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Kadapa district (officially: YSR district; formerly: Cuddapah district) is one of the twenty six districts in the
Indian state India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, with a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions. History Pre-indep ...
of
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to t ...
. On 19 August 2005 nomenclature of “Cuddapah” has been changed as “Kadapa” by the Government of A.P. It was renamed as Y.S.R District during the year 2010, in honour of Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, commemorating the former chief minister of
united Andhra Pradesh United may refer to: Places * United, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community * United, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Arts and entertainment Films * ''United'' (2003 film), a Norwegian film * ''United'' (2011 film), a BBC Two fi ...
. It is also one of the eight districts in the
Rayalaseema Rayalaseema () is a geographic region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It comprises eight south western districts of the State namely, Kurnool, Nandyal, Anantapur, Sri Sathya Sai, YSR, Annamayya, Tirupati and Chittoor districts ...
region.
Kadapa Kadapa (colonial spelled Cuddapah) is a city in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the Rayalaseema region, and is the district headquarters of YSR Kadapa district. As of the 2022 Census of India, the city had a popula ...
is the administrative headquarters for this district.


History


Rock paintings

Paleolithic The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (), also called the Old Stone Age (from Greek: παλαιός '' palaios'', "old" and λίθος ''lithos'', "stone"), is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone to ...
rock painting In archaeology, rock art is human-made markings placed on natural surfaces, typically vertical stone surfaces. A high proportion of surviving historic and prehistoric rock art is found in caves or partly enclosed rock shelters; this type also m ...
s found at Chintakunta caves near Muddanur in Kadapa district are said to be the second largest group of paintings in India after Bhimbetika rock art paintings. The rock paintings with mystic figures are also found at Dappalle village near Mylavaram Dam in Jammalamadugu Taluk of the district.


Prehistoric culture

Many Paleolithic sites were found in Kadapa district, as the surroundings of Jammalamadugu, Mailavaram Dam and Gandikota. Some megalithic burial sites were explored near Porumamilla, Sankhavaram and at Yellatur village near Kadapa. The surroundings of Vontimitta are also noted as Megalithic cultural sites. The section of
Rayachoti Rayachoti (also known as "Rachaveedu", "Rayachoty", and "Rajaveedu") is a town and District headquarters of Annamayya district which is formed after Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency) of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipalit ...
consists of many documented and undocumented Megalithic sites and stone circles. A noted megalithic site is at Devandlapalli in Tsundupalle taluk of the district.


Buddhism and Jainism

Kadapa has historical importance since the BC era. It was ruled by the
Mauryan Empire The Maurya Empire, or the Mauryan Empire, was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in the Indian subcontinent based in Magadha, having been founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, and existing in loose-knit fashion until 1 ...
and the Satavahana Empire (Andhras).
Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
flourished for many years along the banks of the rivers
Cheyyeru Cheyyeru is a village in Katrenikona Mandal, located in Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-la ...
and
Penna Penna may refer to: * 7mm Penna, a handgun cartridge * Monte Penna, a mountain in northern Italy * Penna (surname) * Penna, Tasmania, a suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia * Penna in Teverina, a comune in Terni, Umbria, Italy * Penna River, a ri ...
. Nandalur is an important Buddhist site in the district along with Tallapaka, Rajampeta, Konduru, Khazipeta in the district. Jainism also had a place in Kadapa district history; the remnants of a buried Jain temple were found at Danavulapadu village on the banks of the Penna.


