Xylocopa Latreille

Carpenter bees are species in the genus ''Xylocopa'' of the subfamily Xylocopinae. The genus includes some 500 bees in 31 subgenera. The common name "carpenter bee" derives from their nesting behavior; nearly all species burrow into hard plant material such as dead wood or bamboo. The main exceptions are species in the subgenus '' Proxylocopa''; they dig nesting tunnels in suitable soil.

Etymology

The French entomologist Pierre André Latreille described the genus in 1802. He derived the name from the Ancient Greek ''xylokopos''/ξυλοκὀπος "wood-cutter".

Characteristics

Many species in this enormous genus are difficult to tell apart; most species are all black, or primarily black with some yellow or white pubescence. Some differ only in subtle morphological features, such as details of the male genitalia. Males of some species differ confusingly from the females, being covered in greenish-yellow fur. The confusion of species arises particularly in the common names; in India, for example, the common name for any all-black species of ''Xylocopa'' is ''bhanvra'' (or ''bhomora'' - ভোমোৰা - in Assamese), and reports and sightings of ''bhanvra'' or ''bhomora'' are commonly misattributed to a European species, '' Xylocopa violacea''; however, this species is found only in the northern regions of Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab, and most reports of ''bhanvra'', especially elsewhere in India, refer to any of roughly 15 other common black ''Xylocopa'' species in the region, such as '' X. nasalis'', '' X. tenuiscapa'', or '' X. tranquebarorum''.

Non-professionals commonly confuse carpenter bees with bumblebees; Sourced from Mitchell, T.B. (1962). ''Bees of the Eastern United States, Volume II''. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. Tech. Bul. No.152, 557 p. the simplest rule of thumb for telling them apart is that most carpenter bees have a shiny abdomen, whereas bumblebee abdomens are completely covered with dense hair. Males of some species of carpenter bees have a white or yellow face, unlike bumblebees, while females lack the bare corbicula of bumblebees; the hind leg is entirely hairy.

The wing venation is characteristic; the marginal cell in the front wing is narrow and elongated, and its apex bends away from the costa. The front wing has small stigma. When closed, the bee's short mandibles conceal the labrum. The clypeus is flat. Males of many species have much larger eyes than the females, which relates to their mating behavior.

In the United States, two eastern species, ''Xylocopa virginica'' and '' X. micans'', occur. Three more species are primarily western in distribution, '' X. sonorina'', '' X. tabaniformis orpifex'', and '' X. californica''. ''X. virginica'' is by far the more widely distributed species.

Ecological significance

In several species, the females live alongside their own daughters or sisters, creating a small social group. They use wood bits to form partitions between the cells in the nest. A few species bore holes in wood dwellings. Since the tunnels are near the surface, structural damage is generally minor or superficial. However, carpenter bee nests are attractive to woodpeckers, which may do further damage by drilling into the wood to feed on the bees or larvae.

Carpenter bees have short mouthparts and are important pollinators on some open-faced or shallow flowers; for some they even are obligate pollinators, for example the maypop ('' Passiflora incarnata'') and ''Orphium'', which are not pollinated by any other insects. They also are important pollinators of flowers with various forms of lids, such as ''Salvia'' species and some members of the Fabaceae. However many carpenter bees " rob" nectar by slitting the sides of flowers with deep corollae. ''Xylocopa virginica'' is one example of a species with such nectar robbing behavior. With their short labia the bees cannot reach the nectar without piercing the long-tubed flowers; they miss contact with the anthers and perform no pollination. In some plants, this reduces fruit and seed production, while others have developed defence mechanisms against nectar robbing. When foraging for pollen from some species with tubular flowers however, the same species of carpenter bees still achieve pollination, if the anthers and stigmata are exposed together.

Many Old World carpenter bees have a special pouch-like structure on the inside of their first metasomal tergite called the acarinarium where certain mites ('' Dinogamasus'' species) reside as commensals. The exact nature of the relationship is not fully understood, though in other bees that carry mites, they are beneficial, feeding either on fungi in the nest, or on other harmful mites.

Behavior

Carpenter bees are traditionally considered solitary bees, though some species have simple social nests in which mothers and daughters may cohabit. Examples of this type of social nesting can be seen in the species ''Xylocopa sulcatipes''Gerling, Dan; Hurd, Paul David; Hefetz, Abraham (1983). Comparative behavioral biology of two Middle East species of carpenter bees (''Xylocopa'' Latreille)(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. Smithsonian Institution Press. and ''Xylocopa nasalis''. When females cohabit, a division of labor between them occurs sometimes. In this type of nesting, multiple females either share in the foraging and nest laying, or one female does all the foraging and nest laying, while the other females guard.

