William Thornton Rickert Fox
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William Thornton Rickert Fox (January 12, 1912 – October 24, 1988), generally known as William T. R. Fox (or occasionally W. T. R. Fox), was an American
foreign policy A State (polity), state's foreign policy or external policy (as opposed to internal or domestic policy) is its objectives and activities in relation to its interactions with other states, unions, and other political entities, whether bilaterall ...
professor and
international relations International relations (IR), sometimes referred to as international studies and international affairs, is the scientific study of interactions between sovereign states. In a broader sense, it concerns all activities between states—such as ...
theoretician at the
Columbia University Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
(1950–1980,
emeritus ''Emeritus'' (; female: ''emerita'') is an adjective used to designate a retired chair, professor, pastor, bishop, pope, director, president, prime minister, rabbi, emperor, or other person who has been "permitted to retain as an honorary title ...
1980–1988). He is perhaps mostly known as the coiner of the term "
superpower A superpower is a state with a dominant position characterized by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale. This is done through the combined means of economic, military, technological, political and cultural s ...
" in 1944. He wrote several books about the
foreign policy of the United States The officially stated goals of the foreign policy of the United States of America, including all the bureaus and offices in the United States Department of State, as mentioned in the ''Foreign Policy Agenda'' of the Department of State, are ...
of America and the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
(and its predecessor: the
British Empire The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts esta ...
). He was a pioneer in establishing international relations, and the systematic study of statecraft and war, as a major academic discipline. National security policy and an examination of civil-military relations were also focuses of his interests and career. He was the founding director of Columbia's
Institute of War and Peace Studies The Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies (SIWPS) is a research center that is part of Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs in New York. It was founded in 1951 by President of Columbia Dwight D. Eisenho ...
and held the position from 1951–1976.


Early life and early career

Fox was born and grew up in
Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name ...
. He attended
Haverford College Haverford College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Haverford, Pennsylvania. It was founded as a men's college in 1833 by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), began accepting non-Quakers in 1849, and became coeducational ...
, graduating
Phi Beta Kappa The Phi Beta Kappa Society () is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and the most prestigious, due in part to its long history and academic selectivity. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal a ...
with a B.S. in 1932. He then obtained his masters and Ph.D. degrees at the
University of Chicago The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi) is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. Its main campus is located in Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood. The University of Chicago is consistently ranked among the b ...
, in 1934 and 1940, respectively. There he was among a group of students, which also included V. O. Key, Jr. and
David Truman David Bicknell Truman (June 1, 1913 – August 28, 2003) was an American academic who served as the 15th president of Mount Holyoke College from 1969–1978. He is also known for his role as a Columbia University administrator during the Columbia ...
, who studied with the pioneering political scientist Charles E. Merriam. He also studied
international law International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for ...
under
Quincy Wright Philip Quincy Wright (December 28, 1890 – October 17, 1970) was an American political scientist based at the University of Chicago known for his pioneering work and expertise in international law, international relations, and security studies. ...
.
Harold Lasswell Harold Dwight Lasswell (February 13, 1902December 18, 1978) was an American political scientist and communications theorist. He earned his bachelor's degree in philosophy and economics and was a PhD student at the University of Chicago. He was ...
and his approach towards political analysis was the biggest influence on Fox there. He married Annette Baker in 1935, who also became a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and an international relations scholar. They had two children together and sometimes collaborated on academic work as well. Fox initially taught as an instructor at
Temple University Temple University (Temple or TU) is a public state-related research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1884 by the Baptist minister Russell Conwell and his congregation Grace Baptist Church of Philadelphia then called Ba ...
from 1936–41 and
Princeton University Princeton University is a private university, private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the List of Colonial Colleges, fourth-oldest ins ...
from 1941–43. He joined
Yale University Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the wo ...
in 1943 and became an associate professor there in 1946. He was associate director of the
Yale Institute of International Studies The Yale Institute of International Studies was a research institute that was part of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. It was founded in 1935 and was led by directors Nicholas J. Spykman and later Frederick S. Dunn, under whom there wa ...
from 1943 to 1950. The director there,
Frederick S. Dunn Frederick Sherwood Dunn (June 10, 1893 – March 17, 1962) was an American scholar of international law and international relations. After working as a legal officer at the U.S. Department of State, he went into academia and taught at Johns Hop ...
– who held that international relations was "politics in the absence of central authority" – was another important influence on Fox. Fox coined the word "superpower" in his 1944 book ''The Super-Powers: The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace'' to identify a new category of power able to occupy the highest status in a world in which, as the war then raging demonstrated, states could challenge and fight each other on a global scale. According to him, there were (at that moment) three states that were superpowers: the
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
, the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
, and the
British Empire The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts esta ...
. The book forecast the directions that Soviet-American relations would take if the powers did not collaborate, but also made an effort to explore feasible opportunities that leaders might have to forestall that future. Fox was part of the international staff at the 1945
United Nations Conference on International Organization The United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), commonly known as the San Francisco Conference, was a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, Calif ...
, the San Francisco meeting that led to the creation of the
United Nations Charter The Charter of the United Nations (UN) is the foundational treaty of the UN, an intergovernmental organization. It establishes the purposes, governing structure, and overall framework of the UN system, including its six principal organs: the ...
. He was one of the contributors to Bernard Brodie's landmark 1946 volume ''The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order'', where he recognized with Brodie that the future nuclear stand-off between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. would become focused on the fear of mutual destruction, but in his portion explored ways that international agreements to limit or control nuclear weapons might improve matters. Fox came away from his activities during this period convinced that the framing of international relations theory should be around the proposition that, "If man is to have the opportunity to exercise some measure of rational control over his destiny, the limits of the possible and the consequences of the desirable both have to be investigated."