Medieval history

The district is part of Rayalaseema, commemorating the name of ''Rayulu'' (Kings) of the
Vijayanagar Empire The Vijayanagara Empire, also called the Karnata Kingdom, was a Hindu empire based in the region of South India, which consisted the modern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa and some parts of Telangana and Mahar ...
, who ruled the area in the 16th century. Gandikota fort located on the bank of the Penna river was the citadel of Pemmasani Nayaks, commanders of Vijayanagar army and who won the battles of
Raichur Raichur (formerly Raichore) is a city and municipality in the district of Raichur in the Indian state of Karnataka. Raichur, located between Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers, is the headquarters of Raichur district. It is located 409 km fr ...
and
Gulbarga Kalaburagi, formerly known as Gulbarga, is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kalaburagi district and is the largest city in the region of North Karnataka ( Kalyana-Karnataka). Kalaburagi i ...
for the Vijayanagar kings. The old records of the district reveal that Kadapa previously called ''Gadapa'' which translated in Telugu to ''threshold''. The ancient village of Kadapa with its large tank and temple of Lord Venkateswara at
Devuni Kadapa Devuni Kadapa is a part of Kadapa City and a historical site. It is also known as ''Patha Kadapa,'' meaning ''Old Kadapa''. It is famous for its temple of Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Swami. Toponymy The name "Devuni Kadapa" is derived from the wo ...
was convenient camping place for the myriads of pilgrims travelling to the holy shrine of Tirupathi. There was a belief that the pilgrims have to first visit Devuni Kadapa, before going to Tirupathi to pray to Saint Annamacharya and Saint Potuluri Veera Brahmam who foretold the future and advocated a
classless society The term classless society refers to a society in which no one is born into a social class. Distinctions of wealth, income, education, culture, or social network might arise and would only be determined by individual experience and achievemen ...
. The ancient temple at Vontimitta which inspired Pothana to compose Andhra Maha Bhagavatham is also in the district. In the olden days Kadapa was also called "Hiranyanagaram". Recent historical records reveal that Jyothi village located in Siddavatam mandal has 108
Shiva linga A lingam ( sa, लिङ्ग , lit. "sign, symbol or mark"), sometimes referred to as linga or Shiva linga, is an abstract or aniconic representation of the Hindu god Shiva in Shaivism. It is typically the primary ''murti'' or devotional ...
s on the bank of the river. Nawabs of Kadapa


Modern history

After the Treaty of Seringapatam, the Nizam of Hyderabad acquired the district. He ceded it to the British in 1800, and in 1808 it was divided to form Kadapa (spelt ''Cuddapah'' by the British) and
Bellary Bellary, officially Ballari, in the eponymous Ballari district, Bellary district, is a city in the state of Karnataka, India. History Bellary was a part of Rayalaseema (Ceded Districts) which was part of Madras Presidency till 1 November ...
districts. The district headquarters were situated in Siddavatam but moved to
Kadapa Kadapa (colonial spelled Cuddapah) is a city in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the Rayalaseema region, and is the district headquarters of YSR Kadapa district. As of the 2022 Census of India, the city had a popula ...
in 1812.


Geography

Kadapa district occupies an area of , comparatively equivalent to
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tota ...
's Prince Patrick Island. The main rivers in this district are
Penna Penna may refer to: * 7mm Penna, a handgun cartridge * Monte Penna, a mountain in northern Italy * Penna (surname) * Penna, Tasmania, a suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia * Penna in Teverina, a comune in Terni, Umbria, Italy * Penna River, a ri ...
, Kundu, Chitravathi, Kunderu, Papagni,
Sagileru Sagileru is a river in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh that is a tributary of the Pennar. Sagileru basin The Sagileru river valley lies between the Velikonda and Nallamala hills and has a north-south orientation. The river basin con ...
,
Bahuda Cheyyeru river is a river in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh that is a tributary of the Pennar river. Course The Cheyyeru is formed by the confluence of the rivers Bahuda and Puncha that originate in Andhra Pradesh. The two streams ...
and
Cheyyeru Cheyyeru is a village in Katrenikona Mandal, located in Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-la ...
. This district is surrounded by North of
Nandyal district Nandyal district is a district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Nandyal as its administrative headquarters, it was formed on 4 April 2022 to become one of the resultant twenty-six districts and one of the district in Rayalaseema region ...
,South of Annamayya district ,East of SPSR Nellore district ,west of
Sri Sathya Sai district Sri Sathya Sai district is a district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Its headquarters is at Puttaparthi. It was formed on 4 April 2022 from the Dharmavaram, Penukonda, Kadiri revenue divisions and a new Puttaparthi revenue division, wi ...
, Anantapur district.This district is located in center of
Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to t ...
.