Solitary species differ from social species. Solitary bees tend to be gregarious and often several nests of solitary bees are near each other. In solitary nesting, the founding bee forages, builds cells, lays the eggs, and guards. Normally, only one generation of bees live in the nest. '' Xylocopa pubescens'' is one carpenter bee species that can have both social and solitary nests.Gerling, Dan, Paul David Hurd, and Abraham Hefetz. Comparative behavioral biology of two Middle East species of carpenter bees (''Xylocopa'' Latreille)(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983.

Carpenter bees make nests by tunneling into wood, bamboo, and similar hard plant material such as peduncles, usually dead. They vibrate their bodies as they rasp their mandibles against hard wood, each nest having a single entrance which may have many adjacent tunnels. As a subfamily, they nest in a wide range of host plants, but any one species may show definite adaptations or preferences for particular groups of plants. The entrance is often a perfectly circular hole measuring about on the underside of a beam, bench, or tree limb. Carpenter bees do not eat wood. They discard the bits of wood, or reuse particles to build partitions between cells. The tunnel functions as a nursery for brood and storage for the pollen/nectar upon which the brood subsists. The provision masses of some species are among the most complex in shape of any group of bees; whereas most bees fill their brood cells with a soupy mass and others form simple spheroidal pollen masses, ''Xylocopa'' species form elongated and carefully sculpted masses that have several projections which keep the bulk of the mass from coming into contact with the cell walls, sometimes resembling an irregular caltrop. The eggs are very large relative to the size of the female, and are some of the largest eggs among all insects. Carpenter bees can be timber pests, and cause substantial damage to wood if infestations go undetected for several years.

Two very different mating systems appear to be common in carpenter bees, and often this can be determined simply by examining specimens of the males of any given species. Species in which the males have large eyes are characterized by a mating system where the males either search for females by patrolling, or by hovering and waiting for passing females, which they then pursue. In the other mating system, the males often have very small heads, but a large, hypertrophied glandular reservoir in the mesosoma releases pheromones into the airstream behind the male while it flies or hovers. The pheromone advertises the presence of the male to females.

Male bees often are seen hovering near nests, and will approach nearby animals. However, males are harmless, since they do not have a stinger. Female carpenter bees are capable of stinging, but they are docile and rarely sting unless caught in the hand or otherwise directly provoked.

Natural predators

Woodpeckers eat carpenter bees, as do various species of birds, such as shrikes and bee-eaters as well as some mammals such as ratels. Other predators include large mantises and predatory flies, particularly large robber-flies of the family Asilidae. Woodpeckers are attracted to the noise of the bee larvae and drill holes along the tunnels to feed on them.

Apart from outright predators, parasitoidal species of bee flies (e.g. ''Xenox'') lay eggs in the entrance to the bee’s nest and the fly maggots live off the bee larvae.

