The Yukulta language, also spelt Yugulda, Yokula, Yukala, Jugula, and Jakula, and also known as Ganggalidda (Kangkalita, Ganggalida), is an extinct Tangkic language spoken in

Queensland ) , nickname = Sunshine State , image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , established_ ...

and

Northern Territory The Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an states and territories of Australia, Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. The Northern Territory ...

, Australia. It was spoken by the

Yukulta The Yukulta people, also spelt Jokula, Jukula, and other variants, and also known as Ganggalidda or Gangalidda, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the state of Queensland. They may be the same as the Yanga group. Country Norman Tindale ( ...

people, whose traditional lands lie on the southern coast of the

Gulf of Carpentaria The Gulf of Carpentaria (, ) is a large, shallow sea enclosed on three sides by northern Australia and bounded on the north by the eastern Arafura Sea (the body of water that lies between Australia and New Guinea). The northern boundary is ...

. Nguburinji (Ngubirindi) is regarded as a dialect of the same language, spoken by the

Nguburinji The Nguburinji people, also written Ngoborindi, Oborindi and other variations, are an Aboriginal Australian people whose traditional lands lie in northwest Queensland. Country According to Norman Tindale, the Nguburinji lands extended over taki ...

people.

Classification

Yukulta is a member of the Tangkic language group, along with Kayardild, Lardil and

Yanggal The Yangkaal, also spelt Yanggal, are an Aboriginal Australian people of area of the Gulf of Carpentaria in the state of Queensland. Gananggalinda is a variant name of the same group.> Language The Yangkaal language was also known as Yanggar ...

, all from the North Wellesley Islands and adjoining mainland. The languages are mutually intelligible, and ''tangka'' means "person" in all four languages). These languages were classified as Tangkic by

Geoffrey O'Grady Geoffrey O'Grady (1 January 1928 -29 December 2008) was a professor Emeritus of linguistics whose primary field of specialisation was Australian Aboriginal languages. Life and career O'Grady trained as a jackaroo and worked as a stockman at ...

, with

Carl Carl may refer to: *Carl, Georgia, city in USA *Carl, West Virginia, an unincorporated community * Carl (name), includes info about the name, variations of the name, and a list of people with the name *Carl², a TV series * "Carl", an episode of te ...

and Flo Voegelin(1966).

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and

Gavan Breen Gavan Breen (born 22 January 1935), OAM, also known as J.G. Breen, is an Australian linguist, specialising in the description of Australian Aboriginal languages. He has studied and recorded 49 such languages. Life Early life Breen was born at ...

see Yukulta and Nguburinji as dialects of the same language. Nguburinji is known only through a word list by

Walter Roth Walter Edmund Roth (2 April 1861 – 5 April 1933) was a British colonial administrator, anthropologist and medical practitioner, who worked in Queensland, Australia and British Guiana between 1898 and 1928. Roth and his brother, Henry Ling Ro ...

(1897), which shares 90 per cent of its vocabulary with present-day Yukulta.

Phonology

Consonants

It is not clear if the two rhotics are trill and flap, or flap and approximant.

Vowels

Yukulta has three vowels, each with a long and short variant: , , and .

Morphology

There are many different rules governing what happens to each Yukulta phoneme in any given environment, so most morphemes have at least two allomorphs.

Nominals

Inflection

All Yukulta nouns and adjectives consist of a root and an inflectional ending. Nouns and the adjectives that go along with them have to agree in their endings. Yukulta nominals can take five case-endings: absolutive, ergative/locative, dative, ablative and allative. As in Kayardild, each morphological ending can be realized as various allomorphs, depending on the phonological environment. There can be many versions of any given morpheme. The absolutive marker, for instance, can be realized as any of eight allomorphs. * The canonical absolutive marker is -ta. The subject of an intransitive verb or the direct object of a transitive verb takes this ending. * The canonical ergative/locative marker is -iya. The subject of a transitive verb or the place where something takes place takes this ending. * The canonical dative marker is -iɲca. Indirect objects and the objects of semi-transitive verbs take this ending. * The canonical ablative marker is -inapa. An item away from which motion is happening takes this ending. * The canonical allative marker is -iɭu. An item toward or to which motion is happening takes this ending.

Derivational endings

In addition to the inflectional endings that Yukulta nominals can take, there are a few important derivational affixes that occur between the root and the inflectional ending. Like the inflectional endings, each has a few different allomorphs. * -wan and -wakaran, the genitive markers, denote possession. * -wuɭu, the comitative marker, denotes association. * -wari, the privative marker, denotes the absence of association or possession.

Pronouns

Free pronouns

A Yukulta free pronoun consists of a root, case suffix, and possibly an inclusivity marker and/or a marker to distinguish between dual and plural (singular and exclusive are unmarked characteristics). Free pronouns have a different case-system than nominals, with intransitive and transitive subjects and transitive objects taking the nominative ending, semi-transitive objects taking the objective ending, as well as benefactive, locative, allative and ablative endings.

Bound pronouns

Yukulta also has another sort of pronoun—bound pronouns—which occur as part of the clitic complex. Unlike free pronouns, bound pronouns do not consist of a stem and inflectional endings—each case form is separate. The form depends on a number of considerations, including the number of the subject of a verb, and the number, person, and exclusivity of the subject.

Clitic complex

The clitic complex attaches to the first constituent of every Yukulta sentence that does not "emphasize a permanent, timeless state of affairs." It consists of bound pronouns corresponding to each party involved in the action, a transitivity marker, and a tense-aspect marker.

Verbs

All Yukulta verbs are either transitive or intransitive, with each group having a different conjugation pattern. The intransitive groups can be split into purely intransitive verbs and semi-transitive verbs, which take a dative object and an absolutive subject. There are three moods: indicative, imperative and desiderative. There is a further distinction within the imperative mood between imperative and hortatory, and within the desiderative mood between intent and desire.

Syntax

Word order

Yukulta word order is very free, in large part due to its relatively high level of inflection.

Subordinate clauses

Some types of subordinate clauses in Yukulta, such as conditional clauses ("if...") and reason clauses ("because...") are simply marked by a clitic attaching to the first constituent. For clauses of time and relative clauses, Yukulta uses the clitic -ŋala along with the rest of the clitic complex.

References

*Keen, Sandra. ''Yukulta.'' 1983.

External links

Bibliography of Yukulta people and language resources
at the

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), established as the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (AIAS) in 1964, is an independent Australian Government statutory authority. It is a collecting, ...

{{Australian Aboriginal languages Tangkic languages North West Queensland Extinct languages of Queensland Languages extinct in the 2000s