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The Ynglings were a dynasty of kings, first in Sweden and later in Norway, primarily attested through the poem '' Ynglingatal''. The dynasty also appears as Scylfings ( Old Norse ''Skilfingar'') in ''
Beowulf ''Beowulf'' (; ang, Bēowulf ) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature. The ...
''. When ''Beowulf'' and ''Ynglingatal'' were composed sometime in the eighth to tenth centuries, the respective scop and
skald A skald, or skáld (Old Norse: , later ; , meaning "poet"), is one of the often named poets who composed skaldic poetry, one of the two kinds of Old Norse poetry, the other being Eddic poetry, which is anonymous. Skaldic poems were traditionally ...
(poet) expected his audience to have a great deal of background information about these kings, which is shown in the allusiveness of the references. According to sources such as ''Ynglingatal'' and '' Íslendingabók'', the Fairhair dynasty in Oppland, Norway was in fact a branch of the Ynglings. Saxo Grammaticus held that Eric the Victorious, whom modern regnal lists usually begin with, and his descendents were also Ynglings, but this does not tally with Icelandic sources. The dynasty claimed descent from the gods Freyr and Njörðr, and other kings were likely mythical as well, whereas others may have been real: especially Egil, Ottar,
Ale Ale is a Type of beer, type of beer brewed using a Warm fermentation, warm fermentation method, resulting in a sweet, full-bodied and fruity taste. Historically, the term referred to a drink brewed without hops. As with most beers, ale typicall ...
and Adils that are mentioned in
Beowulf ''Beowulf'' (; ang, Bēowulf ) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature. The ...
as well as Nordic sources.


Names

In the Scandinavian sources they are the descendants of Yngvi- Frey of
Vanaheim In Norse cosmology, Vanaheimr (Old Norse for 'home of the Vanir'Byock (2005:158).) is a location associated with the Vanir, a group of gods themselves associated with fertility, wisdom, and the ability to see the future. Vanaheimr is attested in ...
. ''Yngling'' means ''descendant of Frey'', and in the ''Gesta Danorum'' of Saxo Grammaticus they are called the ''sons of Frey''. Several of these kings appear in ''Beowulf'':
Eadgils Eadgils, ''Adils'', ''Aðils'', ''Adillus'', ''Aðísl at Uppsölum'', ''Athisl'', ''Athislus'' or ''Adhel'' was a semi-legendary king of Sweden, who is estimated to have lived during the 6th century. ''Beowulf'' and Old Norse sources present h ...
(Adils), Onela (Ale), and Ohthere (Ottar Vendelkråka), but here they are called ''Scylfings'' (see the Beowulf section below).
Snorri Sturluson Snorri Sturluson ( ; ; 1179 – 22 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He is commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of the ...
hints at a less divine origin in '' Skáldskaparmál'' for this dynasty: ''One war-king was named Skelfir; and his house is called the House of Skilfings: his kindred is in the Eastern Land.'' In '' Ynglinga Saga'' in 1220 AD, Snorri Sturluson discusses marriages between Swedish and Finnish royal families. In 1220 AD (c.), in the Skáldskaparmál section of Edda, Sturluson discusses King Halfdan the Old, Nór's great-grandson, and nine of his sons who are the forefathers of various royal lineages, including ''"Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended"''. According to '' Orkneyinga Saga'' in 1230 AD, ''Nór'' founded Norway. He was a direct descendant of Fornjótr, the King of ''"Gotland, Kvenland and Finnland"''. In traditional Scandinavian lineages we find Halfdan the Old as the Great-grandfather of Ragnvald Eysteinson Jarl of Møre, the father of Rollo, called Gengu-Hrolf in Norse sources, the Viking conqueror who founded Normandy, who Dudo of Saint-Quentin testifies took the name Robert after converting to Christianity. He is also known as Count Rou of Rouen famous for being William the Conqueror's great-great-great-grandfather. In 1387 AD, '' Hversu Noregr byggðist'' ('How Norway was founded') is an account of the origin of various legendary Norwegian lineages. It too traces the descendants of the primeval Finnish ruler Fornjotr back through Nór and his siblings, Góí and Gór; Nór being here the eponym and first great king of Norway, and then gives details of the descendants of Nór and of his brother Gór in the following section known as the Ættartölur ('Genealogies', a.k.a. Fundinn Noregr, 'Founding of Norway'). The Hversu account is closely paralleled by the opening of the Orkneyinga saga. The 'genealogies' also claim that many heroic families famed in Scandinavian tradition but not located in Norway were of a Finn-Kven stock, mostly sprung from Nór's great-grandson Halfdan the Old. Almost all the lineages sprung from Halfdan are then shown to reconvert in the person of Harald Fairhair, the first king of "all Norway". This information can be confirmed in other sources. The 'Ættartölur' account ends to a genealogy of Harald's royal descendants down to Olaf IV of Norway with the statement that the account was written in 1387, and with a list of the kings of Norway from this Olaf back to Harald Fair-hair. Another origin for the name ''skilfing'' is possible: Snorri described Erik and Alrik, the sons of ''
Skjalf Agne (English: ''Agni''), ''Hogne'' or ''Agni Skjálfarbondi'' was a semi-legendary, king of Sweden, of the Yngling, House of Yngling. Snorri Sturluson relates that he was the son of Dag the Wise, and he was mighty and famous. He was also skilled ...
'' to be the de facto ancestors of this
Norse clan The Scandinavian clan or ''ætt/ätt'' (pronounced in Old Norse) was a social group based on common descent, equivalent to a clan. History In the absence of a police force, the clan was the primary force of security in Norse society, as the cl ...
. :''The kings who resided at Upsal had been the supreme chiefs over the whole Swedish dominions until the death of Agne, when, as before related, the kingdom came to be divided between brothers (Alrek and Erik). After that time the dominions and kingly powers were spread among the branches of the family as these increased; but some kings cleared great tracts of forest-land, and settled them, and thereby increased their domains.