Species

* ''Xylocopa abbotti'' (Cockerell, 1909)
* '' Xylocopa abbreviata'' Hurd & Moure, 1963
* ''Xylocopa acutipennis'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa adumbrata'' Lieftinck, 1957
* '' Xylocopa adusta'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa aeneipennis'' (DeGeer, 1773)
* '' Xylocopa aerata'' (Smith, 1851)
* '' Xylocopa aestuans'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Xylocopa aethiopica'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa africana'' ( Fabricius, 1781)
* '' Xylocopa albiceps'' Fabricius, 1804
* '' Xylocopa albifrons'' Lepeletier, 1841
* '' Xylocopa albinotum'' Matsumura, 1926
* '' Xylocopa alternata'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa alticola'' (Cockerell, 1919)
* '' Xylocopa amamensis'' Sonan, 1934
* '' Xylocopa amauroptera'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa amazonica'' Enderlein, 1913
* '' Xylocopa amedaei'' Lepeletier, 1841
* '' Xylocopa amethystina'' (Fabricius, 1793)
* ''Xylocopa andarabana'' Hedicke, 1938
* '' Xylocopa andica'' Enderlein, 1913
* ''Xylocopa angulosa'' Maa, 1954
* '' Xylocopa anthophoroides'' Smith, 1874
* '' Xylocopa apicalis'' Smith, 1854
* '' Xylocopa appendiculata'' Smith, 1852
* '' Xylocopa artifex'' Smith, 1874
* '' Xylocopa aruana'' Ritsema, 1876
* ''Xylocopa assimilis'' Ritsema, 1880
* '' Xylocopa augusti'' Lepeletier, 1841
* '' Xylocopa auripennis'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa aurorea'' Friese, 1922
* '' Xylocopa aurulenta'' (Fabricius, 1804)
* '' Xylocopa bakeriana'' (Cockerell, 1914)
* '' Xylocopa balteata'' Maa, 1943
* '' Xylocopa bambusae'' Schrottky, 1902
* '' Xylocopa bangkaensis'' Friese, 1903
* '' Xylocopa barbatella'' Cockerell, 1931
* '' Xylocopa bariwal'' Maidl, 1912
* ''Xylocopa basalis'' Smith, 1854
* '' Xylocopa bentoni'' Cockerell, 1919
* '' Xylocopa bequaerti'' (Cockerell, 1930)
* '' Xylocopa bhowara'' Maa, 1938
* '' Xylocopa biangulata'' Vachal, 1899
* '' Xylocopa bicarinata'' Alfken, 1932
* '' Xylocopa bicristata'' Maa, 1954
* '' Xylocopa bilineata'' Friese, 1914
* '' Xylocopa bimaculata'' Friese, 1903
* '' Xylocopa binongkona'' van der Vecht, 1953
* '' Xylocopa bluethgeni'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* '' Xylocopa bombiformis'' Smith, 1874
* '' Xylocopa bomboides'' Smith, 1879
* '' Xylocopa bombylans'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* '' Xylocopa boops'' Maidl, 1912
* '' Xylocopa bouyssoui'' Vachal, 1898
* '' Xylocopa brasilianorum'' (Linnaeus, 1767)
* '' Xylocopa braunsi'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* '' Xylocopa bruesi'' Cockerell, 1914
* ''Xylocopa bryorum'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* '' Xylocopa buginesica'' Vecht, 1953
* ''Xylocopa buruana'' Lieftinck, 1956
* ''Xylocopa caerulea'' (Fabricius, 1804)
* '' Xylocopa caffra'' (Linnaeus, 1767)
* ''Xylocopa calcarata'' (LeVeque, 1928)
* '' Xylocopa calens'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa californica'' Cresson, 1864
* '' Xylocopa caloptera'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa canaria'' (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1925)
* ''Xylocopa cantabrita'' Lepeletier, 1841
* '' Xylocopa capensis'' Spinola, 1838
* '' Xylocopa capitata'' Smith, 1854
* '' Xylocopa carbonaria'' Smith, 1854
* '' Xylocopa caribea'' Lepeletier, 1841
* '' Xylocopa caspari'' van der Vecht, 1953
* '' Xylocopa caviventris'' Maidl, 1912
* ''Xylocopa cearensis'' Ducke, 1911
* '' Xylocopa ceballosi'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* '' Xylocopa celebensis'' (Gribodo, 1894)
* '' Xylocopa chapini'' (LeVeque, 1928)
* '' Xylocopa chinensis'' Friese, 1911
* '' Xylocopa chiyakensis'' (Cockerell, 1908)
* '' Xylocopa chlorina'' (Cockerell, 1915)
