The writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero constitute one of the most renowned collections of historical and philosophical work in all of

classical antiquity Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD centred on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ...

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...

was a

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: * Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lett ...

politician A politician is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking an elected office in government. Politicians propose, support, reject and create laws that govern the land and by an extension of its people. Broadly speaking, ...

lawyer A lawyer is a person who practices law. The role of a lawyer varies greatly across different legal jurisdictions. A lawyer can be classified as an advocate, attorney, barrister, canon lawyer, civil law notary, counsel, counselor, solicit ...

, orator, political theorist,

philosopher A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...

, and constitutionalist who lived during the years of 106–43 BC. He held the positions of Roman senator and

Roman consul A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the ''cursus honorum'' (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politic ...

(chief-magistrate) and played a critical role in the transformation of the

Roman Republic The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Ki ...

into the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Roman Republic, Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings aro ...

. He was extant during the rule of prominent Roman politicians, such as those of

Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, an ...

Pompey Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a leading Roman general and statesman. He played a significant role in the transformation of ...

, and

Marc Antony Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the auto ...

. Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest

orators Public speaking, also called oratory or oration, has traditionally meant the act of speaking face to face to a live audience. Today it includes any form of speaking (formally and informally) to an audience, including pre-recorded speech deliver ...

and prose stylists. Cicero is generally held to be one of the most versatile minds of ancient Rome. He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of

Greek philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC, marking the end of the Greek Dark Ages. Greek philosophy continued throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which Greece and most Greek-inhabited lands were part of the Roman Empi ...

, and also created a Latin philosophical vocabulary; distinguishing himself as a

linguist Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Lingu ...

, translator, and philosopher. A distinguished orator and successful lawyer, Cicero likely valued his political career as his most important achievement. Today he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings. His voluminous correspondence, much of it addressed to his friend Atticus, has been especially influential, introducing the art of refined letter writing to European culture.

Cornelius Nepos Cornelius Nepos (; c. 110 BC – c. 25 BC) was a Roman biographer. He was born at Hostilia, a village in Cisalpine Gaul not far from Verona. Biography Nepos's Cisalpine birth is attested by Ausonius, and Pliny the Elder calls him ''Pad ...

, the 1st-century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters to Atticus contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period. During the chaotic latter half of the first century BC, marked by

civil wars A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government polici ...

and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican government. However, his career as a statesman was marked by inconsistencies and a tendency to shift his position in response to changes in the political climate. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political and private change. "Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self-control and adversity with more fortitude!" wrote C. Asinius Pollio, a contemporary Roman statesman and historian. A manuscript containing Cicero's letters to Atticus, Quintus, and Brutus was rediscovered by

Petrarch Francesco Petrarca (; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited ...

in 1345 at the Capitolare library in Verona. This rediscovery is often credited for initiating the 14th-century

Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance ( it, Rinascimento ) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Europe and marked the trans ...

, and for the founding of

Renaissance humanism Renaissance humanism was a revival in the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. During the period, the term ''humanist'' ( it, umanista) referred to teache ...

Works

Cicero was declared a "

virtuous pagan Virtuous pagan is a concept in Christian theology that addressed the fate of the unlearned—the issue of nonbelievers who were never evangelized and consequently during their lifetime had no opportunity to recognize Christ, but nevertheless ...

" by the early Church, and therefore many of his works were deemed worthy of preservation. Important Church Fathers such as Saint Augustine and others quoted liberally from his works, e.g. "On the Commonwealth" (''

De Re Publica ''De re publica'' (''On the Commonwealth''; see below) is a dialogue on Roman politics by Cicero, written in six books between 54 and 51 BC. The work does not survive in a complete state, and large parts are missing. The surviving sections derive ...

'') and "On Laws" (''

De Legibus The ''De Legibus'' (''On the Laws'') is a dialogue written by Marcus Tullius Cicero during the last years of the Roman Republic. It bears the same name as Plato's famous dialogue, ''The Laws''. Unlike his previous work ''De re publica,'' in whi ...

''), as well as Cicero's (partial) Latin translation of Plato's '' Timaeus'' dialogue. Cicero also articulated an early, abstract conceptualisation of rights, based on ancient law and custom.

Speeches

Of his speeches, eighty-eight were recorded, fifty-two of which survive today. Some of the items below include more than one speech.

Legal speeches

* (81 BC) '' Pro Quinctio'' (''On behalf of Publius Quinctius'') * (80 BC) '' Pro Roscio Amerino'' (''In Defense of Sextus Roscius of Ameria'') * (77 BC) '' Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo'' (''In Defense of

Quintus Roscius Gallus Quintus Roscius (ca. 126 BC – 62 BC) was a Roman actor. The cognomen Gallus is dubious, as it appears only once as a scholia in a manuscript of Cicero's Pro Archia. Life ''Constiteram exorientem Auroram forte salutans '' '' cum subito a lae ...

the Comic actor'') * (70 BC) ''

Divinatio in Caecilium Cicero's ''Divinatio in Caecilium'' is his oration against Quintus Caecilius in the process for selecting a prosecutor of Gaius Verres (70 BC). Cicero asserts that he, rather than Q. Caecilius, will make the better prosecutor of Verres, the Roman ...

