Igor Sazonov
[
] AKA Yegor Sazonov, Y.S. Sazonov,
[
] and Yegor Sozonov (Russian: Егор Сергеевич Созонов'';'' 7 June
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O.S._23_May">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._23_May1879_–_10_December_[O.S._27_November.html" ;"title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 23 May">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 23 May1879 – 10 December [O.S. 27 November">Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 23 May">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 23 May1879 – 10 December [O.S. 27 November1910) was a Russian revolutionary and a member of the Terrorist Brigade or SR Combat Organization who threw the bomb that assassinated Russian Minister of the Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve in 1904.
Background
![Ufa prokudin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Ufa_prokudin.jpg)
Igor Sergeevich Sazonov was born on June 7
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Old Believers or Old Ritualists, ''starovery'' or ''staroobryadtsy'' are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow be ...
faith in Ufa.
[
]
Career
Sazonov was initially deeply religious and monarchist as a student, wanting to become a doctor. Sazonov studied at the Ufa boys' gymnasium. In 1901, he entered the Faculty of Medicine of the
Imperial Moscow University
Imperial Moscow University was one of the oldest universities of the Russian Empire, established in 1755. It was the first of the twelve imperial universities of the Russian Empire.
History of the University
Ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonoso ...
, where he helped organize a student protest against the decision of the university, which expelled 183 students for anti-tsarist activities.
![Sozonov Egor 1902](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Sozonov_Egor_1902.jpg)
Socialist Revolutionary party
After being arrested, flogged, and expelled, Sazonov joined the
Socialist Revolutionary Party, organized studies of socialism, and turned against the government. He said "It is not easy to reject the fundamental laws of humanity, but I have been forced to it. From now on I dedicate myself to open warfare with the government..."
After his expulsion, Sazonov was sent to exile in Ufa, where he started to study socialist and democratic literature. At the behest of his father he was released and later joined the Ural Union of Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries. Shortly after he was once again arrested and thus was exiled to Siberia.
On March 16 (29), 1902, the police broke into his family's apartment with a search warrant. Sazonov had time to tear some sheets from his personal notebook and chew them, only to realize that in his haste he had destroyed the wrong pages. The police thus found the evidence of the existence in the city of clandestine activity coordinated by the Union. He was held in the Ufa prison where he went on a hunger strike and later transferred to
Yakutsk
Yakutsk (russian: Якутск, p=jɪˈkutsk; sah, Дьокуускай, translit=Djokuuskay, ) is the capital city of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located about south of the Arctic Circle. Fueled by the mining industry, Yakutsk has become one ...
.
In July 1903, on his way to
Eastern Siberia
Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
, Sazonov fled and left for
Switzerland.
[
]
Terrorist Brigade
Abroad, Sazonov finally joined the Terrorist Bridge or
Combat Organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. With a fake passport and using a false name, he returned to Russia.
The leaders of the Terrorist Brigade were
Yevno Azef
Yevno Fishelevich Azef (russian: Евгений Филиппович (Евно Фишелевич) Азеф, also transliterated as ''Evno'' Azef, 1869–1918) was a Russian socialist revolutionary who also operated as a double agent and agent ...
(a double agent and agent-provocateur working for the Russian secret police),
Grigory Gershuni, and
Boris Savinkov. Sazonov learned the trade of cab-driver in St. Petersburg.
Assassination of von Plehve
Vyacheslav von Plehve, Minister of Interior, known for his ruthlessness, had already approved of the brutal suppression of many workers's strikes. After the massacre of the Zlatoust miners (which left over sixty dead) and Plehve's approval of that measure (taken by the Governor of Ufa, Nikolai Bogdanovich), Gershuni, then head of the SR Combat Organization, targeted von Plehve for assassination. Under Azef, Gershuni sent Sazonov, Lev Sikorsky, Abram Borishansky, and
Ivan Kalyayev
Ivan Platonovich Kalyayev (russian: Иван Платонович Каляев; 6 July 1877 – 23 May 1905) was a Russian Empire poet, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. He is best known for his role in the assassination of Gran ...
to carry out the plan.
The assassination took place at Ismailovsky Prospekt in
St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, on July 15, 1904. The terrorists used seven-kilogram bombs, by a local professor named Rouher. Two other assassins, Sikorski and Kalyayev, did not use their bombs. Sazonov succeeded in throwing his bomb under von Plehve's carriage. The bomb killed the minister instantly and wounded Sazonov, who was immediately arrested and beaten severely by the police. After assassinating Von Plehve, when asked by another revolutionary how he felt, Sazonov responded, "Pride and joy... only that."