* '' Xylocopa chrysopoda'' Schrottky, 1902
* '' Xylocopa chrysoptera'' Latreille, 1809
* '' Xylocopa ciliata'' Burmeister, 1876
* '' Xylocopa citrina'' Friese, 1909
* '' Xylocopa clarionensis'' Hurd, 1958
* '' Xylocopa claripennis'' Friese, 1922
* ''Xylocopa cloti'' Vachal, 1898
* '' Xylocopa cockerelli'' Maa, 1943
* '' Xylocopa codinai'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* '' Xylocopa colona'' Lepeletier, 1841
* '' Xylocopa columbiensis'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa combinata'' Ritsema, 1876
* ''Xylocopa combusta'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa concolorata'' Maa, 1938
* '' Xylocopa conradsiana'' Friese, 1911
* ''Xylocopa coracina'' van der Vecht, 1953
* ''Xylocopa cornigera'' Friese, 1909
* '' Xylocopa coronata'' Smith, 1861
* '' Xylocopa cribrata'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa cubaecola'' Lucas, 1857
* '' Xylocopa cuernosensis'' (Cockerell, 1915)
* '' Xylocopa cyanea'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa cyanescens'' Brullé, 1832
* '' Xylocopa dalbertisi'' Lieftinck, 1957
* '' Xylocopa dapitanensis'' (Cockerell, 1915)
* '' Xylocopa darwini'' Cockerell, 1926
* ''Xylocopa dejeanii'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa dibongoana'' Hedicke, 1923
* ''Xylocopa dimidiata'' Latreille, 1809
* '' Xylocopa disconota'' Friese, 1914
* '' Xylocopa distinguenda'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa ditypa'' Vachal, 1898
* '' Xylocopa diversipes'' Smith, 1861
* '' Xylocopa dolosa'' Vachal, 1899
* '' Xylocopa dormeyeri'' (Enderlein, 1909)
* ''Xylocopa duala'' Strand, 1921
* '' Xylocopa electa'' Smith, 1874
* '' Xylocopa elegans'' Hurd & Moure, 1963
* ''Xylocopa erlangeri'' Enderlein, 1903
* '' Xylocopa erythrina'' Gribodo, 1894
* '' Xylocopa escalerai'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* '' Xylocopa esica'' Cameron, 1902
* '' Xylocopa euchlora'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa euxantha'' Cockerell, 1933
* '' Xylocopa eximia'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa fabriciana'' Moure, 1960
* '' Xylocopa fallax'' Maidl, 1912
* '' Xylocopa fenestrata'' (Fabricius, 1798)
* '' Xylocopa fervens'' Lepeletier, 1841
* '' Xylocopa fimbriata'' Fabricius, 1804
* '' Xylocopa flavicollis'' (DeGeer, 1778)
* '' Xylocopa flavifrons'' Matsumura, 1912
* '' Xylocopa flavonigrescens'' Smith, 1854
* '' Xylocopa flavorufa'' (DeGeer, 1778)
* '' Xylocopa forbesii'' W. F. Kirby, 1883
* '' Xylocopa forsiusi'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* '' Xylocopa fortissima'' Cockerell, 1930
* '' Xylocopa fransseni'' van der Vecht, 1953
* '' Xylocopa friesiana'' Maa, 1939
* '' Xylocopa frontalis'' (Olivier, 1789)
* '' Xylocopa fuliginata'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa fulva'' Friese, 1922
* '' Xylocopa funesta'' Maidl, 1912
* '' Xylocopa fuscata'' Smith, 1854
* '' Xylocopa gabonica'' (Gribodo, 1894)
* '' Xylocopa ganglbaueri'' Maidl, 1912
* ''Xylocopa gaullei'' Vachal, 1898
* '' Xylocopa ghilianii'' Gribodo, 1891
* ''Xylocopa gracilis'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1923
* '' Xylocopa graueri'' Maidl, 1912
* '' Xylocopa gressitti'' Lieftinck, 1957
* ''Xylocopa gribodoi'' Magretti, 1892
* '' Xylocopa grisescens'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa grossa'' (Drury, 1770)
* '' Xylocopa grubaueri'' Friese, 1903
* ''Xylocopa gualanensis'' Cockerell, 1912
* '' Xylocopa guatemalensis'' Cockerell, 1912
* '' Xylocopa guigliae'' Lieftinck, 1957
* '' Xylocopa haefligeri'' Friese, 1909
* '' Xylocopa haematospila'' Moure, 1951
* '' Xylocopa hafizii'' Maa, 1938
* '' Xylocopa hellenica'' Spinola, 1843
* '' Xylocopa hirsutissima'' Maidl, 1912
* '' Xylocopa hottentotta'' Smith, 1854
* '' Xylocopa hyalinipennis'' Friese, 1922
