Natural
yttrium
Yttrium is a chemical element with the symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a "rare-earth element". Yttrium is almost always found in com ...
(
39Y) is composed of a single
isotope
Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), and that differ in nucleon numbers (mass numbers) ...
yttrium-89. The most stable
radioisotope
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferr ...
s are
88Y, which has a
half-life
Half-life (symbol ) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long stable ato ...
of 106.6 days and
91Y with a half-life of 58.51 days. All the other isotopes have half-lives of less than a day, except
87Y, which has a half-life of 79.8 hours, and
90Y, with 64 hours. The dominant
decay mode
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is consid ...
below the stable
89Y is
electron capture
Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shells. Thi ...
and the dominant mode after it is
beta emission
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus, transforming the original nuclide to an isobar of that nuclide. For exam ...
. Thirty-five unstable isotopes have been characterized.
90Y exists in equilibrium with its
parent isotope
In nuclear science, the decay chain refers to a series of radioactive decays of different radioactive decay products as a sequential series of transformations. It is also known as a "radioactive cascade". Most radioisotopes do not decay direc ...
strontium
Strontium is the chemical element with the symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly chemically reactive. The metal forms a dark oxide layer when it is ex ...
-90, which is a product of
nuclear fission
Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei. The fission process often produces gamma photons, and releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of radio ...
.
List of isotopes
, -
,
76Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 37
, 75.95845(54)#
, 500# ns
170 ns,
,
,
,
, -
, rowspan=2,
77Y
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 39
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 38
, rowspan=2, 76.94965(7)#
, rowspan=2, 63(17) ms
,
p (>99.9%)
,
76Sr
, rowspan=2, 5/2+#
, rowspan=2,
, -
,
β+ (<.1%)
,
77Sr
, -
,
78Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, 77.94361(43)#
, 54(5) ms
, β
+
,
78Sr
, (0+)
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
78mY
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 0(500)# keV
, 5.8(5) s
,
,
, 5+#
,
, -
, rowspan=2,
79Y
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 39
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 40
, rowspan=2, 78.93735(48)
, rowspan=2, 14.8(6) s
, β
+ (>99.9%)
,
79Sr
, rowspan=2, (5/2+)#
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
+, p (<.1%)
,
78Rb
, -
,
80Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 41
, 79.93428(19)
, 30.1(5) s
, β
+
,
80Sr
, 4−
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
80m1Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 228.5(1) keV
, 4.8(3) s
,
,
, (1−)
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
80m2Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 312.6(9) keV
, 4.7(3) µs
,
,
, (2+)
,
, -
,
81Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 42
, 80.92913(7)
, 70.4(10) s
, β
+
,
81Sr
, (5/2+)
,
, -
,
82Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 43
, 81.92679(11)
, 8.30(20) s
, β
+
,
82Sr
, 1+
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
82m1Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 402.63(14) keV
, 268(25) ns
,
,
, 4−
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
82m2Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 507.50(13) keV
, 147(7) ns
,
,
, 6+
,
, -
,
83Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 44
, 82.92235(5)
, 7.08(6) min
, β
+
,
83Sr
, 9/2+
,
, -
, rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" ,
83mY
, rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 61.98(11) keV
, rowspan=2, 2.85(2) min
, β
+ (60%)
,
83Sr
, rowspan=2, (3/2−)
, rowspan=2,
, -
,
IT (40%)
,
83Y
, -
,
84Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 45
, 83.92039(10)
, 39.5(8) min
, β
+
,
84Sr
, 1+
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
84mY
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , −80(190) keV
, 4.6(2) s
, β
+
,
84Sr
, (5−)
,
, -
,
85Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 46
, 84.916433(20)
, 2.68(5) h