Reservoirs

Kadapa district has several reservoirs, some of which are Brahmamsagar Reservoir, Mylavaram Dam Reservoir, Annamayya Project,
Gandikota Reservoir Gandikota Reservoir is an irrigation project located across Penna River of Andhra Pradesh in the Indian state. It receives water from Galeru Nagari Sujala Sravanthi Project canal. It is located between Gandikota village and Kondapur village of Kad ...
.


Demographics

census A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating information about the members of a given population. This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses in ...
, Kadapa district has a population of 2,884,524. This gives it a ranking of 132nd in India (out of a total of
640 Year 640 (Roman numerals, DCXL) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 640 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar er ...
). The district has a population density of . Its
population growth rate Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. Actual global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to ...
over the decade 2001–2011 was 10.87%. It has a
sex ratio The sex ratio (or gender ratio) is usually defined as the ratio of males to females in a population. As explained by Fisher's principle, for evolutionary reasons this is typically about 1:1 in species which reproduce sexually. Many species de ...
of 984
females Female (symbol: ♀) is the sex of an organism that produces the large non-motile ova (egg cells), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the male gamete during sexual reproduction. A female has larger gametes than a male. Females a ...
for every 1000 males, and a
literacy rate Literacy in its broadest sense describes "particular ways of thinking about and doing reading and writing" with the purpose of understanding or expressing thoughts or ideas in written form in some specific context of use. In other words, hum ...
of 67.88%. After reorganization the district had a population of 20,60,654, of which 809,290 (39.27%) lived in urban areas. Kadapa district had a sex ratio of 985 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3,37,860 (16.40%) and 40,994 (1.99%) of the population respectively. At the time of the 2011 census, 84.66% of the population spoke
Telugu Telugu may refer to: * Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India *Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India * Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language ** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode S ...
and 14.37%
Urdu Urdu (;"Urdu"
''
as their first language.


Economy

Besides its historical importance, the district has occupied an important place in the industrial map of Andhra Pradesh with its valuable mineral resources. The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the district is and contributes 5% to the
Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). For the FY 2013–14, the
per capita income Per capita income (PCI) or total income measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population. Per capita i ...
at current prices was . The
primary Primary or primaries may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Music Groups and labels * Primary (band), from Australia * Primary (musician), hip hop musician and record producer from South Korea * Primary Music, Israeli record label Work ...
,
secondary Secondary may refer to: Science and nature * Secondary emission, of particles ** Secondary electrons, electrons generated as ionization products * The secondary winding, or the electrical or electronic circuit connected to the secondary winding i ...
and tertiary sectors of the district contribute , and respectively. Black corson soil lands are 24%, black soil 19%, sandy soil lands 4%, red soil lands 25%. The first variety lands are very fertile, sand soil lands less so. 'Korra', orange, lime and betel leaf are the special crops. They are cultivated near river beds. Starting at Sunkesula Dam on Tungabadra river K. C. Canal flows through Kadapa and Kurnool districts providing water to of cultivable land. The main source of drinking water to this district is Galeru Nagari Sujala Sravanthi Project Canal. This district is the repository of mineral wealth. As per the 1983 survey of geological survey of India 3 million tons of lead, 74,000,000 tons of
baryte Baryte, barite or barytes ( or ) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate ( Ba S O4). Baryte is generally white or colorless, and is the main source of the element barium. The ''baryte group'' consists of baryte, celestine (strontium sulfate), ...
s, and 27000 tons of asbestos deposits are there. It is estimated that 70 million tons of barytes deposits might be in Mangampet. There are clay deposits in Rajampet. This is used to make stone implements.
Limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms wh ...
is available in Yerraguntla. National Mineral Development Corporation is extracting asbestos in Brahman palli and barytes in Mangampet. Kadapa is also famous for its stone called "kadapa stone" used in building construction and for slabs especially in south India. In Tummalapalle, there are 49,000 tonnes of confirmed uranium deposits which are mined and processed locally. Apart from these minerals and industries
Agriculture Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled peop ...
also forms a part district economy.


