Wm. Roger Louis
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William Roger Louis CBE FBA (born May 8, 1936), commonly known as Wm. Roger Louis or, informally, Roger Louis, is an American historian and a professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Louis is the editor-in-chief of ''
The Oxford History of the British Empire ''The Oxford History of the British Empire'' is a five-volume history of the British Empire published by the Oxford University Press in 1998 and 1999. According to the publisher, the series "deals with the interaction of British and non-western s ...
'', a former president of the American Historical Association (AHA), a former chairman of the U.S. Department of State's Historical Advisory Committee, and a founding director of the AHA's National History Center in Washington, D. C.


Early life

Louis was born in Detroit, Michigan, in the United States. His family was from Oklahoma, and he was raised in Oklahoma City.Wm. Roger Louis, "Hinges of Fate," ''Burnt Orange Britannia'' (London: I.B. Tauris, 2005). He attended Northwest Classen High School and was the assistant first horn player in the
Oklahoma City Philharmonic The Oklahoma City Philharmonic is an American symphony orchestra in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. History As is the case with many American symphony orchestras, the Oklahoma City Philharmonic owes a degree of its heritage to two predecessor professi ...
. His parents, Henry Edward Louis and Bena May Flood, were "solidly middle class people who set a strong example of the importance of work, thrift, and family".Roger Adelson, "Interview with William Roger Louis," ''The Historian'' (2000). Louis admits that he is "less religious," but he describes his philosophy in life with the one-liner made famous by
Franklin Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
: "I am a Christian and a
Democrat Democrat, Democrats, or Democratic may refer to: Politics *A proponent of democracy, or democratic government; a form of government involving rule by the people. *A member of a Democratic Party: **Democratic Party (United States) (D) **Democratic ...
. What more does one need in life?" Louis was involved in gymnastics and handball at the local YMCA, which was his first experience with segregation in Oklahoma. He traces his civil rights commitment to that experience.


Education

Louis earned his Bachelor of Arts at the University of Oklahoma (OU), his Master of Arts at Harvard University, and his Doctor of Philosophy at Oxford University. Louis entered OU in 1954 as a Letters major, an honors curriculum that included one ancient and two modern languages, English, history, and philosophy. He spent his second year of college in Freiburg and Paris, where he roomed with Hans-Peter Schwartz, a biographer of Konrad Adenauer, and befriended
Nancy Maginnes Nancy Sharon Kissinger (née Maginnes; born April 13, 1934) is an American philanthropist and socialite, and the wife of former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. The couple married on March 30, 1974, in Arlington, Virginia. Life and caree ...
, the future wife of Henry Kissinger. His time abroad kindled an interest in African and Middle Eastern nationalism. He spent the summer of 1956 in Egypt and was in Cairo when
Gamel Abdel Nasser Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein, . (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the Egyptian revolution of 1952 and introduced far-re ...
announced Egypt's nationalization of the
Suez Canal The Suez Canal ( arz, قَنَاةُ ٱلسُّوَيْسِ, ') is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The long canal is a popular ...
. Louis spent his last two years of college at OU, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa. With the help of OU's Philip Nolan, Louis applied for a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship. He was admitted to Harvard in 1959. The "best of isHarvard education" were the classes with
Rupert Emerson Rupert Emerson (August 20, 1899, in Rye, NY – February 9, 1979, in Cambridge, MA) was a professor of political science and international relations. He served on the faculty of Harvard University for forty-three years and served in various U.S go ...
, who taught nationalism in colonial Africa, and
Barrington Moore, Jr. Barrington Moore Jr. (12 May 1913 – 16 October 2005) was an American political sociology, political sociologist, and the son of forester Barrington Moore, Sr., Barrington Moore. He is well-known for his ''Social Origins of Dictatorship an ...
, who provided an introduction to Karl Marx and Marxist analysis. That was "an approach so radically different from all others that it was a revelation," Louis later wrote. Louis benefited from
Ernest R. May Ernest Richard May (November 19, 1928 – June 1, 2009) was an American historian of international relations, whose 14 published books include analyses of American involvement in World War I and the causes of the Fall of France during World War ...
, who he regards as having "one of the most fertile and inventive minds of all historians I have known." After one year at Harvard, Louis transferred to
St. Antony's College St Antony's College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Founded in 1950 as the result of the gift of French merchant Sir Antonin Besse of Aden, St Antony's specialises in international relations, economi ...
at the University of Oxford.
Arthur Smithies Arthur is a common male given name of Brythonic origin. Its popularity derives from it being the name of the legendary hero King Arthur. The etymology is disputed. It may derive from the Celtic ''Artos'' meaning “Bear”. Another theory, more ...
, the great Australian economist, had told Louis, "If you are really interested in studying Nasser and Africa and all that rot, then you had better go somewhere where they know something about it, which definitely is not Harvard.". Smithies helped Louis get a Marshall Scholarship to Oxford, where he began his studies in 1960. Louis studied under the historians
Margery Perham Dame Margery Freda Perham (6 September 1895 – 19 February 1982) was a British historian of, and writer on, African affairs.The Times, 22 February 1982, page 10. She was known especially for the intellectual force of her arguments in favour of Br ...
, John Andrew Gallagher, and A. J. P. Taylor. Louis said that Taylor was "not only the towering radical historian of our time, but also one of the great writers of the English language."


