Yiannis Ritsos ( el, Γιάννης Ρίτσος; 1 May 1909 – 11 November 1990) was a
Greek poet and communist and an active member of the
Greek Resistance during
World War II. While he disliked being regarded as a
political poet, he has been called "the great poet of the Greek left".
Life
Born to a well-to-do landowning family in
Monemvasia, Ritsos suffered great losses as a child. The early deaths of his mother and eldest brother from
tuberculosis, his father's struggles with a mental disease, and the economic ruin of his family marked Ritsos and affected his poetry. Ritsos himself was confined in a
sanatorium for tuberculosis from 1927–1931.
Literary start
In 1934, Ritsos joined the
Communist Party of Greece
The Communist Party of Greece ( el, Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας, ''Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas'', KKE) is a political party in Greece.
Founded in 1918 as the Socialist Labour Party of Greece and adopted its curren ...
(KKE). He maintained a working-class circle of friends and published ''Tractor'' in 1934.
Kostis Palamas, the well known and respected poet, impressed by his talent, praised him publicly.
In 1935, he published ''Pyramids''; these two works sought to achieve a fragile balance between faith in the future, founded on the
Communist ideal, and personal despair. ''Tractors'' and ''Pyramids'' initially were not well-received by leftist critics, who found the language "too embellished" and Ritsos overly focused on form.
[ "An Issue of The CHARIOTEER dedicated to Y annis Ritsos is long overdue. Out of the hundreds of worthy poets that flourished in modem Greece, Ritsos is one of the outstanding few, on a level with Cavafy, Seferis and Elytis. The poet of Romiosini, Epitaphios and Lianotragouda is well-known by every Greek, especially since his unique poetry was set to music by Mikis Theodorakis."]
He was inspired for his landmark poem
''Epitaphios'' by a photo of a dead protester during a massive tobacco-workers demonstration in Thessaloniki in May 1936. Published the same year, it broke with the shape of the Greek traditional popular poetry and expressed in clear and simple language a message of the unity of all people.
Political upheaval and the poet
In August 1936, the
right-wing
Right-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics, authorit ...
dictatorship of
Ioannis Metaxas came to power and ''Epitaphios'' was burned publicly at the foot of the Acropolis in Athens. Ritsos responded by taking his work in a different direction. He began to explore the conquests of
surrealism
Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to l ...
through the domain of dreams, surprising associations, explosions of images and symbols, a lyricism illustrative of the anguish of the poet, and both tender and bitter souvenirs. During this period Ritsos published ''The Song of my Sister'' (1937) and ''Symphony of the Spring'' (1938).
Axis occupation, Civil War and the Junta
During the
Axis occupation of Greece (1941–1945) Ritsos became a member of the EAM (
National Liberation Front) and authored several poems for the Greek Resistance. These include a booklet of poems dedicated to the resistance leader
Aris Velouchiotis, written immediately upon the latter's death on 16 June 1945. Ritsos also supported the Left in the subsequent
Civil War (1946-1949); in 1948 he was arrested and spent four years in prison camps. In the 1950s ''Epitaphios'', set to music by
Mikis Theodorakis, became the anthem of the Greek Left.
In 1967 he was arrested by the
Papadopoulos dictatorship and sent to a
prison camp in
Gyaros, later to
Samos and finally
Lemnos.
Legacy
Today, Ritsos is considered one of the great Greek poets of the twentieth century,
[ "When Yiannis Ritsos passed away on November 11, 1990, the world of poetry lost one of the greatest poets of the 20th century. ..Epitaphios, Romiosini and Moonlight Sonata are three of his best-known works. ..he wrote 'My Sister’s Song', some of the most beautiful lyrics in modern Greek writing."] alongside
Konstantinos Kavafis,
Kostas Kariotakis
Kostas Karyotakis ( el, Κώστας Καρυωτάκης, 11 November S October 30 1896 – 20 July 1928) is considered one of the most representative Greek poets of the 1920s and one of the first poets to use iconoclastic themes in Greece. His ...
,
Angelos Sikelianos,
Giorgos Seferis, and
Odysseas Elytis.
[ The French poet Louis Aragon once said that Ritsos was "the greatest poet of our age." ]Pablo Neruda
Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (12 July 1904 – 23 September 1973), better known by his pen name and, later, legal name Pablo Neruda (; ), was a Chilean poet-diplomat and politician who won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature. Nerud ...
declared him to be more deserving of the Nobel Prize for Literature than himself.[ Ritsos was unsuccessfully proposed nine times for it. When he won the Lenin Peace Prize in 1975, he declared "this prize is more important for me than the Nobel."][
His poetry was banned at times in Greece due to his ]left wing
Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy. Left-wing politics typically involve a concern for those in soci ...
beliefs.