, β
+
,
85Sr
, (1/2)−
,
, -
, rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" ,
85m1Y
, rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 19.8(5) keV
, rowspan=2, 4.86(13) h
, β
+ (99.998%)
,
85Sr
, rowspan=2, 9/2+
, rowspan=2,
, -
, IT (.002%)
,
85Y
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
85m2Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 266.30(20) keV
, 178(6) ns
,
,
, 5/2−
,
, -
,
86Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 47
, 85.914886(15)
, 14.74(2) h
, β
+
,
86Sr
, 4−
,
, -
, rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" ,
86m1Y
, rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 218.30(20) keV
, rowspan=2, 48(1) min
, IT (99.31%)
,
86Y
, rowspan=2, (8+)
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
+ (.69%)
,
86Sr
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
86m2Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 302.2(5) keV
, 125(6) ns
,
,
, (7−)
,
, -
,
87Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 48
, 86.9108757(17)
, 79.8(3) h
, β
+
,
87Sr
, 1/2−
,
, -
, rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" ,
87mY
, rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 380.82(7) keV
, rowspan=2, 13.37(3) h
, IT (98.43%)
,
87Y
, rowspan=2, 9/2+
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
+ (1.56%)
,
87Sr
, -
,
88Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 49
, 87.9095011(20)
, 106.616(13) d
, β
+
,
88Sr
, 4−
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
88m1Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 674.55(4) keV
, 13.9(2) ms
, IT
,
88Y
, (8)+
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
88m2Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 392.86(9) keV
, 300(3) µs
,
,
, 1+
,
, -
,
89Y
Fission product
Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission. Typically, a large nucleus like that of uranium fissions by splitting into two smaller nuclei, along with a few neutrons, the release ...
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 50
, 88.9058483(27)
, colspan=3 align=center, Stable
, 1/2−
, 1.0000
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
89mY
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 908.97(3) keV
, 15.663(5) s
, IT
,
89Y
, 9/2+
,
, -
,
90Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 51
, 89.9071519(27)
, 64.053(20) h
, β
−
,
90Zr
, 2−
,
, -
, rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" ,
90mY
, rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 681.67(10) keV
, rowspan=2, 3.19(6) h
, IT (99.99%)
,
90Y
, rowspan=2, 7+
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
− (.0018%)
,
90Zr
, -
,
91Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 52
, 90.907305(3)
, 58.51(6) d
, β
−
,
91Zr
, 1/2−
,
, -
, rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" ,
91mY
, rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 555.58(5) keV
, rowspan=2, 49.71(4) min
, IT (98.5%)
,
91Y
, rowspan=2, 9/2+
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
− (1.5%)
,
91Zr
, -
,
92Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 53
, 91.908949(10)
, 3.54(1) h
, β
−
,
92Zr
, 2−
,
, -
,
93Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 54
, 92.909583(11)
, 10.18(8) h
, β
−
,
93Zr
, 1/2−
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
93mY
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 758.719(21) keV
, 820(40) ms
, IT
,
93Y
, 7/2+
,
, -
,
94Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 55
, 93.911595(8)
, 18.7(1) min
, β
−
,
94Zr
, 2−
,
, -
,
95Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 56
, 94.912821(8)
, 10.3(1) min
, β
−
,
95Zr
, 1/2−
,
, -
,
96Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 57
, 95.915891(25)
, 5.34(5) s
, β
−
, ''
96Zr''
, 0−
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
96mY
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 1140(30) keV
, 9.6(2) s
, β
−
, ''
96Zr''
, (8)+
,
, -
, rowspan=2,
97Y
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 39
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 58
, rowspan=2, 96.918134(13)
, rowspan=2, 3.75(3) s
, β
− (99.942%)
,
97Zr
, rowspan=2, (1/2−)
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
−,
n (.058%)
, ''
96Zr''
, -
, rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" ,
97m1Y
, rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 667.51(23) keV
, rowspan=3, 1.17(3) s
, β
− (99.3%)
,
97Zr
, rowspan=3, (9/2)+