Academic career

After completing his education, Louis taught courses for eight years at Yale University on comparative imperialism, where there already existed a strong tradition of research on
German colonialism The German colonial empire (german: Deutsches Kolonialreich) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies and territories of the German Empire. Unified in the early 1870s, the chancellor of this time period was Otto von Bismarck. Short-li ...
. Ronald Robinson wrote, "At conference after conference, the circle of Louis' consultants widened with the number of contributors. He made his first major contribution to Imperial history as the grand impresario of symposia.". In 1970, Louis joined the history faculty of the University of Texas at Austin (UT) and became the director of the British Studies Seminar at the
Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center The Harry Ransom Center (until 1983 the Humanities Research Center) is an archive, library and museum at the University of Texas at Austin, specializing in the collection of literary and cultural artifacts from the Americas and Europe for the pur ...
. He has directed
British Studies British studies is the academic study of Britain — its culture, geography and history. Britain is significant as a topic because it was the location of the industrial revolution; the British Empire was large and influential in world histor ...
since 1975, held the Kerr Chair in English History and Culture since 1985, and served as the chairman of the British Scholar Editorial Advisory Board since 2006. Louis was named in February 2009 the "University of Texas Professor of the Year" in recognition of his "unwavering dedication and service" to the students of UT. Louis has been a proponent of area studies, a field that has risen to prominence.


Scholarship, writing, and editing

Louis is best known for his work on the British Empire and focuses mostly on official British imperial policies and decolonization in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East after World War II.


Author

Louis has written a large number of books and articles about the British Empire from 1940 to 1967, particularly concerning the Middle East, the
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
, and the rise of American imperialism in the region. His first major book, ''Imperialism at Bay, 1941–1945'' (1977), covers the contest between British and American officials over the fate of Britain's empire in the postwar world. His second and most famous book, ''The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951'' (1984), traces the critical years of
Clement Attlee Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, (3 January 18838 October 1967) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955. He was Deputy Prime Mini ...
's Labour cabinet when the British government maintained their informal influence in the Middle East with the backing of the United States, which saw the British Empire as a bulwark against the spread of communism.


