Wiener's Tauberian Theorem
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mathematical analysis Analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with continuous functions, limit (mathematics), limits, and related theories, such as Derivative, differentiation, Integral, integration, measure (mathematics), measure, infinite sequences, series (m ...
, Wiener's tauberian theorem is any of several related results proved by
Norbert Wiener Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American mathematician and philosopher. He was a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). A child prodigy, Wiener later became an early researcher i ...
in 1932. They provide a necessary and sufficient condition under which any
function Function or functionality may refer to: Computing * Function key, a type of key on computer keyboards * Function model, a structured representation of processes in a system * Function object or functor or functionoid, a concept of object-oriente ...
in or can be approximated by linear combinations of
translations Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. The English language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between ''transla ...
of a given function.see . Informally, if the
Fourier transform A Fourier transform (FT) is a mathematical transform that decomposes functions into frequency components, which are represented by the output of the transform as a function of frequency. Most commonly functions of time or space are transformed, ...
of a function vanishes on a certain set , the Fourier transform of any linear combination of translations of also vanishes on . Therefore, the linear combinations of translations of can not approximate a function whose Fourier transform does not vanish on . Wiener's theorems make this precise, stating that linear combinations of translations of are
dense Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the substance's mass per unit of volume. The symbol most often used for density is ''ρ'' (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter ''D'' can also be used. Mathematically ...
if and only if In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, "if and only if" (shortened as "iff") is a biconditional logical connective between statements, where either both statements are true or both are false. The connective is bicondi ...
the
zero set In mathematics, a zero (also sometimes called a root) of a real-, complex-, or generally vector-valued function f, is a member x of the domain of f such that f(x) ''vanishes'' at x; that is, the function f attains the value of 0 at x, or equi ...
of the Fourier transform of is
empty Empty may refer to: ‍ Music Albums * ''Empty'' (God Lives Underwater album) or the title song, 1995 * ''Empty'' (Nils Frahm album), 2020 * ''Empty'' (Tait album) or the title song, 2001 Songs * "Empty" (The Click Five song), 2007 * ...
(in the case of ) or of
Lebesgue measure In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, the Lebesgue measure, named after French mathematician Henri Lebesgue, is the standard way of assigning a measure to subsets of ''n''-dimensional Euclidean space. For ''n'' = 1, 2, or 3, it coincides wit ...
zero (in the case of ).
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reformulated Wiener's theorem in terms of commutative C*-algebras, when it states that the spectrum of the L1 group ring L1(R) of the
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R of
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s is the dual group of R. A similar result is true when R is replaced by any
locally compact abelian group In several mathematical areas, including harmonic analysis, topology, and number theory, locally compact abelian groups are abelian groups which have a particularly convenient topology on them. For example, the group of integers (equipped with the ...
.


The condition in

Let be an
integrable function In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that describes displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data. The process of finding integrals is called integration. Along with ...
. The
span Span may refer to: Science, technology and engineering * Span (unit), the width of a human hand * Span (engineering), a section between two intermediate supports * Wingspan, the distance between the wingtips of a bird or aircraft * Sorbitan ester ...
of translations  =  is dense in if and only if the Fourier transform of has no real zeros.


Tauberian reformulation

The following statement is equivalent to the previous result, and explains why Wiener's result is a
Tauberian theorem In mathematics, Abelian and Tauberian theorems are theorems giving conditions for two methods of summing divergent series to give the same result, named after Niels Henrik Abel and Alfred Tauber. The original examples are Abel's theorem showing th ...
: Suppose the Fourier transform of has no real zeros, and suppose the
convolution In mathematics (in particular, functional analysis), convolution is a operation (mathematics), mathematical operation on two function (mathematics), functions ( and ) that produces a third function (f*g) that expresses how the shape of one is ...
tends to zero at infinity for some . Then the convolution tends to zero at infinity for any . More generally, if : \lim_ (f*h)(x) = A \int f(x) \,dx for some the Fourier transform of which has no real zeros, then also : \lim_ (g*h)(x) = A \int g(x) \,dx for any .


Discrete version

Wiener's theorem has a counterpart in : the span of the translations of is dense if and only if the Fourier transform :\varphi(\theta) = \sum_ f(n) e^ \, has no real zeros. The following statements are equivalent version of this result: * Suppose the Fourier transform of has no real zeros, and for some bounded sequence the convolution tends to zero at infinity. Then also tends to zero at infinity for any . * Let be a function on the
unit circle In mathematics, a unit circle is a circle of unit radius—that is, a radius of 1. Frequently, especially in trigonometry, the unit circle is the circle of radius 1 centered at the origin (0, 0) in the Cartesian coordinate system in the Eucl ...
with absolutely convergent Fourier series. Then has absolutely convergent Fourier series if and only if has no zeros. showed that this is equivalent to the following property of the
Wiener algebra In mathematics, the Wiener algebra, named after Norbert Wiener and usually denoted by , is the space of absolutely convergent Fourier series. Here denotes the circle group. Banach algebra structure The norm of a function is given by :\, f\, =\s ...
, which he proved using the theory of
Banach algebra In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a Banach algebra, named after Stefan Banach, is an associative algebra A over the real or complex numbers (or over a non-Archimedean complete normed field) that at the same time is also a Banach spa ...
s, thereby giving a new proof of Wiener's result: * The
maximal ideal In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, a maximal ideal is an ideal that is maximal (with respect to set inclusion) amongst all ''proper'' ideals. In other words, ''I'' is a maximal ideal of a ring ''R'' if there are no other ideals cont ...
s of are all of the form ::M_x = \left\, \quad x \in \mathbb.


The condition in

Let be a
square-integrable function In mathematics, a square-integrable function, also called a quadratically integrable function or L^2 function or square-summable function, is a real- or complex-valued measurable function for which the integral of the square of the absolute value i ...
. The span of translations  =  is dense in if and only if the real zeros of the Fourier transform of form a set of zero Lebesgue measure. The parallel statement in is as follows: the span of translations of a sequence is dense if and only if the zero set of the Fourier transform :\varphi(\theta) = \sum_ f(n) e^ has zero Lebesgue measure.


Notes


References

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External links

*{{eom, id=W/w097950, title=Wiener Tauberian theorem, first=A.I., last=Shtern Real analysis Harmonic analysis Tauberian theorems