From Sweden to Norway

According to
Snorri Sturluson Snorri Sturluson ( ; ; 1179 – 22 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He is commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of the ...
, the dynasty led the settlement of the Swedish provinces and established themselves as the kings of its provinces, accepting the overlordship of the Swedish king at Uppsala, until the dynasty all but exterminated itself with Ingjald Ill-Ruler and his downfall. A survivor
Olof Trätälja Olaf Tree Feller (Old Norse: ''Óláfr trételgja'', Swedish: ''Olof Trätälja'', Norwegian: ''Olav Tretelgja'', all meaning ''Olaf Woodwhittler'') was the son of the Swedish king Ingjald illråde, ruler of the House of Yngling in the 7th centur ...
was the ancestor of the Norwegian branch.


Remaining in Sweden

However, both Snorri (as in the earlier quote) and Saxo described the clan as remaining in Sweden after this date. Saxo on the Battle of Bråvalla (ca 750): :''Now the bravest of the Swedes were these: Arwakki, Keklu-Karl (Kelke-Karl), Krok the Peasant, (from Akr), Gudfast and Gummi from Gislamark. These were kindred of the god Frey, and most faithful witnesses to the gods. Ingi (Yngwe) also, and Oly, Alver, Folki, all sons of Elrik (Alrek), embraced the service of Sigurd Hring; they were men ready of hand, quick in counsel, and very close friends of Ring. They likewise held the god Frey to be the founder of their race. Amongst these from the town of Sigtun (
Old Sigtuna Signhildsberg (historically Fornsigtuna, where ''forn'' means ''ancient'', Old Sigtuna, ''Sithun'', ''Signesberg'') is a manor that formerly was a royal estate (Uppsala öd), located in the parish of Håtuna approximately west of the modern tow ...
) also came Sigmund, a champion advocate, versed in making contracts of sale and purchase; besides him Frosti surnamed Bowl: allied with him was Alf the Lofty (Erect?spear-thrower?) from the district of Upsala ( Old Uppsala); this man was a swift spear-thrower, and used to go in the front of the battle.'' Moreover, both in Icelandic sources and in the ''Gesta Danorum'', King Sigurd Hring would become the ancestor of the houses of Ragnar Lodbrok and would thus be the semi-legendary ancestor of the House of Munsö through Björn Ironside, and the Danish royal house through
Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye Sigurd Snake-in-the-eye ( non, Sigurðr ormr í auga) or Sigurd Áslaugsson was a semi-legendary Viking warrior and Danish king active from the mid to late 9th century. According to multiple saga sources and Scandinavian histories from the 12th c ...
. Ragnar's eldest son Ivar the Boneless was the leader of the Great Heathen Army and appears to have been the founder of the Uí Ímair dynasty of the Kingdom of York and Kingdom of Dublin.


The line


The family tree

This is the mythic Yngling family tree based on ''
Historia Norwegiæ ''Historia Norwegiæ'' is a short history of Norway written in Latin by an anonymous monk. The only extant manuscript is in the private possession of the Earl of Dalhousie, and is now kept in the National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh. The manu ...
'', '' Ynglinga saga'', ''
Beowulf ''Beowulf'' (; ang, Bēowulf ) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature. The ...
'' and other Old Norse sources. The names of Swedish kings are shown in bold.