'' (''Against Quintus Caecilius in the process for selecting a prosecutor of Gaius Verres'') * (70 BC) ''

In Verrem "In Verrem" ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily. The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileshi ...

'' (''Against Gaius Verres'', or ''The Verrines'') * (71 BC) ''

Pro Tullio Pro is an abbreviation meaning "professional". Pro, PRO or variants thereof may also refer to: People * Miguel Pro (1891–1927), Mexican priest * Pro Hart (1928–2006), Australian painter * Mlungisi Mdluli (born 1980), South African retired ...

'' (''On behalf of Tullius'') * (69 BC) '' Pro Fonteio'' (''On behalf of Marcus Fonteius'') * (69 BC) ''

Pro Caecina The ''Pro Caecina'' is a public speech made by Marcus Tullius Cicero on behalf of his friend Aulus Caecina sometime between 71 BC and 69 BC. The speech was delivered in the third hearing of a lawsuit where Caecina averred that he had been unlawf ...

'' (''On behalf of Caecina'') * (66 BC) ''

Pro Cluentio ''Pro Cluentio'' is a speech by the Roman orator Cicero given in defense of a man named Aulus Cluentius Habitus Minor. Cluentius, from Larinum in Samnium, was accused in 69 BC by his mother Sassia of having poisoned his stepfather, Statius Abbius ...

'' (''On behalf of Aulus Cluentius'') * (63 BC) '' Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo'' (''On behalf of Gaius Rabirius on a Charge of Treason'') * (63 BC) '' Pro Murena'' (''In Defense of Lucius Licinius Murena'', in the court for electoral bribery) * (62 BC) '' Pro Sulla'' (''In Defense of Publius Cornelius Sulla'') * (62 BC) ''

Pro Archia Poeta Cicero's oration ''Pro Archia Poeta'' ("On Behalf of Archias the Poet") is the published literary form of his defense of Aulus Licinius Archias, a poet accused of not being a Roman citizen. The accusation is believed to have been a political move ...

'' (''In Defense of Aulus Licinius Archias the poet'') * (59 BC) '' Pro Antonio'' (''In Defense of Gaius Antonius'') ost entire, or never written* (59 BC) '' Pro Flacco'' (''In Defense of Lucius Valerius Flaccus'', in the court for extortion) * (56 BC) ''

Pro Sestio Pro is an abbreviation meaning " professional". Pro, PRO or variants thereof may also refer to: People * Miguel Pro (1891–1927), Mexican priest * Pro Hart (1928–2006), Australian painter * Mlungisi Mdluli (born 1980), South African retire ...

'' (''In Defense of Publius Sestius'') * (56 BC) '' In Vatinium testem'' (''Against the witness Publius Vatinius at the trial of Sestius'') * (56 BC) ''

Pro Caelio ''Pro Caelio'' is a speech given on 4 April 56 BC, by the famed Roman orator Marcus Tullius Cicero in defence of Marcus Caelius Rufus, who had once been Cicero's student but more recently was a political rival. Cicero's reasons for defending Cael ...

'' (''In Defense of

Marcus Caelius Rufus Marcus Caelius Rufus (28 May 82 BC – after 48 BC) was an orator and politician in the late Roman Republic. He was born into a wealthy equestrian family from Interamnia Praetuttiorum (Teramo), on the central east coast of Italy. He is best kn ...

''): '' English translation'' * (56 BC) ''

Pro Balbo Pro is an abbreviation meaning " professional". Pro, PRO or variants thereof may also refer to: People * Miguel Pro (1891–1927), Mexican priest * Pro Hart (1928–2006), Australian painter * Mlungisi Mdluli (born 1980), South African retire ...

'' (''In Defense of Lucius Cornelius Balbus'') * (54 BC) '' Pro Plancio'' (''In Defense of Gnaeus Plancius'') * (54 BC) '' Pro Rabirio Postumo'' (''In Defense of Gaius Rabirius Postumus'') * (54 BC) '' Pro Scauro'' (''In Defense of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus'') Several of Cicero's speeches are printed, in English translation, in the Penguin Classics edition ''Murder Trials.'' These speeches are included: * ''In defence of Sextus Roscius of Ameria'' (This is the basis for Steven Saylor's novel '' Roman Blood.'') * ''In defence of Aulus Cluentius Habitus'' *'' In defence of Gaius Rabirius" * ''Note on the speeches in defence of Caelius and Milo'' * ''In defence of King Deiotarus''

Political speeches

;;Early career (before exile) * (66 BC) '' Pro Lege Manilia'' or ''

De Imperio Cn. Pompei ''De Imperio Cn. Pompei'' ("On the '' Imperium'' of Gnaeus Pompeius"), also known as ''Pro Lege Manilia'' ("In Favour of the Manilian Law"), was a speech delivered by Cicero in 66 BC before the Roman popular assembly. It was in support of the pr ...