* '' Xylocopa ignescens'' (LeVeque, 1928)
* '' Xylocopa imitator'' Smith, 1854
* '' Xylocopa incandescens'' (Cockerell, 1932)
* '' Xylocopa incerta'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa incompleta'' Ritsema, 1880
* '' Xylocopa inconspicua'' Maa, 1937
* '' Xylocopa inconstans'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa inquirenda'' Vachal, 1899
* '' Xylocopa insola'' Vachal, 1910
* '' Xylocopa insularis'' Smith, 1857
* '' Xylocopa io'' Vachal, 1898
* '' Xylocopa iranica'' Maa, 1954
* '' Xylocopa iridipennis'' Lepeletier, 1841
* '' Xylocopa iris'' (Christ, 1791)
* '' Xylocopa isabelleae'' Hurd, 1959
* '' Xylocopa javana'' Friese, 1914
* '' Xylocopa kamerunensis'' Vachal, 1899
* '' Xylocopa karnyi'' Maidl, 1912
* '' Xylocopa kerri'' (Cockerell, 1929)
* '' Xylocopa kuehni'' Friese, 1903
* ''Xylocopa lachnea'' Moure, 1951
* '' Xylocopa lanata'' Smith, 1854
* '' Xylocopa langi'' (LeVeque, 1928)
* '' Xylocopa lateralis'' Say, 1837
* '' Xylocopa lateritia'' Smith, 1854
* '' Xylocopa laticeps''
* '' Xylocopa latipes'' (Drury, 1773)
* '' Xylocopa lautipennis'' (Cockerell, 1933)
* '' Xylocopa lehmanni'' Friese, 1903
* '' Xylocopa lepeletieri'' Enderlein, 1903
* '' Xylocopa leucocephala'' Ritsema, 1876
* '' Xylocopa leucothoracoides'' Maidl, 1912
* '' Xylocopa levequeae'' Maa, 1943
* '' Xylocopa lieftincki'' Leys, 2000
* '' Xylocopa lombokensis'' Maidl, 1912
* '' Xylocopa longespinosa'' Enderlein, 1903
* '' Xylocopa longula'' Friese, 1922
* '' Xylocopa loripes'' Smith, 1874
* '' Xylocopa lucbanensis'' (Cockerell, 1927)
* ''Xylocopa lucida'' Smith, 1874
* '' Xylocopa lugubris'' Gerstäcker, 1857
* '' Xylocopa lundqvisti'' Lieftinck, 1957
* '' Xylocopa luteola'' Lepeletier, 1841
* '' Xylocopa macrops'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa madida'' Friese, 1925
* '' Xylocopa madurensis'' Friese, 1913
* '' Xylocopa maesoi'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* '' Xylocopa magnifica'' (Cockerell, 1929)
* ''Xylocopa maidli'' Maa, 1940
* '' Xylocopa maior'' Maidl, 1912
* '' Xylocopa marginella'' Lepeletier, 1841
* '' Xylocopa mastrucata'' Pérez, 1901
* '' Xylocopa mazarredoi'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* '' Xylocopa mcgregori'' Cockerell, 1920
* '' Xylocopa mckeani'' (Cockerell, 1929)
* '' Xylocopa meadewaldoi'' Hurd, 1959
* ''Xylocopa mendozana'' Enderlein, 1913
* ''Xylocopa merceti'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* '' Xylocopa metallica'' Smith, 1874
* '' Xylocopa mexicanorum'' Cockerell, 1912
* '' Xylocopa meyeri'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* ''Xylocopa micans'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa micheneri'' Hurd, 1978
* ''Xylocopa mimetica'' Cockerell, 1915
* ''Xylocopa minor'' Maidl, 1912
* ''Xylocopa mirabilis'' Hurd & Moure, 1963
* ''Xylocopa mixta'' Radoszkowski, 1881
* ''Xylocopa modesta'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa mohnikei'' Cockerell, 1907
* ''Xylocopa mongolicus'' (Wu, 1983)
* ''Xylocopa montana'' Enderlein, 1903
* ''Xylocopa mordax'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa morotaiana'' Lieftinck, 1956
* ''Xylocopa muscaria'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* ''Xylocopa myops'' Ritsema, 1876
* ''Xylocopa nasalis'' Westwood, 1842
* ''Xylocopa nasica'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa nautlana'' Cockerell, 1904
* ''Xylocopa negligenda'' Maa, 1939
* ''Xylocopa nigrella'' Hurd, 1959
* ''Xylocopa nigrescens'' Friese, 1901
* ''Xylocopa nigricans'' Vachal, 1910
* ''Xylocopa nigricaula'' (LeVeque, 1928)
* ''Xylocopa nigripes'' Friese, 1915
* ''Xylocopa nigrita'' (Fabricius, 1775)