, rowspan=3,
, -
, IT (.7%)
,
97Y
, -
, β
−, n (.08%)
, ''
96Zr''
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
97m2Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 3523.3(4) keV
, 142(8) ms
,
,
, (27/2−)
,
, -
, rowspan=2,
98Y
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 39
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 59
, rowspan=2, 97.922203(26)
, rowspan=2, 0.548(2) s
, β
− (99.669%)
,
98Zr
, rowspan=2, (0)−
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
−, n (.331%)
,
97Zr
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
98m1Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 170.74(6) keV
, 620(80) ns
,
,
, (2)−
,
, -
, rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" ,
98m2Y
, rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 410(30) keV
, rowspan=3, 2.0(2) s
, β
− (86.6%)
,
98Zr
, rowspan=3, (5+,4−)
, rowspan=3,
, -
, IT (10%)
,
98Y
, -
, β
−, n (3.4%)
,
97Zr
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
98m3Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 496.19(15) keV
, 7.6(4) µs
,
,
, (2−)
,
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
98m4Y
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 1181.1(4) keV
, 0.83(10) µs
,
,
, (8−)
,
, -
, rowspan=2,
99Y
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 39
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 60
, rowspan=2, 98.924636(26)
, rowspan=2, 1.470(7) s
, β
− (98.1%)
,
99Zr
, rowspan=2, (5/2+)
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
−, n (1.9%)
,
98Zr
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
99mY
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 2141.65(19) keV
, 8.6(8) µs
,
,
, (17/2+)
,
, -
, rowspan=2,
100Y
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 39
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 61
, rowspan=2, 99.92776(8)
, rowspan=2, 735(7) ms
, β
− (98.98%)
,
100Zr
, rowspan=2, 1−,2−
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
−, n (1.02%)
,
99Zr
, -
, style="text-indent:1em" ,
100mY
, colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 200(200)# keV
, 940(30) ms
, β
−
,
100Zr
, (3,4,5)(+#)
,
, -
, rowspan=2,
101Y
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 39
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 62
, rowspan=2, 100.93031(10)
, rowspan=2, 426(20) ms
, β
− (98.06%)
,
101Zr
, rowspan=2, (5/2+)
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
−, n (1.94%)
,
100Zr
, -
, rowspan=2,
102Y
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 39
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 63
, rowspan=2, 101.93356(9)
, rowspan=2, 0.30(1) s
, β
− (95.1%)
,
102Zr
, rowspan=2,
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
−, n (4.9%)
,
101Zr
, -
, rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" ,
102mY
, rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 200(200)# keV
, rowspan=2, 360(40) ms
, β
− (94%)
,
102Zr
, rowspan=2, high
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
−, n (6%)
,
101Zr
, -
, rowspan=2,
103Y
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 39
, rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 64
, rowspan=2, 102.93673(32)#
, rowspan=2, 224(19) ms
, β
− (91.7%)
,
103Zr
, rowspan=2, 5/2+#
, rowspan=2,
, -
, β
−, n (8.3%)
,
102Zr
, -
,
104Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 65
, 103.94105(43)#
, 180(60) ms
, β
−
,
104Zr
,
,
, -
,
105Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 66
, 104.94487(54)#
, 60# ms
300 ns, β
−
,
105Zr
, 5/2+#
,
, -
,
106Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 67
, 105.94979(75)#
, 50# ms
300 ns, β
−
,
106Zr
,
,
, -
,
107Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 68
, 106.95414(54)#
, 30# ms
300 ns,
,
, 5/2+#
,
, -
,
108Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 69
, 107.95948(86)#
, 20# ms
300 ns,
,
,
,
, -
,
109Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 70
,
,
,
,
,
,
, -
,
110Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 71
,
,
,
,
,
, -
,
111Y
, style="text-align:right" , 39
, style="text-align:right" , 72
,
,
,
,
,
,
References
* Isotope masses from:
**
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
**
**
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
**
**
**
**
{{Navbox element isotopes
Yttrium
Yttrium
Yttrium is a chemical element with the symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a "rare-earth element". Yttrium is almost always found in com ...