stat_pop2 = , footnotes = , demonym = Yemeni , s1 = Aden Protectorate , border_s1 = , conventional_long_name = Vilayet of Yemen Yemen Vilayet ( ar, ولاية اليمن; ota, ولايت یمن, Vilâyet-i Yemen) was a first-level administrative division ( vilayet) of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...

. At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of .Asia
by

A. H. Keane Augustus Henry Keane (1833–1912) was an Irish Roman Catholic journalist and linguist, known for his ethnological writings. Early life He was born in Cork, Ireland.George Grant MacCurdy, James Mooney and A. B. Legía - Antonio Flores, ''Anthro ...

, page 459 The population for the vilayet is given by the 1885 Ottoman census as 2,500,000. Broadly speaking, the vilayet was bounded by the

20th parallel north The 20th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 20 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, North America, the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean. The parallel defines ...

to the north, the Aden protectorate to the south, the

Red Sea The Red Sea ( ar, البحر الأحمر - بحر القلزم, translit=Modern: al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar, Medieval: Baḥr al-Qulzum; or ; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ ''Phiom Enhah'' or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ǹšari''; ...

to the west and the

45th meridian east The meridian 45° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 45th meridian east forms a g ...

to the east. The southern border was demarcated by the Anglo-Turkish Boundary Commission of 1902–1905, while the limit of the eastern border was left vague.

History

Since the Ottoman conquest of Yemen in 1517, it had been known as the Yemen Eyalet. After the

Tanzimat The Tanzimat (; ota, تنظيمات, translit=Tanzimāt, lit=Reorganization, ''see'' nizām) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 187 ...

reforms in the Ottoman Empire, Yemen Vilayet was established from most of the former Eyalet in 1872. In the 1830s, aided by the collapse of the

Zaidi Imam Zaydism (''h'') is a unique branch of Shia Islam that emerged in the eighth century following Zayd ibn Ali‘s unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate. In contrast to other Shia Muslims of Twelver Shi'ism and Isma'ilism, Zaydis, a ...

ate due to internal division and the adoption of modern weaponry after the

Crimean War The Crimean War, , was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Piedmont-Sardinia. Geopolitical causes of the war included the ...

, the Ottomans moved into northern Yemen, eventually taking San'a and making it the capital of the Yemen Vilayet in 1872. Even then, Ottoman control was largely confined to cities, and the Zaidi

imam Imam (; ar, إمام '; plural: ') is an Islamic leadership position. For Sunni Muslims, Imam is most commonly used as the title of a worship leader of a mosque. In this context, imams may lead Islamic worship services, lead prayers, serve ...

's rule over Upper Yemen was formally recognized. Starting in 1872, after the Sana'a region was firmly under control, Ahmed Muhtar Pasha set about restructuring the administration of the Yemen vilayet, dividing it into four sanjaks, with San'a' city serving as capital of the vilayet.

Asir The ʿAsir Region ( ar, عَسِيرٌ, ʿAsīr, lit=difficult) is a region of Saudi Arabia located in the southwest of the country that is named after the ʿAsīr tribe. It has an area of and an estimated population of 2,211,875 (2017). It is ...

became a sanjak of Yemen in 1872. Turkish Yemeni soldiers

In the late 19th century, the Zaidis rebelled against the Turks, and Imam Mohammed ibn Yahya laid the foundation of a hereditary dynasty. When he died in 1904, his successor Imam Yahya ibn Mohammed led the revolt against the Turks in 1904–1905, and forced them to grant important concessions to the Zaidis. The Ottoman agreed to withdraw the civil code and restore sharia in Yemen. In 1906, the Idrisi leaders of Asir rebelled against the Ottomans. By 1910 they controlled most of Asir, but they were ultimately defeated by Turkish and Hejazi forces. Ahmet İzzet Pasha concluded a treaty with Imam Yahya in October 1911, by which he was recognised as temporal and spiritual head of the Zaidis, was given the right to appoint officials over them, and collect taxes from them. The Ottomans maintained their system of government in the Sunni-majority parts of Yemen. In March 1914, the Anglo-Turkish Treaty delimited the border between Yemen and the Aden Protectorate. When World War I broke out, Imam Yahya remained nominally loyal to the Sultan, but tried to negotiate with Britain at the same time. The Asir, on the other hand, joined Britain as soon as the war began. The Arab Revolt in Hejaz cut off Yemen from the rest of the Ottoman Empire, and the imam took the opportunity to establish his power over all of Yemen. Turkish forces withdrew in 1918, and Imam Yahya strengthened his control over northern Yemen creating the

Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen ( ar, المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية '), also known as the Kingdom of Yemen or simply as Yemen, or, retrospectively, as North Yemen, was a state that existed between 1918 and 1962 in the nor ...

Governors

Governors of the Yemen Vilayet:World Statesmen — Yemen
/ref> * Katircioglu Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (September 1871 – May 1873) * Ahmed Eyyub Pasha (May 1873 – April 1875) *

Mustafa Asim Pasha Mustafa ( ar, مصطفى , Muṣṭafā) is one of the names of Prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is a common name in the Muslim world. Given name ...

(April 1875 – April 1879) * Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha (December 1879 – December 1882) * Mehmed Izzet Pasha (December 1882 – December 1884) * Ahmed Fayzi Pasha (1st time) (December 1884 – December 1886) * Ahmed Aziz Pasha (December 1886 – December 1887) *

Topal Osman Nuri Pasha Topal may refer to: * Topal (surname), a surname of Turkish origin * Topal, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia * Topal, a Turkish Cypriot folk dance See also * Topol (disambiguation) * Topal Osman Hacı Topal Osman Ağa (1883 – 2 April 1923) w ...

(December 1887 – June 1889) * Potirikli Osman Nuri Pasha (June 1889 – May 1890) * Botgoriceli Ismail Hakki Pasha (May 1890 – April 1891) * Hasan Edip Pasha (April 1891 – December 1891) * Ahmed Fayzi Pasha (2nd time) (December 1891 – May 1898) * Huseyin Hilmi Pasha (May 1898 – October 1902) * Çerkes Abdullah Reshid Pasha (October 1902 – August 1904) * Biren Mehmed Tevfik Pasha (August 1904 – August 1905) * Ahmed Fayzi Pasha (3rd time) (August 1905 – October 1908) *

Arnavud Hasan Tahsin Pasha Hasan Tahsin Pasha (1845–1918), also known as Hasan Tahsin Mesarea, was a senior Ottoman Empire, Ottoman military officer, who served in the Greco-Turkish War (1897), Greco-Turkish War of 1897, and in the First Balkan War. Biography and car ...

(October 1908 – January 1910) * Kamil Bey (January 1910 – April 1910) * Mehmed Ali Pasha (April 1910 – November 1911) * Akdilek Mahmud Pasha (November 1911 – December 1918)

Administrative divisions

Sanjaks, circa 1876: # Sanjak of

# Sanjak of Hudeyde # Sanjak of

# Sanjak of Ta'izz

References

External links

* {{coord missing, Yemen Vilayets of the Ottoman Empire in Asia Ottoman period in Yemen 1872 establishments in the Ottoman Empire 1918 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire