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was a
province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''Roman province, provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire ...
of
Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
, located in
Kinai is a Japanese term denoting an ancient division of the country. ''Kinai'' is a name for the ancient provinces around the capital Nara and Heian-kyō. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Kinai''" in . The five provinces were called ''go-kinai' ...
. It overlaps the southern part of modern Kyoto Prefecture on
Honshū , historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separa ...
. Aliases include , the rare , and . It is classified as an upper province in the ''
Engishiki The is a Japanese book about laws and customs. The major part of the writing was completed in 927. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Engi-shiki''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 178. History In 905, Emperor Daigo ordered the compilation of th ...
''. Yamashiro Province included
Kyoto Kyoto (; Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. , the ci ...
itself, as in 794 AD Yamashiro became the seat of the imperial court, and, during the
Muromachi period The is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate (''Muromachi bakufu'' or ''Ashikaga bakufu''), which was officially established in 1338 by t ...
, was the seat of the
Ashikaga shogunate The , also known as the , was the feudal military government of Japan during the Muromachi period from 1336 to 1573.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Muromachi-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 669. The Ashikaga shogunate was establi ...
as well. The capital remained in Yamashiro until its de facto move to
Tokyo Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.468 ...
in the 1870s.


History

"Yamashiro" was formerly written with the characters meaning "mountain" () and "era" (); in the 7th century, there were things built listing the name of the province with the characters for "mountain" and "ridge"/"back" (). On 4 December 794 (8 Shimotsuki, 13th year of
Enryaku was a after ''Ten'ō'' and before '' Daidō''. This period spanned the years from August 782 through May 806. The reigning emperor was . Change of era * 12 November 782 : The new era name was created to mark an event or series of events. The pr ...
), at the time of the establishment of Heian-kyō, because
Emperor Kanmu , or Kammu, was the 50th emperor of Japan, Imperial Household Agency (''Kunaichō'') 桓武天皇 (50) retrieved 2013-8-22. according to the traditional order of succession. Kanmu reigned from 781 to 806, and it was during his reign that the sco ...
made his new capital utilize the surroundings as natural fortification, the character for ''shiro'' was finally changed to "
castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...
" (). Later ''shiro'' from the province name replaced the older ''ki'' as the Japanese reading for the character 城. Just from
Nara period The of the history of Japan covers the years from CE 710 to 794. Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō (present-day Nara). Except for a five-year period (740–745), when the capital was briefly moved again, it remained the cap ...
writings, it is apparent that the "area" () and "ridge" () listings coexisted. The provincial capital, according to the ''
Wamyō Ruijushō The is a 938 CE Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters. The Heian period scholar Minamoto no Shitagō (源順, 911–983 CE) began compilation in 934, at the request of Emperor Daigo's daughter. This ''Wamyō ruijushō'' title is abbreviate ...
'', was . In the ''Shūgaishō'', Otokuni District is mentioned as the seat, as well as in the ''
Setsuyōshū The was a popular Muromachi period Japanese dictionary collated in ''iroha'' order and subdivided into semantic categories. The title word ''setsuyō'' means "reduce usage; economize" and alludes to the ''Lunyu'' (compare the '' Kagakushū''). "Co ...
''. As for the ''
shugo , commonly translated as “(military) governor,” “protector,” or “constable,” was a title given to certain officials in feudal Japan. They were each appointed by the ''shōgun'' to oversee one or more of the provinces of Japan. The pos ...
''s mansion, at first, Yamashiro Province shugo and Kyoto shugo were concurrent posts, so the Kyoto shugo's '' kogenin''s mansion had to be allotted. Afterwards, the ''
Rokuhara Tandai was the post of the chiefs of the Kamakura shogunate in Kyoto whose agency, the , kept responsibility for security in Kinai and judicial affairs on western Japan, and negotiated with the imperial court. Despite keeping security, the Rokuhara we ...
'' came to be an additional post, and that became the shugo as well. In the
Muromachi period The is a division of Japanese history running from approximately 1336 to 1573. The period marks the governance of the Muromachi or Ashikaga shogunate (''Muromachi bakufu'' or ''Ashikaga bakufu''), which was officially established in 1338 by t ...
, Yamashiro Province was divided with the
Uji River The , also called the Seta River (瀬田川 ''Seta-gawa'') and the Uji River (宇治川 ''Uji-gawa'') at portions of its route, is the principal river in Osaka Prefecture on Honshu, Japan. The source of the river is Lake Biwa in Shiga Prefectur ...
as the border into two districts, and each came to be assigned a shugo, so one shugo resided in Uji Makishima, whereas the other resided in various places around Yodo and such.


Temples

The
provincial temple were Buddhist temples established in each of the provinces of Japan by Emperor Shōmu during the Nara period (710 – 794). History Shōmu (701 – 756?) decreed both a ''kokubun-ji'' for monks and a for nuns to be established in each ...
s included those where the resident chief priest was a man, and those where it was a woman in Sōraku District. Kuni no Miya's Daigokuden was made a temple in 746. It was destroyed by fire in 882, and the rebuilding afterwards would decline. In the
Kamakura period The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first ''shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo after the conclusion of the Genpei War, which saw the struggle bet ...
, it came to be a branch temple of
Byōdō-in is a Buddhist temple in the city of Uji in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, built in the late Heian period. It is jointly a temple of the Jōdo-shū (Pure Land) and Tendai-shū sects. History This temple was originally built in 998 in the He ...
. The location is in modern Kizugawa city, coinciding with
Kamo The name Kamo may refer to the following: Places Japan (Note: ''kamo'' ( 鴨), is the common word for ''duck'' in Japanese, but the following names do not necessarily mean ''duck'' and are not necessarily written with that character.) * Kamo, N ...
. In 1925, a large number of old tiles were excavated near the provincial temple, and it is thought that these once belonged to the convent. The Kamo Shrines—the
Kamigamo Shrine is an important Shinto sanctuary on the banks of the Kamo River in north Kyoto, first founded in 678. Its formal name is the . It is one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan and is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which ...
in the Kita ward of Kyoto and the
Shimogamo Shrine is an important Shinto sanctuary in the Shimogamo district of Kyoto city's Sakyō ward. Its formal name is . It is one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan and is one of the seventeen Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto which have been designat ...
in Sakyō ward—were designated as the two chief Shinto shrines (''
ichinomiya is a Japanese historical term referring to the Shinto shrines with the highest rank in a province. Shrines of lower rank were designated , , , and so forth. ''Encyclopedia of Shinto'' ''Ichi no miya'' retrieved 2013-5-14. The term gave rise t ...
'') of Yamashiro province."Nationwide List of ''Ichinomiya''," p. 1.
retrieved 2011-08-010 Yamashiro's ''ichinomiya'' designation differed from other provinces', likely due to the
Jingi-kan The , also known as the Department of Shinto Affairs, Department of Rites, Department of Worship, as well as Council of Divinities, was a Japanese Imperial bureaucracy established in the 8th century, as part of the ''ritsuryō'' reforms. It was fi ...
; from nearly the end of the 11th century, when the primary shrines were being established in each of the various provinces, it is thought that in Kinai, it was decided on after the turn on the 12th century. There were no '' ninomiya'' (secondary shrines). It is unknown whether there were any
sōja is a city located in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. As of 2020, the city has an estimated population of 69,343 and a population density of 322 persons per km2. The total area is 211.90 km2. History In the 7th century, Ki Castle was built a ...
.


Historical districts

* Kyoto Prefecture ** ** - dissolved ** - dissolved ** - dissolved ** - dissolved ** ** **


Shugo


Kamakura Shogunate

*–1221 – concurrent post with
Kyoto Kyoto (; Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. , the ci ...
shugo *1221–1333 – concurrent post with
Rokuhara Tandai was the post of the chiefs of the Kamakura shogunate in Kyoto whose agency, the , kept responsibility for security in Kinai and judicial affairs on western Japan, and negotiated with the imperial court. Despite keeping security, the Rokuhara we ...