Sazonov was deprived of all rights and assigned to indefinite detention in a convict prison and was imprisoned in the
Shlisselburg Fortress The fortress at Shlisselburg is one of a series of fortifications built in Shlisselburg on Orekhovy Island in Lake Ladoga, near the present-day city of Saint Petersburg, Russia. The first fortress was built in 1323. It was the scene of many confli ...
. Then he was transferred to the Butyrka prison, from where he was sent to the Nerchinsk mines for forced labor. The amnesty of 1905 limited Sozonov's stay in hard labor for a certain period.
Death
![Gornyj Zerentuj prison](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Gornyj_Zerentuj_prison.jpg)
At the end of 1907, he was transferred to the Zerentui convict prison. The new head of the prison, I. Vysotsky equated political prisoners with criminal ones and introduced corporal punishment for the first. Having found fault for an insignificant reason, he ordered that political prisoners be flogged.
On December 10
. S. November 271910, Sazonov committed suicide in a prison in Gorny Zerentui, Trans-Baikal region, "in protest
fthe cruel prison regime in the men's prisons of Nerchinsk," followed by mass protest at the prison. Sources differ on his caused of death, which include poison
[
] and self-immolation by kerosene.
Legacy
Sazonov was initially buried at his place of death,
but after the
February Revolution, on May 25, 1917, his ashes were brought to Ufa. The reburial took place at the Sergievsky cemetery. A monument was erected on the grave in 1917.
Sazonov was treated as a hero to Jewish and Russian communities in the United States. He received so much applause that the ''Chicago Daily News'' said that "the
Cubs should hire him as a pitcher."
In his 1911 novel ''
Under Western Eyes'',
Joseph Conrad may have modeled the character "Victor Haldin" after Sazonov.
In 1923, his superior Boris Savinkov, when accused of terrorism against the Soviet Union, defended himself by saying he was too revolutionary to be accused, because he was once "comrade of Yegor Sazonov."
Before his own death in 1941,
Victor Serge
Victor Serge (; 1890–1947), born Victor Lvovich Kibalchich (russian: Ви́ктор Льво́вич Киба́льчич), was a Russian revolutionary Marxist, novelist, poet and historian. Originally an anarchist, he joined the Bolsheviks fi ...
wrote about Sazonov in ''Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 1901-1941'', published posthumously in 1963.
[
In his 1952 memoir ''Witness'', ]Whittaker Chambers
Whittaker Chambers (born Jay Vivian Chambers; April 1, 1901 – July 9, 1961) was an American writer-editor, who, after early years as a Communist Party member (1925) and Soviet spy (1932–1938), defected from the Soviet underground (1938) ...
named Sazonov as one of three people whom he most admired as he joined the CPUSA, along with Felix Djerjinsky and Eugen Leviné: The Russian was not a Communist. He was a pre-Communist revolutionist named Kalyaev. (I should have said Sazonov.) He was arrested for a minor part in the assassination of the Tsarist prime minister, von Plehve. He was sent into Siberian exile to one of the worst prison camps, where the political prisoners were flogged. Kalyaev sought some way to protest this outrage to the world. The means were few, but at last he found a way. In protest against the flogging of other men, Kalyaev drenched himself in kerosene, set himself on fire and burned himself to death. That also is what it meant to be a Communist.[ ]
Between 1958 and 1968 while living in the GULAG
The Gulag, an acronym for , , "chief administration of the camps". The original name given to the system of camps controlled by the GPU was the Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps (, )., name=, group= was the government agency in ...
, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn. (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian novelist. One of the most famous Soviet dissidents, Solzhenitsyn was an outspoken critic of communism and helped to raise global awareness of political repres ...
wrote about Sazonov in his book ''The Gulag Archipelago
''The Gulag Archipelago: An Experiment in Literary Investigation'' (russian: Архипелаг ГУЛАГ, ''Arkhipelag GULAG'') is a three-volume non-fiction text written between 1958 and 1968 by Russian writer and Soviet dissident Aleksandr So ...
''.[
]
See also
* Yevno Azef
Yevno Fishelevich Azef (russian: Евгений Филиппович (Евно Фишелевич) Азеф, also transliterated as ''Evno'' Azef, 1869–1918) was a Russian socialist revolutionary who also operated as a double agent and agent ...
* Grigory Gershuni
* Boris Savinkov
* Ivan Kalyayev
Ivan Platonovich Kalyayev (russian: Иван Платонович Каляев; 6 July 1877 – 23 May 1905) was a Russian Empire poet, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. He is best known for his role in the assassination of Gran ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sazonov, Igor
1879 births
1910 deaths
Suicides in Russia
1910 suicides
Russian revolutionaries
Russian socialists
People from Vyatka Governorate
Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
Suicides by poison
Revolutionaries from the Russian Empire
People from the Russian Empire convicted of murder
Assassins from the Russian Empire
Prisoners of Shlisselburg fortress