Editor

While teaching at Yale University, Louis began his career-long practice of collaboratively editing books. Among them was, with
Prosser Gifford Prosser Gifford was a historian, author, and academic administrator. He held various positions at notable academic institutions including the position of first Dean of Faculty at Amherst College. He is probably best known for his work as Director ...
, a series on British and German colonialism in Africa. Another was A. J. P. Taylor's views on the origins of World War II. Later, Louis and
Robert Stookey The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of '' Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory, honou ...
edited a book covering the creation of the state of Israel. Another, with
James Bill James is a common English language surname and given name: * James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (disambigua ...
, revisited the
nationalization of the Iranian oil industry The nationalization of the Iranian oil industry resulted from a movement in the Iranian parliament (Majlis) to seize control of Iran's oil industry, which had been run by private companies, largely controlled by foreign interests. The legislatio ...
in 1951, in response to a movement led by Mohammad Mosaddegh. Yet another, with
Robert Fernea The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of '' Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory, honou ...
, studied the Iraqi revolution of 1958. One of his most enduring edited volumes was ''The Robinson and Gallagher Controversy'' (1976), a short volume that brought together the main lines of debate over the contributions of John Andrew Gallagher and Ronald Robinson to the history of the British Empire. Their scholarly oeuvre remains one of the most important theories about the causes and nature of British imperial expansion. Louis's greatest achievement may be what Robinson described as "a symposia to end all symposia." Louis is the editor-in-chief of ''The Oxford History of the British Empire'', which was funded by the Rhodes Trust and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Published initially in five volumes, it brought together more than 120 historians to cover four centuries of Britain's overseas empire. Multiple reviewers in top academic journals lauded the series as one of the great achievements of the age. One reviewer, the historian
Anthony Low Donald Anthony Low (22 June 1927 – 12 February 2015), known as Anthony Low or D. A. Low, was a historian of modern South Asia, Africa, the British Commonwealth, and, especially, decolonization. He was the Emeritus Smuts Professor of Hi ...
, wrote, "All in all, these five volumes constitute an extraordinary achievement which has brought Roger Louis's dauntingly formidable editorial skills to their apogee.... He has brought the whole enterprise to a conclusion all in one go and in an astonishingly short period of time. Those of us who have organized similar (if very much more modest) ventures can only mop our brows in amazement." The British historian Max Beloff initially and publicly expressed skepticism about a " politically correct" Texan being the editor-in-chief. He later withdrew those criticisms when it became evident in Beloff's mind that Louis had carried through the series with impartiality. Louis is the co-editor of the twentieth century volume (with
Judith M. Brown Judith Margaret Brown (born 9 July 1944) is a British historian, academic and Anglican priest, who specialises in the study of modern South Asia. From 1990 to 2011, she was the Beit Professor of Commonwealth History and a Fellow of Balliol Col ...
) and the author of the "Historiography" introduction to the fifth volume.


Honors and accolades

He won the 1984 George Louis Beer Prize for ''The British Empire in the Middle East''. In 1993, Louis was elected a fellow of the British Academy. The Queen made him a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1999 in recognition of his professional achievements. In 2009, Louis was appointed to a Kluge Chair at the Library of Congress for the 2010 spring semester. In 2011, Louis was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, an independent policy research center founded in 1780 whose early members included George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton, plus its founders John Adams, John Hancock, and James Bowdoin. Louis's early achievements as an historian were commemorated by Ronald Robinson in the ''
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ''The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the history of the British Empire and Commonwealth and comparative European colonial experiences. It was established in 1972 and is issued five time ...
'' in a 1999 article entitled "Wm. Roger Louis and the Official Mind of Decolonization." Louis has been acclaimed by A. J. P. Taylor as his generation's foremost historian of the empire. Alan Bullock has said that Louis is the leading historian of the final phase of the empire. Robinson, one of the most influential of all imperial historians, has written, "Louis takes his place among a handful of writers from Hancock to Harlow to Cain and Hopkins who have given us an original view of a major movement in British imperial history."


Influences

During his time as president of the American Historical Association, Louis wrote an essay entitled
Historians I Have Known
" which discusses the historians who had the most profound impact on his scholarship. Louis included a handful of Oxford historians, each of which were among the most prominent and influential scholars of their generation: A. J. P. Taylor, Margery Perham, Ronald Robinson, John Andrew Gallagher, and Max Beloff. Other influences included
Barrington Moore, Jr. Barrington Moore Jr. (12 May 1913 – 16 October 2005) was an American political sociology, political sociologist, and the son of forester Barrington Moore, Sr., Barrington Moore. He is well-known for his ''Social Origins of Dictatorship an ...
, Ernest R. May, and Arthur Smithies - all of Harvard - and Vincent Harlow, Roger Owen, Christopher Platt, Sarvepalli Gopal, and Albert Hourani, all of Oxford. Louis's scholarship also has been influenced by
J. C. Hurewitz Jacob Coleman Hurewitz (November 11, 1914 – May 16, 2008) was an American political scientist Hurewitz graduated from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut in 1936, then did his graduate work at Columbia, making what was then an unusual deci ...
, a prominent scholar of Israel and Palestine. In the preface to his book ''The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951'', Louis stated, "My views on Arab nationalism and Zionism, and on the United States and the Middle East, have been influenced by the sensitive and dead-on-the-mark observations of J. C. Hurewitz.”