Columbia years and organizational positions

Fox joined the Columbia faculty as a full professor in 1950. Later, he became the James T. Shotwell Professor of International Relations from 1968–72, the Bryce Professor of the History of International Relations from 1972–80, and Bryce Professor Emeritus after that. Upon the request of President of Columbia
Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, ...
, in 1951 Fox became the first director of the university's
Institute of War and Peace Studies The Arnold A. Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies (SIWPS) is a research center that is part of Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs in New York. It was founded in 1951 by President of Columbia Dwight D. Eisenho ...
, a position he would hold for 25 years. Fox said that the new institute would focus on
security studies __NOTOC__ Security studies, also known as international security studies, is an academic sub-field within the wider discipline of international relations that studies organized violence, military conflict, national security, and international s ...
and that its aim was "to find a road to security with the most peace and the least war." Early areas of focus for the institute were
civil–military relations Civil–military relations (Civ-Mil or CMR) describes the relationship between military organizations and civil society, military organizations and other government bureaucracies, and leaders and the military. CMR incorporates a diverse, often n ...
and the
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
and
nuclear strategy Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of nuclear weapons. As a sub-branch of military strategy, nuclear strategy attempts to match nuclear weapons as means to political ends. In additi ...
; these areas, and especially the first, were of particular interest to Fox. Meanwhile, Fox remained focused on developing the academic discipline of
international relations theory International relations theory is the study of international relations (IR) from a theoretical perspective. It seeks to explain causal and constitutive effects in international politics. Ole Holsti describes international relations theories as a ...
and was one of the key influential figures in discussions about that theory during this period. Under the leadership of Fox, the Institute of War and Peace Studies became a viable operation; John A. Krout, dean of the graduate faculty, said after ten years had gone by that the institute had "done a great deal of fine work". One emphasis of the institute was in research, and by 1986 nearly 70 books had been published in connection with the institute. Fox often spent time abroad as a scholar, including in England in 1955, as a
Fulbright Lecturer The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States Cultural Exchange Programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people of ...
at the
Rio Branco Institute The Rio Branco Institute (; Abbreviation: IRBr) is a graduate school of International Relations and diplomatic academy located in Brasília, Brazil. The institute was created on April 18, 1945, as part of the centennial celebration of the birth o ...
and
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro ( pt, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, PUC-Rio) is a Jesuit, Catholic, pontifical university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is the joint responsibility of the Catholic Ar ...
in Brazil in 1966, in Mexico in 1967, and as a visiting research fellow at
Australian National University The Australian National University (ANU) is a public research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton encompasses seven teaching and research colleges, in addition to several national academies and ...
in 1968 and 1979. In addition, he was a visiting professor at
Carleton University Carleton University is an English-language public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1942 as Carleton College, the institution originally operated as a private, non-denominational evening college to serve returning World ...
in Ottawa in 1971, as well as the Claude T. Bissell Visiting Professor of Canadian-American Relations at the
University of Toronto The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution ...
for 1982–83. He saw Canada as an ideal vehicle for studying what was similar and different compared to the U.S. in foreign policy, and in 1985 he published the book ''A Continent Apart: The United States and Canada in World Politics''. He served as a consultant to the
U.S. Department of State The United States Department of State (DOS), or State Department, is an United States federal executive departments, executive department of the Federal government of the United States, U.S. federal government responsible for the country's fore ...
for a number of years, as well as to other governmental agencies, and lectured at the
National War College The National War College (NWC) of the United States is a school in the National Defense University. It is housed in Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C., the third-oldest Army post still active. History The National War Colle ...
and various service branch colleges. Long interested in issues surrounding
NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...
, Fox and his wife
Annette Baker Fox Annette May Baker Fox (1912 – December 26, 2011) was an American international relations scholar, who spent much of her career at Columbia University's Institute of War and Peace Studies. She was a pioneer in the academic study of small powers ...