The name Scylfing

In
Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo ...
several kings who are generally identified as Ynglings are called Scylfings. The genealogy is given as: Ohthere (''Ottar'') also occurs as the father of Aedgils (''Adils'') in Ynglingatal. There Skilfing (''Skilfingr'') appears as a synonym of Yngling, in a line on ''Egil'', the father of ''Ottar'', so that Ongentheow is considered identical to ''Egil''. Likewise in the '' Skáldskaparmál'' the Scylfings are described as an eastern family and ''East King'' was a conventional kenning for a Swedish king. However, in the ''Ættartolur'', (the genealogies attached to Hversu Noregr byggdist), the Skilfings are of Norwegian origin and include a family identified as '' Skjöldungs''. In the eddic poem ''Grímnismál'' (stanza 55), ''Skilfing'' appears as one of
Odin Odin (; from non, Óðinn, ) is a widely revered Æsir, god in Germanic paganism. Norse mythology, the source of most surviving information about him, associates him with wisdom, healing, death, royalty, the gallows, knowledge, war, battle, v ...
's names, the information there also appearing in the '' Gylfaginning''..


Beowulf

In the Old English poem ''Beowulf'', the word ''Scylfing'' occurs twice in the singular and twice in the plural. For alliterative purposes the name could be extended, such as the form ''Heathoscylfing'' 'Battle-Scylfing', which occurs once in the singular and twice in the plural. A Scylfing whose name is partly missing but ends in ''-ela'' married the sister of Hrothgar and Halga. Specifically identified as Scylfings are Ongentheow, king of Sweden, and by extension his subject
Wiglaf Wiglaf (Proto-Norse: *'' Wīga laibaz'', meaning "battle remainder"; ang, Wīġlāf ) is a character in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem ''Beowulf''. He is the son of Weohstan, a Swede of the Wægmunding clan who had entered the service of Beowulf, ki ...
son of Weohstan. Wiglaf and Weohstan belonged to the family of the Wægmundings to which
Beowulf ''Beowulf'' (; ang, Bēowulf ) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature. The ...
and his father Ecgtheow also belonged. Another extended form is ''helm Scylfinga''. This literally means 'Scylfings'-helmet'; it is a kenning meaning both "ruler of the Scylfings" and "protector of the Scylfings". The ''Beowulf'' poet uses it to refer to Ongentheow's son Onela.


In Norse tradition


From the ''Hyndluljóð''

The eddic poem ''
Hyndluljóð ''Hyndluljóð'' (Old Norse: 'The Lay of Hyndla') is an Old Norse poem often considered a part of the ''Poetic Edda''. It is preserved in its entirety only in ''Flateyjarbók'', but some stanzas are also quoted in the ''Prose Edda'', where they ...
'', in stanza 16 speaks of descendants of an ancient king named Halfdan the Old:
Hence come the Skjöldungs, hence the Skilfings,
Hence the Ödlings 'Ǫðlingar'' hence the Ylfings, .

/blockquote>


From the ''Skáldskaparmál''

In the '' Skáldskaparmál'',
Snorri Sturluson Snorri Sturluson ( ; ; 1179 – 22 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He is commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of the ...
speaks of the second group of nine sons of Halfdan the Old, from whom many families of legend descend, one of these sons being Yngvi, purported ancestor of the Yngling lineage. But neither Skylfings or Skjöldungs are specifically derived from these sons. Snorri continues with examples of famous descendants of three of those lineages, followed by: "Of the house of the
Ylfing The Wulfings, Wylfings or YlfingsWord initial ''w'' was lost before rounded vowels in Proto-Norse, e.g. ''wulf'' corresponds to ''ulf'', and ''Wulfing''/''Wylfing'' corresponds to ''Ylfing'', because the ''i'' in the second syllable causes an umla ...
s was Eirík the Eloquent (''Eiríkr inn málspaki'')." But Ylfings have not been previously mentioned. Then follows the names of four ancestors of four lineages not descended from Halfdan, which include Yngvi and the Ynglings a second time. There is obvious confusion or corruption in this passage or its source. The fourth lineage is identified:
One war-king was named Skelfir; and his house is called the House of Skilfings: his kindred is in the Eastern Region.
A connection with the east might mean a connection to Sweden, but the vagueness of expression suggests Snorri knows no more about these Skilfings than he has written. Snorri also gives ''Skilfing'' as a kenning for "king" and it appears as a kenning for "sword" in the ''thulur'' found in some versions of the ''Skáldkskaparmál''.