'' (''in favor of the Lex Manilia'', or ''on the command of

'') * (64 BC) '' In Toga Candida'' (''Denouncing candidates for the consulship of 63 BC'') * (63 BC) '' De Lege Agraria contra Rullum'' (''Opposing the

Agrarian Law Agrarian laws (from the Latin ''ager'', meaning "land") were laws among the Romans regulating the division of the public lands, or ''ager publicus''. In its broader definition, it can also refer to the agricultural laws relating to peasants and h ...

proposed by Rullus'') * (63 BC) '' In Catilinam I-IV'' (''

Catiline Orations The Catilinarian Orations (; also simply the ''Catilinarians'') are a set of speeches to the Roman Senate given in 63 BC by Marcus Tullius Cicero, one of the year's consuls, accusing a senator, Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline), of leading a ...

'' or ''Against Catiline'') * (59 BC) '' Pro Flacco'' (''In Defense of Flaccus'') ;;Mid career (between exile and Caesarian Civil War) * (57 BC) '' Post Reditum in Quirites'' (''To the Citizens after his recall from exile'') * (57 BC) '' Post Reditum in Senatu'' (''To the

Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...

after his recall from exile'') * (57 BC) '' De Domo Sua'' (''On his House'') * (57 BC) '' De Haruspicum Responsis'' (''On the Responses of the

Haruspices In the religion of ancient Rome, a haruspex (plural haruspices; also called aruspex) was a person trained to practise a form of divination called haruspicy (''haruspicina''), the inspection of the entrails (''exta''—hence also extispicy ( ...

'') * (56 BC) '' De Provinciis Consularibus'' (''On the Consular Provinces'') * (55 BC) '' In Pisonem'' (''Against Piso'') * (52 BC) '' Pro Milone'' (''In Defence of

Titus Annius Milo Titus Annius Milo (died 48 BC) was a Roman political agitator. The son of Gaius Papius Celsus, he was adopted by his maternal grandfather, Titus Annius Luscus. In 52 BC, he was prosecuted for the murder of Publius Clodius Pulcher and exiled from ...

'') ;;Late career * (46 BC) ''

Pro Marcello ''Pro Marcello'' is a speech by Marcus Tullius Cicero. It is Latin for ''On behalf of Marcellus''. Background Marcus Claudius Marcellus was descended from an illustrious Roman family, and had been Consul with Servius Sulpicius Rufus, in which o ...

'' (''On behalf of Marcellus'') * (46 BC) '' Pro Ligario'' (''On behalf of Ligarius before Caesar'') * (46 BC) '' Pro Rege Deiotaro'' (''On behalf of King Deiotarus before Caesar'') * (44 BC) '' Philippicae'' (''consisting of the 14 philippics, ''Philippica I–XIV'', against ''

Marcus Antonius Marcus Antonius (14 January 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from a constitutional republic into the au ...

) (The ''Pro Marcello'', ''Pro Ligario'', and ''Pro Rege Deiotaro'' are collectively known as "The Caesarian speeches").

Rhetoric and politics

* (84 BC) '' De Inventione'' (''About the composition of arguments'') * (55 BC) ''

De Oratore ''De Oratore'' (''On the Orator''; not to be confused with '' Orator'') is a dialogue written by Cicero in 55 BC. It is set in 91 BC, when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies, just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla, d ...

ad Quintum fratrem libri tres'' (''On the Orator, three books for his brother Quintus'') * (54 BC) '' De Partitionibus Oratoriae'' (''About the subdivisions of oratory'') * (52 BC) ''

De Optimo Genere Oratorum ''De Optimo Genere Oratorum'', "On the Best Kind of Orators", is a work from Marcus Tullius Cicero written in 46 BCE between two of his other works, ''Brutus'' and the '' Orator ad M. Brutum''. Cicero attempts to explain why his view of orator ...

'' (''About the Best Kind of Orators'') * (51 BC) ''

'' (''On the Republic'', also known as "On the Commonwealth", and referred to as such, above) * (46 BC) '' Brutus'' (''For Brutus, a short history of Roman rhetoric and orators dedicated to Marcus Junius Brutus'') * (46 BC) '' Orator ad M. Brutum'' (''About the Orator, also dedicated to Brutus'') * (44 BC) '' Topica'' (''Topics'') * (?? BC) ''

'' (''On the Laws'') * (?? BC) '' De Consulatu Suo'' (''On his consulship'' – epic poem about Cicero's own consulship, fragmentary) * (?? BC) '' De temporibus suis'' ''(His Life and Times)'' – epic poem, entirely lost

Philosophy

* (89 BC?) ''Translation of Aratus' Φαινόμενα (Aratea)'' *(46 BC) ''

Paradoxa Stoicorum The ''Paradoxa Stoicorum'' ( en, Stoic Paradoxes) is a work by the academic skeptic philosopher Cicero in which he attempts to explain six famous Stoic sayings that appear to go against common understanding: (1) virtue is the sole good; (2) virt ...