published ''NATO and the Range of American Choice'' in 1967, which analyzed the range of reactions to the evolution of NATO and the American role within it. Fox also worked on behalf of the
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency The U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) was an independent agency of the United States government that existed from 1961 to 1999. Its mission was to strengthen United States national security by "formulating, advocating, negotiating, ...
, addressing issues related to the security of Western Europe. In a 1967 address to the one of the
World Affairs Councils of America The World Affairs Councils of America is a network of 93 autonomous and nonpartisan councils across 40 states. History The World Affairs Councils of America was founded in 1918. It is the largest nonprofit international affairs organization in ...
, Fox said that NATO "seems superfluous because it is working ... it is in part a victim of its own success." During his career, Fox described himself as a " pragmatic meliorist" who believed in the possibility of improving how international relations were conducted and in highlighting the normative meanings of domestic and world policies. Former colleague and dean
David Truman David Bicknell Truman (June 1, 1913 – August 28, 2003) was an American academic who served as the 15th president of Mount Holyoke College from 1969–1978. He is also known for his role as a Columbia University administrator during the Columbia ...
later said, "He was an impressive scholar with a tremendous range. He was interested in the whole political scene, not just international relations, and was always full of ideas about how to do things better." One of his longtime courses at Columbia was called "Systematic World Politics"; as it evolved, its reading list gave more space to issues such as
imperialism Imperialism is the state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas, often through employing hard power (economic and ...
,
International inequality International inequality refers to inequality between countries, as compared to global inequality, which is inequality between people across countries. International inequality research has primarily been concentrated on the rise of internati ...
, and limited global resources, but always focused at the end upon the range of choices for future world orders. Towards the end of his career at Columbia, he developed an explicit focus on moral concerns and human rights, giving courses such as "Means and Ends in International Relations" and "Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy". He was the first managing editor of the journal ''
World Politics The terms "world politics" or "global politics" may refer to: *Geopolitics, the study of the effects of geography on politics and International Relations (IR) *Global politics, a discipline of political science which focuses on political globalizati ...
'', a position he held from 1948 to 1953. Under his guidance it became the preeminent journal in its field, and his system of commissioning review articles for it endured past his time there. He remained a member of its editorial board through 1978. He was also an advisory board member of the ''
Journal of International Affairs The ''Journal of International Affairs'' is a biannual academic journal covering foreign affairs. It is edited by graduate students at the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University. It was established in 1947 as a nonprofit ...
'' from 1952 until 1988. In addition, he was a founding editor of the journal ''
International Organization An international organization or international organisation (see spelling differences), also known as an intergovernmental organization or an international institution, is a stable set of norms and rules meant to govern the behavior of states an ...
''. Fox was president of the
International Studies Association The International Studies Association (ISA) is a US-based professional association for scholars and practitioners in the field of international studies. Founded in 1959, ISA has been headquartered at the University of Connecticut in Storrs since ...
(ISA) in 1972–73. In addition, he was a former vice president of the
American Political Science Association The American Political Science Association (APSA) is a professional association of political science students and scholars in the United States. Founded in 1903 in the Tilton Memorial Library (now Tilton Hall) of Tulane University in New Orleans, ...
. He also chaired a committee for research on national security policy in the
Social Science Research Council The Social Science Research Council (SSRC) is a US-based, independent, international nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing research in the social sciences and related disciplines. Established in Manhattan in 1923, it today maintains a he ...
from 1953 to 1964. The conferences it sponsored under Fox's guidance aided the development of the field and gave those starting in the field as sense of intellectual community. Fox was also a fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and ...
. Fox and his wife were residents of the Riverside neighborhood of
Greenwich, Connecticut Greenwich (, ) is a New England town, town in southwestern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. At the 2020 United States Census, 2020 census, the town had a total population of 63,518. The largest town on Connecticut's Gold Coast (Conne ...
for four decades and he was active in the First Congregational Church of Old Greenwich. He died at Greenwich Hospital of heart disease on October 24, 1988, having suffered a heart attack and been hospitalized two months earlier.