Muromachi Shogunate

*1353–1384 – concurrent post with
Samurai-dokoro The ''Samurai-dokoro'' (侍所 - Board of Retainers) was an office of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates. The role of the ''Samurai-dokoro'' was to take the leadership of ''gokenin'', the shogun's retainers, and to be in charge of the imprisonme ...
*1385–1386 –
Yamana Ujikiyo Yamana may refer to: * Yamana, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia * Yamana clan, a Japanese clan * Yamana Gold, a Canadian-based gold mining company operating in South and Central America * Yahgan people in Chile and Argentina * Yahgan language Yahgan ...
*1389 –
Akamatsu Yoshinori Akamatsu (written: lit. "red pine") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Akamatsu clan **, Japanese ''daimyō'' **, Japanese samurai **, Japanese samurai **, Japanese samurai ** Akamatsu Tōshōin, Japanese ''daimyō'' ...
*1389–1390 – Yamana Ujikiyo *1390–1391 – Akamatsu Yoshinori *1391 – Yamana Ujikiyo *1392–1394 –
Hatakeyama Motokuni Hatakeyama (written: 畠山 or 畑山) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese rhythmic gymnast *, Japanese electronic musician *, Japanese baseball player *, Japanese rugby union player *, Japanese shogi player ...
*1394–1399 – Ketsushiro Mandō *1399 – Kyōgoku Takanori *1399–1402 – Ketsushiro Mandō *1402–1403 – Hatakeyama Motokuni *1404–1416 – Takashi Morohide *1418–1421 –
Isshiki Yoshitsura Isshiki (written: 一色) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese manga artist *, Japanese actress *, Japanese samurai and ''daimyō'' *, Japanese samurai and ''daimyō'' Fictional characters: *Akane Isshiki, pr ...
*1421–1423 – Kyōgoku Takakazu *1424–1428 –
Kyōgoku Mochimitsu Kyogoku may refer to: * Kyōgoku, Hokkaidō, a town on the Japanese island of Hokkaidō * Kyōgoku clan The were a Japanese ''daimyō'' clan which rose to prominence during the Sengoku and Edo periods. The clan descend from the Uda Genji t ...
*1428–1433 –
Hatakeyama Mitsuie Hatakeyama (written: 畠山 or 畑山) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese rhythmic gymnast *, Japanese electronic musician *, Japanese baseball player *, Japanese rugby union player *, Japanese shogi player ...
*1433–1434 –
Hatakeyama Mochikuni Hatakeyama (written: 畠山 or 畑山) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese rhythmic gymnast *, Japanese electronic musician *, Japanese baseball player *, Japanese rugby union player *, Japanese shogi player ...
*1434–1436 – Isshiki Yoshitsura *1436–1439 –
Akamatsu Mitsusuke was a Japanese samurai of the Akamatsu clan during the Muromachi Period. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005) "''Kaikitsu-no-hen,''"''Japan encyclopedia,'' p. 456. Early life Mitsusuke was the son of Akamatusu Yoshinori. Assassin In 1441, Mi ...
*1440–1441 – Yamana Mochitoyo *1441–1447 – Kyōgoku Mochikiyo *1447–1449 – Isshiki Norichika *1450–1455 – Hatakeyama Mochikuni *1455–1460 –
Hatakeyama Yoshinari was a Japanese samurai and feudal lord (''daimyō'') of the Muromachi period (early 15th century), who is most known for his rivalry with Hatakeyama Masanaga over the position of Kanrei, or Shōgun's Deputy. This rivalry grew out of the larger ...
*1460–1463 –
Hatakeyama Masanaga was a ''daimyō'' of the Hatakeyama clan and, according to some accounts, invented the '' horo'', a stiffened cloak used by messengers and bodyguards to improve their visibility on the battlefield, and to act as an arrow-catcher. Masanaga is mos ...
*1464–1468 –
Yamana Koretoyo Yamana may refer to: * Yamana, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia * Yamana clan, a Japanese clan * Yamana Gold, a Canadian-based gold mining company operating in South and Central America * Yahgan people in Chile and Argentina * Yahgan language Yahgan or ...
*1474–1478 – Yamana Masatoyo *1478–1483 – Hatakeyama Masanaga *1483–1486 –
Akamatsu Masanori was one of the chief generals of the Hosokawa clan in the Ōnin War. Early life Masanori was a son of Akamatsu Masamoto. Daimyo Masanori succeeded his father as head of the Akamatsu clan. In 1458, Masanori was appointed governor or constable ...
*1486–1490 –
Ise Sadamune Ise may refer to: Places * Ise, Mie, a city in Japan **Ise Grand Shrine, a Shinto shrine located in Ise, Mie * Ise Ekiti, a city in Nigeria *Ise, Norway, a village in Norway *Ise Province, an ancient province of Japan *River Ise, a tributary of the ...
*1493–1507 –
Ise Sadamichi Ise may refer to: Places * Ise, Mie, a city in Japan **Ise Grand Shrine, a Shinto shrine located in Ise, Mie * Ise Ekiti, a city in Nigeria *Ise, Norway, a village in Norway *Ise Province, an ancient province of Japan *River Ise, a tributary of the ...
*1508–1518 –
Ōuchi Yoshioki became a ''sengoku daimyō'' of Suō Province and served as the 15th head of the Ōuchi clan. Yoshioki was born early in the Sengoku period, the son of Ōuchi Masahiro, ''shugo'' of Suō Province and the 14th head of the Ōuchi clan. The firs ...
*1518–1531 –
Hosokawa Takakuni Hosokawa Takakuni (, 1484 – 17 July 1531) was the most powerful military commander in the Muromachi period under Ashikaga Yoshiharu, the twelfth ''shōgun''. His father was Hosokawa Masaharu, a member of the branch of the Hosokawa clan. His ch ...
*1532–1549 –
Hosokawa Harumoto was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the Muromachi and Sengoku periods, and the head of the Hosokawa clan. Harumoto's childhood name was Sōmei-maru (聡明丸). He was born to Hosokawa Sumimoto, another renowned samurai of the Muromachi era. Early ...


''Kami'' of Yamashiro

* Fujiwara no Muneyo *
Obata Toramori was Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the " Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen" He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters.Internet Movie Database (IMDb) "Shingen Takeda (Character) ...
*
Saitō Dōsan , also known as Saitō Toshimasa (斎藤 利政), was a Japanese samurai during the Sengoku period. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"Saitō Dōsan"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 809. He was also known as the for his ruthless tactics. His hono ...
* Araki Ujitsuna *Jushii-ge
Matsunaga Hisahide Matsunaga Danjo Hisahide (松永 弾正 久秀 1508 – November 19, 1577) was a ''daimyō'' and head of the Yamato Matsunaga clan in Japan during the Sengoku period of the 16th century. Biography He was a retainer of Miyoshi Nagayoshi f ...
*
Ryūzōji Takanobu was a Japanese ''daimyō'' in Hizen Province during the Sengoku period. Takanobu was the head of the Ryūzōji clan. Biography Takanobu was the grandson of Ryūzōji Iekane (1454-1546). Ryūzōji Takanobu is known for expanding his clan's ho ...
*Jugoi-ge
Naoe Kanetsugu was a Japanese samurai of the 16th–17th centuries. The eldest son of Higuchi Kanetoyo, Kanetsugu was famed for his service to two generations of the Uesugi ''daimyōs''. He was also known by his court title, Yamashiro no Kami (山城守) or ...
(from 1583) *Jugoi-ge Toki Sadamasa(from 1593) *Jugoi-ge Toki Sadayoshi *Jugoi-ge Takenokoshi Masanobu (from 1611) *Jugoi-ge Toki Yoriyuki (from 1624) *Jugoi-ge Takenokoshi Masaharu *Jugoi-ge Takenokoshi Masateru *Jugoi-ge Takenokoshi Masatake *Jugoi-ge Takenokoshi Katsuoki * Takenokoshi Mutsumura *Jugoi-ge Takenokoshi Masasada *Jugoi-ge Nagai Naosuke *Jugoi-ge Nagai Naonori


See also

*
List of Provinces of Japan were first-level administrative divisions of Japan from the 600s to 1868. Provinces were established in Japan in the late 7th century under the Ritsuryō law system that formed the first central government. Each province was divided into and ...
* Yamashiro ikki *
Capital of Japan The current capital of Japan is Tokyo."About Japan"
The Government of Japan. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
* Shi sakai * IJN battleship '' Yamashiro''


Notes


References

* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005)
''Japan encyclopedia.''
Cambridge:
Harvard University Press Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of American University Presses. After the retirem ...
.
OCLC 58053128


External links



{{Gokishichidō