Publications


Books

*''Ruanda-Urundi, 1884–1919'' (1963) *''Great Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies, 1914–1919'' (1967) *(ed., with Prosser Gifford) ''Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule'' (1967) *''E.D. Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement'' (1968) *''British Strategy in the Far East, 1919–1939'' (1971) *(ed., with Prosser Gifford) ''France and Britain in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule'' (1971) *(ed.) ''National Security and International Trusteeship in the Pacific'' (1972) *(ed.) ''The Origins of the Second World War: A. J. P. Taylor and His Critics'' (1972) *(ed.) ''Imperialism: The Robinson and Gallagher Controversy'' (1976) *''Imperialism at Bay, 1941–1945'' (1977) *(ed., with William S. Livingston) ''Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands since the First World War'' (1979) *(ed., with Prosser Gifford) ''The Transfer of Power in Africa: Decolonization, 1940–1960'' (1982) *''The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951'' (1984) *(ed., with Hedley Bull) ''The 'Special Relationship': Anglo-American Relations since 1945'' (1986) *(ed., with Robert W. Stookey) ''The End of the Palestine Mandate'' (1986) *(ed., with Prosser Gifford) ''Decolonization and African Independence: The Transfers of Power, 1960–1980'' (1988) *(ed., with James A. Bill) ''Musaddiq, Iranian Nationalism, and Oil'' (1988) *(ed., with Roger Owen) ''Suez 1956: The Crisis and Its Consequences'' (1989) *(ed., with Robert A. Fernea) ''The Iraqi Revolution of 1958: The Old Social Classes Revisited'' (1991) *''In the Name of God, Go!: Leo Amery and the British Empire in the Age of Churchill'' (1992) *(ed., with Robert Blake) ''Churchill'' (1993) *(ed.) ''Adventures with Britannia'' (1995) *(ed., with Michael Howard) ''The Oxford History of the Twentieth Century'' (1998) *(ed.) ''More Adventures with Britannia'' (1998) *(Editor-in-Chief) ''The Oxford History of the British Empire'' (5 vols. 1998–1999) *(ed., with Ronald Hyam) ''British Documents on the End of Empire: The Conservative Government and the End of Empire, 1957–1964'' (2 parts, 2000) *(ed., with Roger Owen) ''A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958'' (2002) *(ed.) ''Still More Adventures with Britannia'' (2003) *(ed., with S.R. Ashton) ''British Documents on the End of Empire: East of Suez and the Commonwealth, 1964–1971'' (3 parts, 2004) *(General Editor) ''Reinterpreting History: How Historical Assessments Change over Time'' (AHA National History Center and Oxford University Press series, 2004-) *(ed.) ''Yet More Adventures with Britannia'' (2005) *(ed.) ''Burnt Orange Britannia'' (2006) *''Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization: Collected Essays'' (2006) *(ed.) ''Penultimate Adventures with Britannia'' (2007) *(ed.) ''Ultimate Adventures with Britannia'' (2009) *(ed.) ''Resurgent Adventures with Britannia'' (2011) *(ed.) ''The History of Oxford University Press, Volume III: 1896–1970 ''(2013) *(ed.) ''Irrepressible Adventures with Britannia'' (2013) *(ed.) ''Resplendent Adventures with Britannia'' (2015) *(ed.) ''Effervescent Adventures with Britannia'' (2017) *(ed.) ''Serendipitous Adventures with Britannia'' (2019)