Legacy

In 1991, ''The Evolution of Theory in International Relations'', a Festschrift-like collection of essays in honor of William T. R. Fox, was published, many of which had been featured in the special Spring/Summer 1990 issue of ''
Journal of International Affairs The ''Journal of International Affairs'' is a biannual academic journal covering foreign affairs. It is edited by graduate students at the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University. It was established in 1947 as a nonprofit ...
''. Edited by Robert L. Rothstein, it featured contributions from
Kenneth N. Waltz Kenneth Neal Waltz (; June 8, 1924 – May 12, 2013) was an American political scientist who was a member of the faculty at both the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field of ...
,
Robert Jervis Robert Jervis (April 30, 1940 – December 9, 2021) was an American political scientist who was the Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics in the Department of Political Science at Columbia University. Jervis was co-editor of the ...
, Glenn H. Snyder,
Louis Henkin Louis Henkin (November 11, 1917 – October 14, 2010), widely considered one of the most influential contemporary scholars of international law and the foreign policy of the United States, who was "often credited with creating the field of human ...
,
Ernst B. Haas Ernst Bernard Haas (1924 – March 6, 2003) was a German-American political scientist who made numerous contributions to theoretical discussions in the field of international relations. He was a leading authority on international relations the ...
, and others, as well as a preface from his wife,
Annette Baker Fox Annette May Baker Fox (1912 – December 26, 2011) was an American international relations scholar, who spent much of her career at Columbia University's Institute of War and Peace Studies. She was a pioneer in the academic study of small powers ...
. In her essay, Professor Elizabeth C. Hanson said that, "Bill Fox helped to shape international relations as a major academic field and to demonstrate the relevance of its theoretical investigations to policy making." She went on to describe his contributions as a professor and colleague, writing that, "Fox's influence as teacher and mentor on the discipline of international relations was enormous. Scores of students who participated in his seminars now fill high academic or policy-making positions." Many of the "Great Debates" in international relations theory happened during this era. But Fox's non-dogmatic approach meant there was a wide range of intellectual diversity and scholarly approach among his students and mentees. In other settings, the scholar Lucja Swiatkowski Cannon wrote that Fox "was a U.S. pioneer in establishing the systematic study of statecraft and war as an academic discipline." Another scholar, James McAllister, noted that Fox's influence at Columbia's Institute of War and Peace Studies was being felt well after his death. Two-time
National Security Advisor A national security advisor serves as the chief advisor to a national government on matters of security. The advisor is not usually a member of the government's cabinet but is usually a member of various military or security councils. National sec ...
Brent Scowcroft Brent Scowcroft (; March 19, 1925August 6, 2020) was a United States Air Force officer who was a two-time United States National Security Advisor, first under U.S. President Gerald Ford and then under George H. W. Bush. He served as Military Assi ...
recalled of his time at Columbia's graduate school in the early 1950s, "My guiding star was William T. R. Fox, who had a really fine strategic mind, and I was fortunate to have him to guide me. ... he's probably the one person who stands out in my mind as having shaped the way I thought." The British international relations scholar Michael Cox mentioned Fox as one of the "giants" of international relations theory, along with
Hans Morgenthau Hans Joachim Morgenthau (February 17, 1904 – July 19, 1980) was a German-American jurist and political scientist who was one of the major 20th-century figures in the study of international relations. Morgenthau's works belong to the tradition o ...
,
Paul Nitze Paul Henry Nitze (January 16, 1907 – October 19, 2004) was an American politician who served as United States Deputy Secretary of Defense, U.S. Secretary of the Navy, and Director of Policy Planning for the U.S. State Department. He is best k ...
,
Arnold Wolfers Arnold Oscar Wolfers (June 14, 1892July 16, 1968) was a Swiss-American lawyer, economist, historian, and international relations scholar, most known for his work at Yale University and for being a pioneer of classical international relations re ...
, and
Reinhold Niebuhr Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was an American Reformed theologian, ethicist, commentator on politics and public affairs, and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years. Niebuhr was one of America ...
.


