''Xenophrys'' is a genus of

amphibian Amphibians are tetrapod, four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the Class (biology), class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terres ...

s in the family

Megophryidae Megophryidae, commonly known as goose frogs, is a large family of frogs native to the warm southeast of Asia, from the Himalayan foothills eastwards, south to Indonesia and the Greater Sunda Islands in Maritime Southeast Asia, and extending to th ...

. They are found in southeastern

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

(including China and northeastern India) to

Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...

. Their common name is strange-horned toads. Short-legged Toad Tadpole (Xenophrys brachykolos) 短腳角蟾

Conservation

Of the 36 ''Xenophrys'' species that the

International Union for Conservation of Nature The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

has evaluated, most are either "

Data Deficient A data deficient (DD) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as offering insufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation status to be made. This does not necessaril ...

" or of "

Least Concern A least-concern species is a species that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as evaluated as not being a focus of species conservation because the specific species is still plentiful in the wild. T ...

". However, one species is considered " Critically Endangered" ('' Xenophrys damrei'') "

Endangered An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and inva ...

" (''

Xenophrys takensis ''Xenophrys takensis'', also known as the Tak horned toad, is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae from Tak Province Tak ( th, ตาก, , Burmese: တာ့ခ် pronounced ak is one of Thailand's seventy-seven provinces (''changwa ...

''), one is " Vulnerable" (''

Xenophrys auralensis ''Xenophrys auralensis'' (Aural horned frog; km, កង្កែបស្នែងឱរ៉ាល់, ) is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to Cambodia where it is only known from Phnom Aural, the highest mountain of C ...

''), and six are "

Near Threatened A near-threatened species is a species which has been categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as that may be vulnerable to endangerment in the near future, but it does not currently qualify fo ...

Taxonomy

The genus was previously found to be strongly

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...

, and awaiting a better solution, they were synonymized in the genus ''

Megophrys ''Megophrys'' is a genus of frogs in the family Megophryidae. They are endemic to Indonesia, where they are found on the islands of Java and Sumatra. They commonly have elongated upper "eyebrows" and are thus known as Indonesian horned toads. Th ...

''. Following subsequent studies and reclassification, the genus has been revalidated.

Species

Presently, ''

Amphibian Species of the World ''Amphibian Species of the World 6.1: An Online Reference'' (ASW) is a herpetology database. It lists the names of frogs, salamanders and other amphibians, which scientists first described each species and what year, and the animal's known range. ...

'' classifies the following 31 species in ''Xenophrys'': * '' Xenophrys aceras'' (Boulenger, 1903) — Perak horned toad * ''

Xenophrys ancrae ''Xenophrys ancrae'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. Its type locality is Namdapha National Park and Tiger Reserve, Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (, ) is a state in Northeastern India. It was for ...

'' (Mahony, Teeling & Biju, 2013) — Namdapha horned toadfrog * ''

'' (Ohler, Swan, and Daltry, 2002) — Aural horned toad * '' Xenophrys awuh'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020) — Naga Hills horned frog * '' Xenophrys damrei'' (Mahony, 2011) — Damrei horned toad * '' Xenophrys dzukou'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020) — Dzükou Valley horned frog * '' Xenophrys flavipunctata'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — yellow spotted white-lipped horned frog * '' Xenophrys glandulosa'' (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1990) — glandular horned toad * '' Xenophrys himalayana'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — Himalayan horned frog * '' Xenophrys lekaguli'' (Stuart, Chuaynkern, Chan-ard, and Inger, 2006) — Lekagul's horned toad * '' Xenophrys longipes'' (Boulenger, 1886) — red-legged horned toad * ''

Xenophrys major ''Xenophrys major'' is a species of toad Toad is a common name for certain frogs, especially of the family Bufonidae, that are characterized by dry, leathery skin, short legs, and large bumps covering the parotoid glands. A distinction b ...

'' (Boulenger, 1908) — Great Stream horned toad * ''

Xenophrys mangshanensis The Mangshan horned toad (''Xenophrys mangshanensis''), or Mangshan spadefoot toad, is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to China and known only from southern Hunan and northern Guangdong; its type locality is Mount Man ...

'' (Fei and Ye, 1990) — Mangshan horned toad * '' Xenophrys maosonensis'' (Bourret, 1937) — Maoson horned toad * ''

Xenophrys medogensis The Medog horned toad (''Xenophrys medogensis''), or Medog spadefoot toad, is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It was described as a subspecies of Omei horned toad (''Megophrys omeimontis'') based on specimens collected from Mêdog ...

'' (Fei, Ye, and Huang, 1983) — Medog horned toad * '' Xenophrys megacephala'' (Mahony, Sengupta, Kamei, and Biju, 2011) — big-headed horned frog * '' Xenophrys monticola'' Günther, 1864 — mountain horned frog * '' Xenophrys numhbumaeng'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2020) — Tamenglong horned frog * '' Xenophrys oreocrypta'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — Garo white-lipped horned frog * ''

Xenophrys oropedion ''Xenophrys oropedion'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae from East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya Meghalaya (, or , meaning "abode of clouds"; from Sanskrit , "cloud" + , "abode") is a states and union territories of India, s ...

'' (Mahony, Teeling & Biju, 2013) — Shyllong horned toad * '' Xenophrys pachyproctus'' (Huang, 1981) — convex-vented horned toad * '' Xenophrys periosa'' (Mahony, Kamei, Teeling, and Biju, 2018) — giant Himalayan horned frog * '' Xenophrys robusta'' (Boulenger, 1908) — robust horned toad * '' Xenophrys serchhipii'' Mathew and Sen, 2007 — Serchhip horned toad * ''

'' (Mahony, 2011) — Tak horned toad * '' Xenophrys truongsonensis'' Luong, Hoang, Pham, Nguyen, Orlov, Ziegler, and Nguyen, 2022 — Truongson horned toad * ''

Xenophrys vegrandis ''Xenophrys vegrandis'' is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae from West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (, ) is a state in Northeastern India. It was formed from the erstwhile North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) ...

'' (Mahony, Teeling, Biju, 2013) * '' Xenophrys yeae'' (Shi, Zhang, Xie, Jiang, Liu, Ding, Luan, and Wang, 2020) — Ye's horned toad * '' Xenophrys zhangi'' (Ye and Fei, 1992) — Zhang's horned toad * '' Xenophrys zhoui'' (Shi, Zhang, Xie, Jiang, Liu, Ding, Luan, and Wang, 2020) — Zhou's horned toad * '' Xenophrys zunhebotoensis'' Mathew and Sen, 2007 — Zunheboto horned toad

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q921059 Amphibians of Asia Taxa named by Albert Günther Taxonomy articles created by Polbot