'' (''Stoic Paradoxes'') * (45 BC) '' Hortensius'' * (45 BC) '' Academica Priora'' – (First edition of the ''Academica'' comprising two books, the ''Catullus'', which is lost, and the extant ''Lucullus'') - a book about

Academic Skepticism Academic skepticism refers to the skeptical period of ancient Platonism dating from around 266 BCE, when Arcesilaus became scholarch of the Platonic Academy, until around 90 BCE, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected skepticism, although indi ...

, the school of philosophy of which Cicero was an adherent. * (45 BC) '' Academica Posteriora'' or ''Academica Liberi'' (Second edition of the ''Academica'' comprising four books, all of which except for part of book 1 has been lost. Also known as the ''Varro'') * (45 BC) '' Consolatio'' (''Consolation'') (see Consolatio) * (45 BC) ''

De Finibus ''De finibus bonorum et malorum'' ("On the ends of good and evil") is a Socratic dialogue by the Roman orator, politician, and Academic Skeptic philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero. It consists of three dialogues, over five books, in which Cicero d ...

Bonorum et Malorum'' (''About the Ends of Goods and Evils'') – a book on ethics * (45 BC) '' Tusculanae Quaestiones'' (''Questions debated at Tusculum'') *(45 BC) ''Translation of Plato's Timaeus'' (sections 27d - 47b) *(? BC) ''Translation of Plato's

Protagoras Protagoras (; el, Πρωταγόρας; )Guthrie, p. 262–263. was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and rhetorical theorist. He is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue '' Protagoras'', Plato credits him with inventing t ...

-'' testimonia quoted in Priscian, Jerome, and Donatus * (45 BC) ''

De Natura Deorum ''De Natura Deorum'' (''On the Nature of the Gods'') is a philosophical dialogue by Roman Academic Skeptic philosopher Cicero written in 45 BC. It is laid out in three books that discuss the theological views of the Hellenistic philosophies o ...

'' (''On the Nature of the Gods'') * (45 BC) '' De Divinatione'' (''On Divination'') * (45 BC) '' De Fato'' (''On Fate'') * (44 BC) '' Cato Maior de Senectute'' (''Cato the Elder on Old Age'') * (44 BC) '' Laelius de Amicitia'' (''Laelius on Friendship'') * (44 BC) ''

De Officiis ''De Officiis'' (''On Duties'' or ''On Obligations'') is a political and ethical treatise by the Roman orator, philosopher, and statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero written in 44 BC. The treatise is divided into three books, in which Cicero expounds h ...

'' (''On Duties'')

Letters

Cicero's letters to and from various public and private figures are considered some of the most reliable sources of information for the people and events surrounding the fall of the Roman Republic. While 37 books of his letters have survived into modern times, 35 more books were known to antiquity that have since been lost. These included letters to Caesar, to Pompey, to Octavian, and to his son Marcus. *''

Epistulae ad Atticum ''Epistulae ad Atticum'' ( Latin for "Letters to Atticus") is a collection of letters from Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his close friend Titus Pomponius Atticus. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's ...

'' (''Letters to Atticus''; 68–43 BC) *'' Epistulae ad Brutum'' (''Letters to Brutus''; 43 BC) *'' Epistulae ad Familiares'' (''Letters to friends''; 62–43 BC) *'' Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem'' (''Letters to his brother Quintus''; 60/59–54 BC)

Spurious works

Several works extant through having been included in influential collections of Ciceronian texts exhibit such divergent views and styles that they have long been agreed by experts not to be authentic works of Cicero. They are also never mentioned by Cicero himself, nor any of the ancient critics or grammarians who commonly refer to and quote passages from Cicero's authentic works. * (late 80s BC) '' Rhetorica ad Herennium'' (authored by a pro-Marian orator of the mid to late 80s BC sympathetic to the tribune

Publius Sulpicius Rufus Publius Sulpicius Rufus (124–88 BC) was a Roman politician and orator whose attempts to pass controversial laws with the help of mob violence helped trigger the first civil war of the Roman Republic. His actions kindled the deadly rivalry bet ...

; perhaps

Publius Canutius Publius Canutius or Cannutius was described by Cicero as the most eloquent orator of the senatorial order. Canutius was born in 106 B.C., the same year as Cicero. After the death of Publius Sulpicius Rufus, who was one of the most celebrated orato ...

) * (60s BC) '' Commentariolum Petitionis'' (''Note-book for winning elections'')M. Tullius Cicero, Letters (ed. Evelyn Shuckburgh)
/ref> (often attributed to Cicero's brother Quintus)

Notes

References

Selected critical editions and translations

Philippics

2003. Ramsay, J. Cicero: Philippics I-II. Cambridge University Press. 2012. Manuwald, G. Cicero, "Philippics" 3-9: Edited with Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Volume 1: Introduction, Text and Translation, References and Indexes. Volume 2: Commentary. De Guyter.