Notable works by Ritsos include ''Pyramids'' (1935), ''Epitaphios'' (1936; second edition, 1956), ''Vigil'' (1941–1953), ''Romiosini'' (1954) and ''18 short songs of the bitter Motherland'' ('/') (1973).[ "works such as ''Epitaphios'' (1936, and second, definitive edition 1956), ''Romiosyne'' (1947), ''Moonlight Sonata'' (1956), ''Testimonies I'' (1963) and ''II'' (1965), are generally considered to be his best"] Stratis Haviaras
Stratis Haviaras (June 28, 1935 – March 3, 2020) was a bilingual writer of literary works in English and Greek, known in the U.S. for his novels ''When the Tree Sings'' (shortlisted for the Natiοnal Book Award and named an ALA Notable book), an ...
also praised two poems (the one about Jesus and the one about Karl Marx) in his first collection ''Tractor'' (1934).[ Robert Shannan Peckham described him as "perhaps Greece's greatest contemporary poet." ''Epitaphios'' became an anthem of the Greek left in the 1950s, and his best-known work.
Ritsos won the first Greek state poetry award for ''Moonlight Sonata'':
:''I know that each one of us travels to love alone,''
:''alone to faith and to death.''
:''I know it. I’ve tried it. It doesn’t help.''
:''Let me come with you.''
::—from ''Moonlight Sonata''. Translation by Peter Green and Beverly Bardsley
Some offer more measured praise. In a review of ''Selected Poems: 1938-1988'', James Erdman argued,
]To my ear, many of these selections are simply short prose works, lacking the concentration of the best poetry. The pieces of ancient history and mythology from Repetitions such as "The Graves of Our Ancestors," "Alcmene," "Philometa," and "Achilles After Death" seem among the better efforts. ..he often uses dream imagery, which can be effective in small doses but soon grows monotonous: not all concepts can be expressed in images. ..But Ritsos is also capable of writing with great power. His best poem is "Romiosini," a lengthy paean to the spirit of the Greek Resistance.
Ted Sampson stated that Louis Aragon's declaration about Ritsos was "hyperbolic", but wrote that the poet still "excelled in brief epigrammatic utterances as well as in extended lyrics, sequences, and verse dramas of astonishing imagistic and thematic originality—to say nothing of their latent emotional intensity".
Ritsos is also a Golden Wreath Laureate of the Struga Poetry Evenings for 1985.
His daughter, Eri, was a candidate for the European Parliament with KKE in the elections of 25 May 2014.
Translations
* ''Subterranean Horses'', tr. Minas Savvas, illustrations by the author (1980)
* ''Chronicle of Exile'', tr. M. Savvas (1977) elect poems
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated ...
* ''Eighteen Short Songs of the Bitter Motherland'', tr. A. Mims, illus. Y. Ritsos (1974) reek and English
Reek may refer to:
Places
* Reek, Netherlands, a village in the Dutch province of North Brabant
* Croagh Patrick, a mountain in the west of Ireland nicknamed "The Reek"
People
* Nikolai Reek (1890-1942), Estonian military commander
* Salme Reek ...
* ''Exile and Return'', tr. E. Keeley (1985; repr. 1987, 1989) elect poems
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated ...
* ''Gestures and other poems, 1968-1970'', tr. N. Stangos, illus. by the poet (1971)
* ''Repetitions, Testimonies, Parentheses'', tr. E. Keeley (1990)
* ''Selected Poems 1938-1988'', tr. K. Friar, K. Myrsiades & others (1989)
* ''Selected Poems'', tr. N. Stangos (1974)
* ''The Fourth Dimension'', tr. P. Green, B. Bardsley (1993)
* ''Late Into the Night: The Last Poems of Yannis Ritsos'', trans. Martin McKinsey (Oberlin College Press, 1995).
* ''Diaries of Exile'', Archipelago Books, , (2012)
* ''Petrified Time: Poems from Makrónissos'', trans. Martin McKinsey and Scott King (Red Dragonfly Press, 2014). .
* ''Twelve Poems About Cavafy'', tr. Paul Merchant (Tavern Books, 2010)
* ''Monochords'', tr. Paul Merchant (Tavern Books, 2017)
References
External links
Poetry
translated into English
Moonlight Sonata
(in Greek and English)
Ritsos on poetryfoundation
biography and poems translated into English
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ritsos, Yannis
1909 births
1990 deaths
People from Laconia
Greek communists
Modern Greek poets
Generation of the '30s
Communist writers
Communist poets
Prisoners and detainees of Greece
20th-century Greek poets
National Liberation Front (Greece) members
Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath laureates
Lenin Peace Prize recipients
20th-century Greek male writers
Greek male poets
Male dramatists and playwrights