From the ''Ættartǫlur''

The Ættartǫlur connected to ''Hversu Noregr byggdist'' are a longer variant of the genealogical passages in the ''Skáldskaparmál'', also speaking of Halfdan the Old and lineages descended from him and of other notable lineages, but in much greater detail. In this list of the sons of Halfdan, Yngvi the ancestor of the Ynglings is missing and Skelfir the ancestor of the Skilfings appears in his place. This might be a remembrance of an earlier identity or connection of the Swedish Ynglings and the Swedish Scylfings in ''Beowulf''. But nothing in the following genealogy is ''necessarily'' Swedish though possible Swedish parallels do appear, particular the names Alrek and Eirík as discussed below. There are many oddities in this account. It claims Skelfir was king of Vörs (''Vǫrs''), modern Voss in northern Hordaland in southwestern Norway, but Halfdan's inheritance was in southeastern Norway. Skelfir was the father of Skjöld (''Skjǫldr''). The account ends by saying that lineage of Skelfir was called the Skilfing lineage or the Skjöldung lineage, seemingly identifying the two. But Skjöldungs are normally the legendary royal family of the rulers of Denmark and no connection with Denmark is made here. Indeed, the ''Ættartǫlur'' later twice gives a quite different list of descendants of the Danish Skjöld who is there made a son of Odin as commonly in Norse texts. Skjöld as son of Skelfir might be related to English traditions of Scyld being a son or descendant of Sceafa (as discussed under Sceafa), though here too (at least in ''Beowulf'') the connection is to Danish matters, not to Norway. This Norwegian Skjöld, ancestor of the Norwegian Skjöldungs, is father of Eirík, father of Alrek (''Alrekr''), father of Eirík the Eloquent, whom the ''Skáldskaparmál'' presented as an Ylfing. These two mentions are the only occurrences of Eirík the Eloquent in Norse texts. But what seems to be the same figure appears prominently in book 5 of Saxo Grammaticus' '' Gesta Danorum'' as Ericus disertus. This Ericus disertus is indeed a Norwegian, but his father is not named Alrek but rather Regnerus pugilex, that is Ragnar the Champion. The ''Gesta Danorum'' then somewhat forcibly identifies Ericus disertus with Eirík, a legendary king of Sweden, a king who in the ''Ynglinga saga'' and elsewhere has an elder brother (rather than a father) named Alrek. See Alrek and Eirík for details. In the ''Ynglinga saga'' the mother of the Swedish kings Alrek and Eirík is named Skjálf, which might also be an eponym for Skilfing. Returning to the ''Ættartǫlur'', there Eirík the Eloquent is father of Alrek, father of Víkar (''Víkarr''), father of Vatnar. This Víkar is the famous Víkar, king of Hördaland, who was sacrificed to Odin by Starkad. The chain of descent from Alrek to Víkar to Vatnar is also found in ''Hálfs saga ok Hálfsrekka'' ('The saga of Hálf and his heroes'). However '' Gautreks saga'' gives an entirely different ancestry and different descendants to Víkar. See
Víkar Víkar (''Old Norse language, Old Norse nominative case form'' Víkarr; ''Latin'' Wicarus) was a legendary Norway, Norwegian king who found himself and his ships becalmed for a long period. To raise a wind, a human blood sacrifice was needed, and ...
for details. This genealogy may have been based on attempts to ascribe a Norwegian origin to both Swedish Scylfings and Danish Skjöldungs and also be related to Saxo's account of the Norwegian Ericus desertus. If so, as it stands, it has been edited to remove material that would obviously conflict with the standard genealogies of the Skjöldungs and Ynglings which also appear in the ''Ættartǫlur''.


Variant spellings

''Other anglicized spellings:'' Eirík: ''Eirik'' ; Eirík the Eloquent: ''Eirik the Eloquent'', ''Eiríkr the Wise in Speech'' ; Halfdan the Old: ''Hálfdan the Old'' ; Skjöld: ''Skjold'', ''Skiold'', ''Scyld'' ; Starkad: ''Starkath'' ; Víkar: ''Vikar'' ; Vörs: ''Vor''.


See also

*
Saxo's kings of Sweden The legendary kings of Sweden () according to legends were rulers of Sweden and the Swedes who preceded Eric the Victorious and Olof Skötkonung, the earliest reliably attested Swedish kings. Though the stories of some of the kings may be embell ...
* Fairhair dynasty


References

{{Authority control Mythological kings of Sweden Semi-legendary kings of Sweden Freyr Norwegian monarchy * Norse clans Legendary royal families