Pro Sestio

2006. Kaster, R.A. Cicero: Speech on Behalf of Publius Sestius. Oxford University Press.

Selected Orations

1993. Gotoff. H. Cicero's Caesarian Speeches: A Stylistic Commentary. University of North Carolina Press.2009. Zetzel. J. Marcus Tullius Cicero: Ten Speeches. Hackett Publishing. 2001. Siani-Davies. M. Cicero's Speech Pro Rabirio Postumo. Clarendon Press. 2011. Gildenhard. I. Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.53-86: Latin Text with Introduction, Study Questions, Commentary and English Translation. Open Book Publishers.

De Re Publica

1928. ''De Re Publica, De Legibus''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. Latin text and English translation by Clinton Walker Keyes. 1980. Bréguet, E. ''La République''. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France. (2 volumes). 1984. Büchner, K. ''De Re Publica''. Heidelberg: Winter. Wissenschaftliche Kommentare zu griechischen und lateinischen Schriftstellern. 1995. Zetzel, J. ''De Re Publica. Selections''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Edited with Introduction and Commentary. 2006. Powell. J.G.F. ''De Re Publica, De Legibus, Cato Maior De Senectute, Laelius De Amicitia''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2008. Powell J. and N. Rudd.''The Republic, the Laws''. New York: Oxford University Press. Oxford World's Classics. 2010. Nickel. R. ''Der Staat = De Re Publica''. Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler. Lateinisch-Deutsch.

De legibus

1928. Keyes. C.W. ''De Re Publica, De Legibus''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. 1959. Plinval. G de.''Traité Des Lois''. Paris Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France. 1972. Kenter, L. P. ''De Legibus. A Commentary on Book I''. Amsterdam: Hakkert. By L. P. Kenter. Translation from the Dutch by Margie L. Leenheer-Braid. 1983. Giraret, K. M. ''Die Ordnung Der Welt. Ein Beitrag Zur Philosophischen Und Politischen Interpretation Von Ciceros Schrift De Legibus''. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. 1994. Nickel, R. ''De Legibus = Über Die Gesetze; Paradoxa Stoicorum = Stoische Paradoxien''. Zürich: Artemis & Winkler. Lateinisch-Deutsch. Herausgegeben. 1999. Zetzel, J. ''On the Commonwealth; on the Laws''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2004. Dyck, A. ''A Commentary on Cicero, De Legibus''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2007. Sauer, J. ''Argumentations- Und Darstellungsformen Im Ersten Buch Von Ciceros Schrift De Legibus''. Heidelberg: Winter. 2010. Caspar, T. W. ''Recovering the Ancient View of Founding. A Commentary on Cicero's De Legibus''. Lanham: Lexington Books.

Paradoxa Stoicorum

1971. Molager, J. ''Les Paradoxes Des Stoïciens''. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France. 1991. Ronnick, M. V. ''Paradoxa Stoicorum. A Commentary, an Interpretation, and a Study of Its Influence''. Bern: Peter Lang. 1994. Nickel, R. ''De Legibus = Über Die Gesetze; Paradoxa Stoicorum = Stoische Paradoxien''. Zürich: Artemis & Winkler. Lateinisch-Deutsch. Herausgegeben.

Hortensius

1958. Ruch, M. ''L' Hortensius''. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection d'études anciennes. 1962. Grilli, A. ''Hortensius''. Milano: Istituto editoriale Cisalpino. 1976. Staume-Zimmermann, L. ''Hortensius''. Bern: Peter Lang. Europäische Hochschulschriften. Reihe XV, Klassische Philologie und Literatur.

De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum

1914. Rackham, H. ''De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. Latin text and English translation revised in 1951. 1928. Levy, C. and J. Martha. ''Des Termes Extrêmes Des Biens Et Des Maux''. Paris: Belles Lettres. 1988. Gigon O. and L. Straume-Zimmermann. ''Über Die Ziele Des Menschlichen Handelns = De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum''. München: Artemis. 1991. Wright, M.R. ''On Stoic Good and Evil: De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum, Liber Iii; and Paradoxa Stoicorum''. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. 1998. Reynolds, L.D. ''De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum: Libri Quinque''. New York: Clarendon Press. 2001. Annas, J. and R. Woolf. ''On Moral Ends''. Cambridge: Cambridger University Press. 2005. Moreschini, C. ''De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum''. Munich: Teubner.

Tusculanae Disputationes

1927. King, J.E. ''Tusculanae Disputationes''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. 1930. Fohlen, G. and J. Humbert. ''Tusculanes''. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France. Tome I: Livres I et II (1930); Tome II. Livre III-V (1931). 1952. Büchner, K. ''Gespräche in Tusculum''. Zürich: Artemis. 1985. Douglas, A.E. ''Tusculan Disputations''. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press. 1998. Gigon, O. ''Gespräche in Tusculum = Tusculanae Disputationes''. München: Artemis und Winkler. 2002. Graver, M. ''Cicero on the Emotions. Tusculan Disputations 3 and 4''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2006. Koch, B. ''Philosophie Als Medizin Für Die Seele. Untersuchungen Zu Ciceros Tusculanae Disputationes''. Stuttgart: Steiner. 2007. Gildenhard, I. ''Paideia Romana. Cicero's Tusculan Disputations''. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society. 2008. Eckhard, L. ''Philosophie Unter Der Tyrannis. Ciceros Tusculanae Disputationes''. Heidelberg: Winter.