Notable students

*
Kenneth N. Waltz Kenneth Neal Waltz (; June 8, 1924 – May 12, 2013) was an American political scientist who was a member of the faculty at both the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University and one of the most prominent scholars in the field of ...
* Glenn H. Snyder *
Warner R. Schilling Warner Roller Schilling (May 23, 1925 – October 20, 2013) was an American political scientist and international relations scholar at Columbia University (1954–1957, 1958–1996, emeritus 1997–2013), where he was the James T. Shotwell Professo ...
*
Morton Kaplan Morton A. Kaplan (May 9, 1921 – September 26, 2017) was Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science, Emeritus, at the University of Chicago. He was also President of the Professors World Peace Academy International; and Editor of the Wor ...
*
William Kaufmann William Weed Kaufmann (November 10, 1918 – December 14, 2008) was an American nuclear strategist and adviser to seven defense secretaries, who advocated for a shift from the strategy of massive retaliation against the Soviet Union in the ...
*
Lucian Pye Lucian W. Pye (; October 21, 1921 – September 5, 2008) was an American Political science, political scientist, Sinology, sinologist and comparative politics expert considered one of the leading China scholars in the United States. Educated at C ...
*
Roger Hilsman Roger Hilsman Jr. (November 23, 1919 – February 23, 2014) was an American soldier, government official, political scientist, and author. He saw action in the China-Burma-India Theater of World War II, first with Merrill's Marauders, getting wo ...
*
Brent Scowcroft Brent Scowcroft (; March 19, 1925August 6, 2020) was a United States Air Force officer who was a two-time United States National Security Advisor, first under U.S. President Gerald Ford and then under George H. W. Bush. He served as Military Assi ...
*
Amos Jordan Amos Azariah Jordan (February 11, 1922 – June 7, 2018) was an American brigadier general in the United States Army and senior fellow at the Wheatley Institution of Brigham Young University. He was formerly the CEO of the Center for Strategic a ...
*
Michael Armacost Michael Hayden Armacost (born April 15, 1937) is a retired American diplomat and a fellow at Stanford University's Freeman Spogli Institute. He was acting United States Secretary of State during the early days of the administration of President ...
*
Michael Nacht Michael Leonard Nacht (born September 1, 1942) is an American government official and an author of five books and 70 journal articles. Born in New York City, Nacht graduated from Christopher Columbus High School in 1959. He earned a B.S. degree ...
* Richard N. Gardner * Samuel P. Huntington * Robert Rothstein