Industries

In 2006 the Indian government named Kadapa district as one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of
640 Year 640 (Roman numerals, DCXL) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 640 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar er ...
). It is one of the thirteen districts in Andhra Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).


Administrative divisions


Divisions

Kadapa district has four Revenue Divisions viz.
Kadapa Kadapa (colonial spelled Cuddapah) is a city in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the Rayalaseema region, and is the district headquarters of YSR Kadapa district. As of the 2022 Census of India, the city had a popula ...
, Badvel, Pulivendula and Jammalamadugu divisions. The district has 36
mandal A tehsil (, also known as tahsil, taluka, or taluk) is a local unit of administrative division in some countries of South Asia. It is a subdistrict of the area within a district including the designated populated place that serves as its administr ...
s under these revenue divisions. It also has a
Municipal Corporation A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including (but not necessarily limited to) cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. The term can also be used to describe municipally ow ...
of
Kadapa Kadapa (colonial spelled Cuddapah) is a city in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the Rayalaseema region, and is the district headquarters of YSR Kadapa district. As of the 2022 Census of India, the city had a popula ...
and six
municipalities A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate. The term ''municipality'' may also mean the ...
namely Badvel, Mydukur, Proddatur, Pulivendula, Yerraguntla, Jammalamadugu.


Mandals

The mandals are listed with respect to their revenue divisions in the following table: Before the formation of mandals, Administration was done through Taluka system. Erstwhile Talukas in Kadapa district were:


Parliament constituenciy

Kadapa (Lok Sabha constituency) Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency is one of the twenty-five lok sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh in India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, th ...


Assembly constituencies


Cities & Towns

The population of towns in Kadapa district is as follows:


Transport

Kadapa district is well-connected by road, rail and airways with neighbouring districts of Andhra Pradesh.


Roadways

The total road length of state highways in the district is .
National Highway 40 The following highways are numbered 40: International * European route E40 Argentina * National Route 40 Australia * NSW State Route 40 (Windsor Road and Victoria Road in Sydney) * Victorian State Route 40 * Mulligan Highway (Queensland) ...
, National Highway 716 and National Highway 67 pass through the district.


Railways

The district has railway administration under Guntakal railway division.
Kadapa Kadapa (colonial spelled Cuddapah) is a city in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located in the Rayalaseema region, and is the district headquarters of YSR Kadapa district. As of the 2022 Census of India, the city had a popula ...
, Yerraguntla Junction, Proddatur, Jammalamadugu are some of the main railway stations in the district.


Airways

Kadapa Airport is located north west to Kadapa city.


Education

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state. the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, there are a total of 4,488 schools. They include, 22 government, 3,094 mandal and zilla parishads, 1 residential, 1,181 private, 10 model, 29 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 88 municipal and 63 other types of schools. The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 416,782. There are junior colleges for (10+2) education, among which 25 are under government, 13 are social welfare, 26 private aided, 83 are private unaided and also there are a few incentive, co-operative, government model colleges. For the purpose of imparting and the students sit for the certificate of Board of Intermediate Education. The government colleges of Kadapa, Proddatur, Pulivendula, Rayachoti, Jammalamadugu, and Rajampet are the oldest government colleges of the district, established in 1969. The higher education colleges have various fields of study like medical, nursing, degree, post graduate, polytechnic, law, teaching, pharmacy, engineering, veterinary, etc. The Yogi Vemana University is a state university which has one autonomous college as per the Universities Grant Commission. Sri Venkateswara College of Veterinary Sciences. The engineering colleges of the district are,
KSRM College of Engineering K.S.R.M. College of Engineering (Kandula Srinivasa Reddy Memorial College of Engineering, autonomous) is an engineering institute in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located within the Kadapa city of Andhra Pradesh and affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru ...
, Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, etc. *
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa The Government Medical College, Kadapa (formerly known as Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences) is located in Putlampally village, near Kadapa City. It is affiliated to NTR University of Health Sciences. The institute is spread over . H ...
*
KSRM College of Engineering K.S.R.M. College of Engineering (Kandula Srinivasa Reddy Memorial College of Engineering, autonomous) is an engineering institute in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located within the Kadapa city of Andhra Pradesh and affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru ...
* Yogi Vemana University * Sri Venkateswara Veterinary College * YSR Engineering College of YVU, Proddatur * JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula


Notable people

*
Annamacharya Tallapaka Annamacharya (Telugu : తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమాచార్య) ( IAST: taḷḷapāka annamācārya; 22 May 1408 – 4 April 1503), also popularly known as Annamayya, was a 15th-century Hindu saint and the e ...
, Hindu saint and musician *
Charles Philip Brown Charles Philip Brown (10 November 1798 – 12 December 1884) was a British official of the East India Company. He worked in what is now Andhra Pradesh, and became an important scholarly figure in Telugu language literature. Background Telugu li ...
, Telugu author, district Collector * P. Kannamba, actress and producer * P. Jaya Kumar, filmmaker, screenwriter * Atukuri Molla, poet *
Neelakanta (director) Neelakanta is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works predominantly in Telugu films director. He has received the National Award in the screenwriting for the feature ''Show''. He won two National Film Awards & three Nandi Awards. ...
, director * B. Padmanabham, actor, comedian and producer * Allasani Peddana, one of the poets in Astdiggajalu in Srikrishnadevarayalu *
B. N. Reddy Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy (16 November 1908 – 8 November 1977), professionally known as B. N. Reddy, was an Indian film director, producer, and screenwriter. He was an early figure in the Telugu cinema. Many of his earlier films like ''Vand ...
, film director * B. Nagi Reddy, film producer *
K. Jayachandra Reddy K. Jayachandra Reddy (15 July 1929 – 9 February 2020) was a judge of the Supreme Court of India. Early life Reddy was born in Rayachoti, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh. He received a high school education at the Theosophical High School ...
, Justice and former Supreme Court Judge *
V. N. Reddy Venkata Narasimha Reddy, professionally known as V. N. Reddy (20 November 1914 – 29 December 1991), was an Indian cinematographer and director who predominantly worked in Hindi and Telugu films for over thirty years starting from 1943. One of th ...
, cinematographer * Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, former chief minister of combined Andhra Pradesh *
Janamanchi Seshadri Sarma Janamanchi Seshadri Sarma (1882–1950) was a Telugu poet from Cuddapah, Andhra Pradesh. Life Janamanchi Seshadri Sarma was born in 1882 at Kaluvai in Nellore district. He took up a job in Cuddapah, but later moved to different places lik ...
, poet *
Santha Kumari Santha Kumari (born Vellaala Subbamma; 17 May 1920 – 16 January 2006) was an Indian musical artist and actress. She was married to the Telugu film director and producer P. Pullayya. Early years Vellaala Subbamma was born in Proddatur town, ...
, musical artist and film actress *
Vavilikolanu Subbarao Vavilikolanu Subba Rao or Andhra Valmiki or Vaasu Daasa Swami (23 January 1863 – 1 August 1939) was a Sanskrit scholar and a Telugu poet, often known by the epithet ''Andhra Valmiki''. He was first Telugu scholar to translate Sanskrit versi ...
, poet * Vemana, philosopher and poet * Potuluri Veerabrahmam, saint and astrologer *
Y. Vijaya Yenigandla Vijaya (born 8 February 1957) is an Indian actress and classical dancer. She has appeared in more than 1000 films in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada languages. Early life and education Y. Vijaya was born on 8 February 1957 in K ...
, character artist in Telugu and Tamil films


References


External links

* {{Authority control Districts of Andhra Pradesh Rayalaseema 1808 establishments in British India