Academica

1970. Ruch, M. ''Academica Posteriora. Liber Primus''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Érasme. 1988. Hunt, T. J. ''A Textual History of Cicero's Academici Libri''. Leiden: Brill. 1995. Schäublin, C. ''Akademische Abhandlungen. Lucullus''. Hamburg: F. Meiner. Einleitung von Andreas Graeser und Christoph Schäublin. Anmerkungen von Andreas Bächli und Andreas Graeser. 1998. Haltenhoff, A. ''Kritik Der Akademischen Skepsis. Ein Kommentar Zu Cicero, Lucullus 1-62''. Bern: Peter Lang. 2006. Brittain, C. ''On Academic Scepticism''. Indianapolis: Hackett.

Translation of Plato's ''Timaeus''

1908. Plasberg, O. ''M. Tulii Ciceronis Paradoxa stoicorum, Academicorum, Reliquiae cum Lucullo, Timaeus, ND, De divinatione, De fato''. Leipzig. (Online publication of the 1908 text, 2011). 1975. Giomini, R. (ed.) ''De Divinatione, De Fato, Timaeus''. Teubner. Leipzig.

De Natura Deorum

1933. Rackham, H. ''De Natura Deorum; Academica''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. 1955. Pease, A.S. ''De Natura Deorum''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Two volumes: 1 (1955), 2 (1958). Reprint: New York, Arno Press, 1979. 1986. van den Bruwaene, M. ''De Natura Deorum'': Tables. ''Latomus'' no. 192:1–173. 1996. Gigon O. und L. Straume-Zimmermann ''Vom Wesen Der Götter: Lateinisch-Deutsch''. Zürich: Artemis und Winkler. 1997. Walsh, P.G. ''The Nature of the Gods''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2002. Auvray-Assayas, C. ''La Nature Des Dieux''. Paris: Belles Lettres. 2003. Dyck, A. ''De Natura Deorum. Liber I''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

De Divinatione

1920. Pease, A.S. ''De Divinatione; Liber Primvs-Secvndvs''. Urbana: University of Illinois.Two volumes: 1 (1920); 2 (1923). Reprint: New York, Arno Press, 1979. 1923. Falconer, W.A. ''De Senectute; De Amicitia; De Divinatione''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. 1991. Schäublin, C. ''Über Die Wahrsagung = De Divinatione : Lateinisch-Deutsch''. München: Artemis und Winkler. 1992. Freyburger, G. and J. Scheid. ''De La Divination''. Paris: Belles Lettres. 2004. Kany-Turpin, J. ''De La Divination = De Divinatione''. Paris: Flammarion. 2006. De François, G. ''Le De Diuinatione De Cicéron Et Les Théories Antiques De La Divination''. Bruxelles: Éditions Latomus. 2006. Wardle, D. ''Cicero on Divination. De Divinatione, Book 1''. New York: Oxford University Press.

De Fato

1933. Yon, A. ''Traité Du Destin''. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France. 1963. Bayer, K. ''De Fato. Über Das Fatum. Lateinisch-Deutsch''. München: Heimeran-Verlag. 1991. Sharples, R.W. ''On Fate (De Fato) / Cicero. & the Consolation of Philosophy (Philosophiae Consolationis) : Iv.5-7, V / Boethius''. Warminster: Aris and Phillips. 2008. Schallenberg, M. ''Freiheit Und Determinismus. Ein Philosophischer Kommentar Zu Ciceros Schrift De Fato''. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

De Senectute and De Amicitia (Laelius)

1876. Müller, C.F.W. and M. Seyffert. ''Laelius; De Amicita Dialogus''. Hildesheim: Georg Olms 1965. Reprografischer Nachdruck der Ausgabe Leipzig, 1876. 1923. Falconer, W.A. ''De Senectute; De Amicitia; De Divinatione''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. 1967. Steinmetz, F-A. ''Die Freundschaftslehre Des Panaitos. Nach Einer Analyse Von Ciceros Laelius De Amicitia''. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner. 1972. Ruch, M. ''De Senectute''. Paris: Bordas. 1988. Powell, J.G.F. ''Cato Maior De Senectute''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1989. Wuilleumier, P. ''Caton L'ancien (De La Vieillesse)''. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France. 1990. Powell, J.G.F. ''On Friendship and the Dream of Scipio''. Warminster: Arts and Phillips. 1998. Merklin, H. ''Cato Maior De Senectute = Cato Der Ältere Über Das Alter. Lateinisch-Deutsch''. Stuttgart: Reclam.