* ''Xylocopa nigrocaerulea'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa nigrocaudata'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa nigrocincta'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa nigroclypeata'' Rayment, 1935
* ''Xylocopa nigroplagiata'' Ritsema, 1876
* ''Xylocopa nigrotarsata'' Maa, 1938
* ''Xylocopa nitidiventris'' Smith, 1878
* ''Xylocopa nix'' (Maa, 1954)
* ''Xylocopa nobilis'' Smith, 1859
* ''Xylocopa nogueirai'' Hurd & Moure, 1960
* ''Xylocopa nyassica'' Enderlein, 1903
* ''Xylocopa oblonga'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa obscurata'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa obscuritarsis'' Friese, 1922
* ''Xylocopa occipitalis'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa ocellaris'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa ocularis'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa ogasawarensis'' Matsumura, 1932
* ''Xylocopa olivacea'' (Fabricius, 1778)
* ''Xylocopa olivieri'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa ordinaria'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa ornata'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa orthogonaspis'' Moure, 2003
* ''Xylocopa orthosiphonis'' (Cockerell, 1908)
* ''Xylocopa pallidiscopa'' Hurd, 1961
* ''Xylocopa parviceps'' Morawitz, 1895
* ''Xylocopa parvula'' Rayment, 1935
* ''Xylocopa perforator'' Smith, 1861
* ''Xylocopa perkinsi'' Cameron, 1901
* ''Xylocopa perpunctata'' (LeVeque, 1928)
* ''Xylocopa peruana'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa perversa'' Wiedemann, 1824
* ''Xylocopa pervirescens'' Cockerell, 1931
* ''Xylocopa phalothorax'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa philippinensis'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa pilosa'' Friese, 1922
* ''Xylocopa plagioxantha'' Lieftinck, 1964
* ''Xylocopa praeusta'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa prashadi'' Maa, 1938
* ''Xylocopa preussi'' Enderlein, 1903
* ''Xylocopa provida'' Smith, 1863
* ''Xylocopa proximata'' Maa, 1938
* ''Xylocopa przewalskyi'' Morawitz, 1886
* ''Xylocopa pseudoleucothorax'' Maidl, 1912
* ''Xylocopa pseudoviolacea'' Popov, 1947
* '' Xylocopa pubescens'' Spinola, 1838
* ''Xylocopa pulchra'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa punctifrons'' Cockerell, 1917
* ''Xylocopa punctigena'' Maa, 1938
* ''Xylocopa punctilabris'' Morawitz, 1894
* ''Xylocopa pusulata'' Vachal, 1910
* ''Xylocopa ramakrishnai'' Maa, 1938
* ''Xylocopa rejecta'' Vachal, 1910
* ''Xylocopa remota'' Maa, 1938
* ''Xylocopa rogenhoferi'' Friese, 1900
* ''Xylocopa rotundiceps'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa rufa'' Friese, 1901
* ''Xylocopa ruficeps'' Friese, 1910
* ''Xylocopa ruficollis'' Hurd & Moure, 1963
* ''Xylocopa ruficornis'' Fabricius, 1804
* ''Xylocopa rufidorsum'' Enderlein, 1913
* ''Xylocopa rufipes'' Smith, 1852
* ''Xylocopa rufitarsis'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa rutilans'' Lieftinck, 1957
* ''Xylocopa samarensis'' (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1925)
* ''Xylocopa sarawatica'' Engel, 2017
* ''Xylocopa schoana'' Enderlein, 1903
* ''Xylocopa scioensis'' Gribodo, 1884
* ''Xylocopa senex'' Friese, 1909
* ''Xylocopa senior'' Vachal, 1899
* ''Xylocopa shelfordi'' Cameron, 1902
* ''Xylocopa sicheli'' Vachal, 1898
* ''Xylocopa signata'' Morawitz, 1875
* ''Xylocopa similis'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa simillima'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa sinensis'' (Wu, 1983)
* ''Xylocopa sinensis'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa smithii'' Ritsema, 1876
* ''Xylocopa sogdiana'' Popov & Ponomareva, 1961
* ''Xylocopa somalica'' Magretti, 1895
* ''Xylocopa sonorina'' Frederick Smith (entomologist), Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa sphinx'' Vachal, 1899