Articles and book chapters

Please note that a number of the following titles refer to recently revised versions of these articles as published in Louis's volume of collected essays: ''Ends of British Imperialism'' *"The United States and the African Peace Settlement of 1919: The Pilgrimage of George Louis Beer" (''Journal of African History'', 1963) *"Roger Casement and the Congo" (''Journal of African History'', 1964) *"E. D. Morel and the Triumph of the Congo Reform Association" (''Boston University Papers on Africa'', 1966) *"Australia and the German Colonies in the Pacific During the First World War," ''Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 38, No. 4, December 1966 *"The Repartition of Africa During the First World War" (''American Historical Review'', 1966) *"The Scramble for Africa: Sir Percy Anderson's Grand Strategy" (''English Historical Review'', 1966) *"The Beginning of the Mandates System of the League of Nations" (''International Organization'', 1969) *"The Berlin Congo Conference and the (Non-) Partition of Africa, 1884–1885" (''France and Britain in Africa'', 1971) *"Robinson and Gallagher and Their Critics" (''The Robinson and Gallagher Controversy'', 1976) *"The Road to the Fall of Singapore, 1942: British Imperialism in East Asia in the 1930s" (''The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement'', 1983) *"American Anti-Colonialism, Suez, and the Special Relationship" (''International Affairs'', 1985) *"The Partitions of India and Palestine" (''Warfare, Diplomacy, and Politics: Essays in Honour of A. J. P. Taylor'', 1986) *"The End of the Palestine Mandate" (''The End of the Palestine Mandate'', 1986) *"A Prime Donna with Honour: Eden and Suez" (''Times Literary Supplement'', 31 October 1986) *"Taking the Plunge Into Indian Independence" (''Times Literary Supplement'', 28 August 1987) *"Libya: The Creation of a Client State" (''Decolonization and African Independence: The Transfers of Power, 1960–1980'', 1988) *"The Governing Intellect: L. S. Amery, the British Empire, and Indian Independence" (''Times Literary Supplement'', 26 August 1988) *"Taxing Transfers of Power in Africa" (''Times Literary Supplement'', 10 February 1989) *"An American Volcano in the Middle East: John Foster Dulles and the Suez Crisis" (''John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War'', 1990) *"The Origins of the Iraqi Revolution" (''The Iraqi Revolution of 1958'', 1991) *"The Coming of Independence in the Sudan" (''Margery Perham and British Rule in Africa'', 1991) *"Prelude to Suez: Churchill and Egypt" (''Churchill: A Major New Assessment of His Life in Peace and War'', 1993) *(with Ronald Robinson) "The Imperialism of Decolonization" (''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'', 1994) *"Hong Kong: The Critical Phase, 1945–1949" (''American Historical Review'', 1997) *"The Colonial Empires in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries" (''Oxford History of the Twentieth Century'', 1998) *"The Historiography of the British Empire" (''Oxford History of the British Empire'', Vol. 5, 1999) *"The Middle East Crisis of 1958" (''A Revolutionary Year: The Middle East in 1958'', 2002) *"The Dissolution of the British Empire in the Era of Vietnam" (''American Historical Review'', 2002) *"The Withdrawal from the Gulf" (''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'', 2003) *"Musaddiq, Oil, and the Dilemmas of British Imperialism" (''Ends of British Imperialism'', 2006. Updated from earlier essay in ''Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran'', 2004) *"The Pax Americana: Sir Keith Hancock, the British Empire, and American Expansion" (''English Historical Review'', 2005) *"Suez and Decolonization: Scrambling out of Africa and Asia" (''Ends of British Imperialism'', 2006) *"The British and the French Colonial Empire: Trusteeship and Self-Interest" (''Ends of British Imperialism'', 2006) *"The United Nations and the Suez Crisis: British Ambivalence Towards the Pope on the East River (''Ends of British Imperialism'', 2006) *"Public Enemy Number One: Britain and the United Nations in the Aftermath of Suez" (''The British Empire in the 1950s: Retreat or Revival?'', 2006) * "Introduction: The Evolution of the Press over a Critical Three-Quarters of a Century, from the 1890s to the 1970s" (''The History of Oxford University Press, Volume III: 1896–1970'', 2013) * "Reassessing the History of Oxford University Press, 1896–1970" (''The History of Oxford University Press, Volume III: 1896–1970'', 2013) * "The Waldock Inquiry, 1967–1970" (''The History of Oxford University Press, Volume III: 1896–1970'', 2013)


References


External links


Faculty Profile at the University of Texas at AustinPresidential Address by William Roger Louis at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association on January 4, 2002: ''The Dissolution of the British Empire in the Era of Vietnam"
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Louis, Wm Roger 1936 births Living people University of Oklahoma alumni Harvard University alumni Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford 21st-century American historians 21st-century American male writers Presidents of the American Historical Association University of Texas at Austin faculty Historians of the British Empire Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Fellows of the British Academy Historians of South Asia Historians of the Middle East Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy American male non-fiction writers