De Officiis

1913. Miller, W. ''De Officiis''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. 1965. Testard, M. ''Les Devoirs''. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France. 2 volumes: 1 (1965); 2 (1970). 1967. Higginbotham, J. ''On Moral Obligation''. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1991. Griffin, M.T. and Atkins, M. ''On Duties''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994. Winterbottom, M. ''De Officiis''. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. Kinapenne, C. ''De Officiis. Index Verborum, Listes De Fréquence, Relevés Grammaticaux''. Liège. 1996. Dyck, A. R. ''A Commentary on Cicero, De Officiis''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. 2001. Walsh, P.G. ''On Obligations''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2008. Nickel, R. ''De Officiis = Vom Pflichtgemässen Handel. Lateinisch-Deutsch''. Düsseldorf: Artemis und Winkler. 2016. Newton, B. P. ''Marcus Tullius Cicero: On Duties (Agora Editions)''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

De Inventione

1949. Hubbell, H.M. ''De Inventione; De Optimo Genere Oratorum; Topica''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. 1994. Achard, G. ''De L'invention''. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France. 1998. Nüsslein, T. ''De Inventione = Über Die Auffindung Des Stoffes ; De Optimo Genere Oratorum = Über Die Beste Gattung Von Rednern''. Düsseldorf: Artemis und Winkler.

De Oratore

1902. Wilkins, A.S. ''Rhetorica, Tomus I: Libros De Oratore Tres Continens''. New York: Oxford University Press. 1948. Rackham. H. and E.W. Sutton. ''De Oratore nd De Fato; Paradoxa Stoicorum; De Partitione Oratoria'. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. Contents: I. ''De Oratore'', Books 1–2. II. ''De Oratore'', Book 3. ''De Fato, Paradoxa Stoicorum, De Partitione Oratoria.'' 1985. Leeman, D. H. Pinkster, et al. ''De Oratore Libri Iii. Kommentar''. Heidelberg: Winter. Wissenschaftliche Kommentare zu griechischen und lateinischen Schriftstellern. Band 1: Buch I, 1-65 (A. D. Leeman, H. Pinkster, Hein L. Nelson, Edwin Rabbie, 1993); Band 2: Buch I, 166–265, Buch II, 1-98 (A. D. Leeman, H. Pinkster, Hein L. Nelson, Edwin Rabbie, 1985); Band 3: Buch II, 99-290 (A. D. Leeman, H. Pinkster, Hein L. Nelson, Edwin Rabbie, 1989); Band 4: Buch II, 291-367 /Buch III, 1-95 (A. D. Leeman, H. Pinkster, J. Wisse, H. L. Nelson, E. Rabbie, 1996). 2001. May, J.M. and J. Wisse. ''Cicero on the Ideal Orator (De Oratore)''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2007. Nüsslein, T. ''De Oratore = Über Den Redner''. Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler. Lateinisch-Deutsch. 2008. Yon, A. ''L'orateur. Du Meilleur Genre D'orateurs''. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France.

Brutus

1885. Sandys, J.E. ''Ad M. Brutum Orator''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprint: New York, Arno Press, 1979. 1903. Wilkins, A.S. ''Rhetorica, Tomus II: Brvtvs; Orator; De Optimo Genere Oratorvm; Partitiones Oratoriae; Topica''. New York: Oxford University Press. 1907. ''Ad M. Brutum Orator''. Lipsia: G. Teubner. Bibliotheca Scriptorvm Graecorvm Et Romanorvm Tevbneriana. Recognovit Wilhelm Friedrich. 1962. Hendrickson, G.L. and H.M. Hubbell. ''Brutus; Orator''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. 1981. Barwick, K. ''Brutus''. Freiburg: Ploetz. Lateinisch-Deutsch.

Orator, Partitiones Oratoriae

1903. ''Rhetorica, Tomus II: Brvtvs; Orator; De Optimo Genere Oratorvm; Partitiones Oratoriae; Topica''. New York: Oxford University Press. Scriptorum classicorum bibliotheca Oxoniensis. Recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instrvxit August Samuel Wilkins.

Topica

1924. Bornecque, H. ''Divisions De L'art Oratoire, Topiques''. Paris: Belles Lettres. 1983. Zekl, H. G. ''Topik. Lateinisch-Deutsch''. Hamburg: F. Meiner. 2003. Reihnardt, T. ''Topica''. New York: Oxford University Press.

Epistulae

1987. Shackleton-Bailey, D.R. ''Epistulae ad Atticum.'' Vol.I: Libri I–VIII (BT 1208, 1987); Vol.II: Libri IX–XVI (BT 1209, 1987) 1988. Shackleton-Bailey, D.R. ''Epistulae ad Familiares libri I–XVI'' (BT 1210, 1988) 1988. Shackleton-Bailey, D.R. ''Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem. Epistulae ad M. Brutum. Commentariolum petitionis. Fragmenta epistolarum'' (BT 1211, 1988)

