Xenoposeidon

''Xenoposeidon'' (meaning "strange or alien Poseidon", in allusion to ''Sauroposeidon'') is a genus of rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of England, living about 140 million years ago. It is known from a single partial vertebra with unusual features, unlike those of other sauropods. This bone was first discovered in the early 1890s but received little attention until it was found by University of Portsmouth student Mike Taylor, who formally described and named it in 2007 with Darren Naish.

Description

''Xenoposeidon'' is based on BMNH R2095, a partial posterior back vertebra. The specimen lacks the anterior face of the centrum and the upper portion of the neural arch. The centrum is estimated at 200 millimetres (7.9 in) long, and the height of the preserved portion of the vertebra is 300 millimetres (11.8 in). The average diameter of the posterior face of the centrum is 165 millimetres (6.50 in), with a concave surface. This concavity is deep enough to suggest that the anterior faces of vertebrae from this part of the dinosaur's spine would have been convex to articulate with such a shape.

The specimen displays several distinguishing characteristics. The base of the neural arch covers the length of the centrum and is continuous with the centrum's posterior face. The neural arch leans anteriorly at 35° and there are broad areas of featureless bone on the lateral surfaces of the arch. The neural canal is large and teardrop-shaped anteriorly but small and circular at its posterior opening. The various bony struts and sheets that make up the arch have a distinctive configuration.

Classification

''Xenoposeidons distinct suite of vertebral characteristics is unlike those found in other groups of sauropods, which differ in various proportional and structural features. So unique is the vertebra that when Taylor and Naish attempted to classify it using a phylogenetic analysis, they found that, although a neosauropod, it didn’t fit ‘comfortably’ into any of the established groups, Diplodocoidea, Camarasauridae, Brachiosauridae and Titanosauria. ''Xenoposeidon'' could be a derived member of one of the known groups, or may even represent a new group. The authors left it as a neosauropod of uncertain affinities. The titanosauriform phylogeny by D'Emic established ''Xenoposeidon'' as a ''nomen dubium'' due to its basis on nondiagnostic material. However, Mike Taylor has disagreed with these findings online. According to a study published in 2018, ''X. proneneukos'' is a basal member of Rebbachisauridae, and 10 million years older than the next oldest member of the family, '' Histriasaurus''.Taylor MP. (2018) Xenoposeidon is the earliest known rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur. PeerJ 6:e5212 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5212

The below majority rules cladogram was found in the analysis of ''Xenoposeidon''. Without the genus, the support for each group except Flagellicaudata was considerably higher.

Discovery and history

Fossil collector Philip James Rufford discovered the vertebra that would be later named ''Xenoposeidon'' in the early 1890s. It was found near Hastings in East Sussex, England, in rocks of the Hastings Bed Group. This formation dates to the Lower Cretaceous, and is within the Berriasian and Valanginian Stages. The vertebra was probably from the Berriasian portion of the Ashdown Beds within the Hastings, although precise information about the locality and stratigraphy have been lost if such data were ever recorded.

The partial posterior back vertebra, cataloged as BMNH R2095, was briefly described by English naturalist and paleontologist Richard Lydekker in 1893. He thought that it might belong to ''Cetiosaurus brevis'', better known today as '' Pelorosaurus conybearei''. The bone attracted little attention for decades, sitting on a shelf at the British Natural History Museum in London for 113 years. Mike Taylor, a sauropod vertebra specialist, stumbled upon it and became interested in the unusual specimen, entering into a description of it with Darren Naish.

The new genus was first announced by the British Palaeontological Association on November 15, 2007. The genus consists of the single species ''Xenoposeidon proneneukos''. The generic name combines Greek ''xenos'', "strange", with a reference to Poseidon, the "earth-shaker". The specific name means ‘forward sloping’ in Greek, in recognition of the anterior sloping of the neural arch. This unusual characteristic, along with its other distinctive features, prompted the authors to erect the new genus.

Paleobiology

Like other sauropods, ''Xenoposeidon'' would have been a large quadrupedal herbivore. It was relatively small for a sauropod. Extrapolating from the vertebra suggests that the type individual of ''Xenoposeidon'' could have been about 15 metres (50 ft) long and weighed approximately 7.6 tonnes (8.4 short tons), if it resembled ''Brachiosaurus'', to 20 m (65 ft) long and 2.8 tonnes (3.1 short tons), if it was built like the longer, lighter ''Diplodocus''.

References

External links

"Fossil is new family of dinosaur"
BBC News.
Description of the fossil by Mike TaylorOne of several posts on ''Xenoposeidon'' at SV-POW! Blog

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1842937

Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Europe
Rebbachisaurids
Fossil taxa described in 2007
Taxa named by Michael P. Taylor
Taxa named by Darren Naish