Published works

;Books *''The Super-Powers: The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace'' (Harcourt Brace, 1944) *''The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order'' (Harcourt Brace, 1946)
Bernard_Brodie,_Frederick_S._Dunn.html" "title="o-author with Bernard Brodie, Frederick S. Dunn">Frederick Sherwood Dunn Frederick Sherwood Dunn (June 10, 1893 – March 17, 1962) was an American scholar of international law and international relations. After working as a legal officer at the U.S. Department of State, he went into academia and taught at Johns Hop ...
,
Arnold Wolfers Arnold Oscar Wolfers (June 14, 1892July 16, 1968) was a Swiss-American lawyer, economist, historian, and international relations scholar, most known for his work at Yale University and for being a pioneer of classical international relations re ...
, Percy Ellwood Corbett] *''Theoretical Aspects of International Relations'' (University of Notre Dame Press, 1959) [editor] *''The American Study of International Relations'' (University of South Carolina Press, 1968) [compilation of previously published journal articles] *''NATO and the Range of American Choice'' (Columbia University Press, 1967) [co-author with
Annette Baker Fox Annette May Baker Fox (1912 – December 26, 2011) was an American international relations scholar, who spent much of her career at Columbia University's Institute of War and Peace Studies. She was a pioneer in the academic study of small powers ...
] * ''American Arms and a Changing Europe: Dilemmas of Deterrence and Disarmament'' (Columbia University Press, 1973) [co-author with
Warner R. Schilling Warner Roller Schilling (May 23, 1925 – October 20, 2013) was an American political scientist and international relations scholar at Columbia University (1954–1957, 1958–1996, emeritus 1997–2013), where he was the James T. Shotwell Professo ...
, Catherine M. Kelleher, and Donald J. Puchala] * ''European Security and the Atlantic System'' (Columbia University Press, 1973) [co-editor with
Warner R. Schilling Warner Roller Schilling (May 23, 1925 – October 20, 2013) was an American political scientist and international relations scholar at Columbia University (1954–1957, 1958–1996, emeritus 1997–2013), where he was the James T. Shotwell Professo ...
] *''A Continent Apart: The United States and Canada in World Politics (Bissell Lectures, 1982–3)'' (University of Toronto Press, 1985) ;Selected articles *"Competence of Courts in Regard to 'Non-Sovereign' Acts of Foreign States", ''American Journal of International Law'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Oct., 1941), pp. 632–640. *"The Super-Powers at San Francisco", in ''The Review of Politics'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (1946), pp. 115–127. *"Interwar International Relations Research: The American Experience", in ''World Politics'', Vol. 2, No. 1 (1949), pp. 67–79. *''Britain and America in the Era of Total Diplomacy'', Center of International Studies, Princeton University, 1952 [report, co-author with
Annette Baker Fox Annette May Baker Fox (1912 – December 26, 2011) was an American international relations scholar, who spent much of her career at Columbia University's Institute of War and Peace Studies. She was a pioneer in the academic study of small powers ...
] *"Civilians, Soldiers, and American Military Policy", in ''World Politics'', Vol. 7, No. 3 (1955), pp. 402–418. *"The Teaching of International Relations in the United States", in ''World Politics'', Vol. 13, No. 3 (1961), pp. 339–359 [co-author with
Annette Baker Fox Annette May Baker Fox (1912 – December 26, 2011) was an American international relations scholar, who spent much of her career at Columbia University's Institute of War and Peace Studies. She was a pioneer in the academic study of small powers ...
] *"Representativeness and Efficiency Dual Problem of Civil-Military Relations", in ''Political Science Quarterly'', Vol. 76, No. 3 (Sep., 1961), pp. 354–366. *"Science, Technology and International Politics", in ''International Studies Quarterly'', Vol. 12, No. 1. (Mar., 1968), pp. 1–15. *"'The Truth Shall Make You Free': One Student's Appreciation of Quincy Wright", in ''The Journal of Conflict Resolution'', Vol. 14, No. 4. (Dec., 1970), pp. 449–452. *"The Problems of War Termination: The Causes of Peace and Conditions of War", in ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 392, How Wars End. (Nov., 1970), pp. 1–13.


Further reading

* ''Recalling William T. R. Fox'', by Colleagues, Friends, and Former Students, Institute of War and Peace Studies, Columbia University, New York (tribute book published 1990)


References


External links


Finding aid to the William T.R. and Annette Fox papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fox, William Thornton Rickert 1912 births 1988 deaths Haverford College alumni University of Chicago alumni Temple University faculty Princeton University faculty Yale University faculty Columbia University faculty People from Chicago People from Riverside, Connecticut American political scientists International relations scholars American Congregationalists 20th-century political scientists