Fragmentary works

1963. Cooper, C.G. Latin extracts of Cicero on Himself. University of Queensland Press. 1984. Crawford, Jane W. ''M. Tullius Cicero: The Lost and Unpublished Orations'' (Hypomnemata Untersuchungen zur Antike und zu Ihrem Nachleben, Heft 80, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1984) 1984. Garbarino, G. ''Fragmenta Ex Libris Philosophicis, Ex Aliis Libris Deperditis, Ex Scriptis Incertis''. Milano: Mondadori. 1994. Crawford, Jane W. ''M. Tullius Cicero: The Fragmentary Speeches, an Edition with Commentary'', 2nd edition (American Philological Association, American Classical Studies no. 37, Scholars Press, Atlanta, 1994) Penguin Classics English translations * Cicero ** ''Selected Political Speeches'' (Penguin Books, 1969) ** ''Selected Works: Against Verres I, Twenty-three letters, The Second Philippic against Antony, On Duties III, On Old Age'', by Michael Grant (Penguin Books, 1960) ** ''On Government: Against Verres II 5, For Murena, For Balbus, On the State III, V, VI, On Laws III, The Brutus, The Philippics IV, V, X'', by Michael Grant (Penguin Books, 1993) *

Plutarch Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for hi ...

, ''Fall of the Roman Republic, Six Lives by Plutarch: Marius, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Caesar, Cicero'', by Rex Warner (Penguin Books, 1958; with Introduction and notes by Robin Seager, 1972)

Secondary literature

* Atkins, Jed William (2010). "Rights in Cicero's Political Philosophy". ''American Political Science Association 2010 Annual Meeting''. *Bishop, C. (2018) ''Cicero, Greek Learning, and the Making of a Roman Classic''. Oxford. *Ciaceri, E, (1941), ''Cicerone e i suoi tempi'', volume 2, Milan-Genoa. *Cowell, F.R. (1973) Cicero and the Roman Republic, Penguin Books, Great Britain. * Everitt, Anthony (2001) ''Cicero: the life and times of Rome's greatest politician.''

Random House Random House is an American book publisher and the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world. The company has several independently managed subsidiaries around the world. It is part of Penguin Random House, which is owned by Germ ...

. *Frier, B.W (1985) ''The Rise of the Roman Jurists: Studies in Cicero's'' ''Pro Caecina.'' Princeton University Press. *Gotoff, H.C. (1993) ''Cicero's Caesarian Speeches: A Stylistic Commentary.'' University of North Carolina Press. *Gruen, E.S. (1974) ''The last Generation of the Roman Republic.'' University of California Press. * Haskell, H.J. (1946) ''This was Cicero.'' Fawcett publications, Inc. Greenwich, Conn. *Kinsey, T. E. (1980) "Cicero's case against Magnus, Capito and Chrysogonus in the ''pro Sex. Roscio Amerino'' and its use for the historian", ''L'Ant.Classique'' 49: 173–190. *Manuwald, G. (2004) "Performance and Rhetoric in Cicero's ''Philippics''", ''Antichthon'' 38: 51–69. *March, D. A. (1989) "Cicero and the 'Gang of Five'", ''Classical World'' 82: 225–234 *Powell, J.G.F. (ed.) (1995) ''Cicero the Philosopher''. Oxford University Press. * Rawson, Elizabeth (1975) ''Cicero, A portrait.'' Allen Lane, Penguin Books. * Shackleton-Bailey, D R (1992) ''Onomasticon to Cicero's Speeches'', 2nd edition. Teubner, Stuttgart-Leipzig. *Smith, R E (1966) ''Cicero the Statesman.'' Cambridge University Press. * Strachan-Davidson, J. L., (1936) Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic, University of Oxford Press, London. *Taylor, H: (1918) ''Cicero: A sketch of his life and works.'' A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy The ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (''IEP'') is a scholarly online encyclopedia, dealing with philosophy, philosophical topics, and philosophers. The IEP combines open access publication with peer reviewed publication of original p ...

'' * Works by Cicero:
Latin texts of Cicero's works
at University of Zurich's ''Corpus Corporum''

** ** Perseus Project (Latin and English)
Classics Collection (see: M. Tullius Cicero)

Works by Cicero
at the Stoic Therapy eLibrary

The Latin Library ** UAH (Latin, with translation notes)

**

', translated by Walter Miller
Cicero's works
text, concordances and frequency list

* Biographies and descriptions of Cicero's time: ** At Project Gutenberg ***

's biography of Cicero contained in th
''Parallel Lives''
*** ''Life of Cicero'' by Anthony Trollope
Volume I
– Volume II **
''Cicero'' by Rev. W. Lucas Collins (''Ancient Classics for English Readers'')
**
''Roman life in the days of Cicero'' by Rev. Alfred J. Church
**
''Social life at Rome in the Age of Cicero''
by

W. Warde Fowler William Warde Fowler (16 May 1847 – 15 June 1921) was an English historian and ornithologist, and tutor at Lincoln College, Oxford. He was best known for his works on ancient Roman religion. Among his most influential works wa''The Roman F ...

*
At Heraklia website
*

** ttp://community.middlebury.edu/~harris/LatinAuthors/Cicero.html At Middlebury College website
SORGLL: Cicero, In Catilinam I.1–3, read by Robert Sonkowsky
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cicero, Writings Of