* ''Xylocopa splendidula'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa stadelmanni'' Vachal, 1899
* ''Xylocopa stanleyi'' (LeVeque, 1928)
* ''Xylocopa steindachneri'' Maidl, 1912
* ''Xylocopa strandi'' Dusmet y Alonso, 1924
* ''Xylocopa subcombusta'' (LeVeque, 1928)
* ''Xylocopa subcyanea'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa subjuncta'' Vachal, 1898
* ''Xylocopa subvirescens'' Cresson, 1879
* ''Xylocopa subvolatilis'' (Cockerell, 1918)
* ''Xylocopa subzonata'' Moure, 1949
* ''Xylocopa sulcatipes'' Maa, 1970
* ''Xylocopa sulcifrons'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa suspecta'' Moure & Camargo, 1988
* ''Xylocopa suspiciosa'' Vachal, 1899
* ''Xylocopa sycophanta'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa tabaniformis'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa tacanensis'' Moure, 1949
* ''Xylocopa tambelanensis'' (Cockerell, 1926)
* ''Xylocopa tanganyikae'' Strand, 1911
* ''Xylocopa tayabanica'' Cockerell, 1930
* ''Xylocopa tegulata'' Friese, 1911
* ''Xylocopa tenkeana'' Cockerell, 1933
* ''Xylocopa tenuata'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa tenuiscapa'' Westwood, 1840
* ''Xylocopa teredo'' Guilding, 1825
* ''Xylocopa tesselata'' Maa, 1970
* ''Xylocopa thoracica'' Friese, 1903
* ''Xylocopa togoensis'' Enderlein, 1903
* ''Xylocopa torrida'' (Westwood, 1838)
* ''Xylocopa tranquebarica'' (Fabricius, 1804)
* ''Xylocopa tranquebarorum'' (Swederus, 1787)
* ''Xylocopa transitoria'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa tricolor'' Ritsema, 1876
* ''Xylocopa trifasciata'' Gribodo, 1891
* ''Xylocopa trochanterica'' Vachal, 1910
* ''Xylocopa truxali'' Hurd & Moure, 1963
* ''Xylocopa tumida'' Friese, 1903
* ''Xylocopa tumorifera'' Lieftinck, 1957
* ''Xylocopa turanica'' Morawitz, 1875
* ''Xylocopa uclesiensis'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa unicolor'' Smith, 1861
* ''Xylocopa ustulata'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa vachali'' Pérez, 1901
* ''Xylocopa valga'' Gerstäcker, 1872
* ''Xylocopa varentzowi'' Morawitz, 1895
* ''Xylocopa varians'' Smith, 1874
* ''Xylocopa varipes'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa velutina'' Lieftinck, 1957
* ''Xylocopa versicolor'' Alfken, 1930
* ''Xylocopa vestita'' Hurd & Moure, 1963
* ''Xylocopa villosa'' Friese, 1909
* '' Xylocopa violacea'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Xylocopa virginica'' (Linnaeus, 1771)
* ''Xylocopa viridigastra'' Lepeletier, 1841
* ''Xylocopa viridis'' Smith, 1854
* ''Xylocopa vittata'' Enderlein, 1903
* ''Xylocopa vogtiana'' Enderlein, 1913
* ''Xylocopa volatilis'' Smith, 1861
* ''Xylocopa vulpina'' Alfken, 1930
* ''Xylocopa waterhousei'' Leys, 2000
* ''Xylocopa watmoughi'' Eardley, 1983
* ''Xylocopa wellmani'' Cockerell, 1906
* ''Xylocopa wilmattae'' Cockerell, 1912
* ''Xylocopa xanti'' Mocsáry, 1883
* ''Xylocopa yunnanensis'' Wu, 1982
* ''Xylocopa zonata'' Alfken, 1930

Gallery

Carpenter bee head and compound eyes.jpg, Carpenter bees have large compound eyes. Their mandibles, when closed, cover the labrum.
Carpenter-bee.JPG,
Xylocopa (Biluna) tranquebarorum flapping.webm, '' X. tranquebarorum'' flight in slow motion
Xylocopa caffra female, Anthophoridae, at Orphium fruitescens.jpg, '' Xylocopa caffra'' female foraging
File:Carpenter bee uploaded by vijayanRajapuram.jpg, Carpenter bee at Kanhangad

References

External links

*
*
United States ''Xylocopa'' Identification GuideList of SpeciesWorldwide Species Map


– taken near the town of Chavarillo, Veracruz, Mexico
Carpenter bees, ''Xylocopa'' spp.
on the University of Florida, UF / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

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Xylocopinae

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