Westhoek (; ;
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
for "west corner") or Maritime
Flanders
Flanders (, ; Dutch: ''Vlaanderen'' ) is the Flemish-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. However, there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to cultu ...
(french: Flandre maritime) is a region in
Belgium
Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...
and France and includes the following areas:
#Belgian Westhoek ( nl, Belgische Westhoek, link=no) including the
West Flanders
)
, settlement_type = Province of Belgium
, image_flag = Flag of West Flanders.svg
, flag_size =
, image_shield = Wapen van West-Vlaanderen.svg
, shield_size =
, image_map ...
of
Diksmuide,
Ypres
Ypres ( , ; nl, Ieper ; vls, Yper; german: Ypern ) is a Belgian city and municipality in the province of West Flanders. Though
the Dutch name is the official one, the city's French name is most commonly used in English. The municipality c ...
, and
Veurne
Veurne (; french: Furnes, italic=no, ) is a City status in Belgium, city and Municipalities in Belgium, municipality in the Belgium, Belgian Provinces of Belgium, province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises the town of Veurne proper an ...
including the cities of
Veurne
Veurne (; french: Furnes, italic=no, ) is a City status in Belgium, city and Municipalities in Belgium, municipality in the Belgium, Belgian Provinces of Belgium, province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises the town of Veurne proper an ...
,
Poperinge
Poperinge (; french: Poperinghe, ; vls, Poperienge) is a city and municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders, Flemish Region, and has a history going back to medieval times. The municipality comprises the town of Poperinge pr ...
,
Wervik
Wervik (; french: Wervicq, ; vls, Wervik; la, Viroviacum) is a city and municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises the city of Wervik and the town of Geluwe. On January 1, 2014, Wervik had a total p ...
,
Ypres
Ypres ( , ; nl, Ieper ; vls, Yper; german: Ypern ) is a Belgian city and municipality in the province of West Flanders. Though
the Dutch name is the official one, the city's French name is most commonly used in English. The municipality c ...
,
De Panne,
Langemark-Poelkapelle
Langemark-Poelkapelle () is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders.
Geography
Other places in the municipality include Bikschote, Langemark and Poelkapelle. On January 1, 2006, Langemark-Poelkapelle had a total populati ...
,
Diksmuide and
Koekelare. However, the three Belgian coast municipalities of De Panne,
Koksijde
Koksijde (; french: Coxyde ; vls, Koksyde) is a town and a municipality in Belgium. It is located on the North Sea coast in the southwest of the Flemish province of West Flanders.
The municipality comprises apart from Koksijde, the villages of ...
, and
Nieuwpoort are frequently considered a separate region known as the Belgian or Flemish West Coast ().
#French Westhoek (french: Westhoek français, link=no; nl, Franse Westhoek, link=no), roughly the of
Dunkirk, including the cities of
Dunkirk,
Gravelines
Gravelines (, ; ; ) is a commune in the Nord department in Northern France. It lies at the mouth of the river Aa southwest of Dunkirk. It was formed in the 12th century around the mouth of a canal built to connect Saint-Omer with the sea. As ...
, and
Hazebrouck
Hazebrouck (, nl, Hazebroek, , vls, Oazebroeke) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France. It was a small market town in Flanders until it became an important railway junction in the 1860s. West Flemish was the usual language until 1 ...
, itself part of a larger area known as
French Flanders
French Flanders (french: La Flandre française) is a part of the historical County of Flanders in present-day France where a dialect of Dutch language, Dutch was or still is traditionally spoken. The region lies in the modern-day region of Hauts ...
.
Outside Dutch-language sources, Westhoek sometimes refers only to French Westhoek.
French Westhoek
Geography
French Westhoek is the northern part of
French Flanders
French Flanders (french: La Flandre française) is a part of the historical County of Flanders in present-day France where a dialect of Dutch language, Dutch was or still is traditionally spoken. The region lies in the modern-day region of Hauts ...
, lying between the river
Lys and the
North Sea
The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. An epeiric sea, epeiric sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the ...
on the Franco-Belgian border. It nearly corresponds with the
''Arrondissement'' of
Dunkirk (the northwestern quarter of the
Department of
Nord) but with the some areas of the arrondissement falling outside Westhoek while some areas of traditional Westhoek lie in the neighbouring Department of
Pas-de-Calais.
French Westhoek consists of three natural regions:
#
Blootland (Dutch for "naked land") or the Maritime Plain (French: ''Plaine maritime'') including Dunkirk,
Bourbourg
Bourbourg (; ) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is situated in the maritime plain of northern France, in the middle of a triangle formed by Dunkirk, Calais, and Saint-Omer.
Population
In 1945 Bourbourg absorbed the fo ...
,
Bergues
Bergues (; nl, Sint-Winoksbergen; vls, Bergn) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
It is situated to the south of Dunkirk and from the Belgian border. Locally it is referred to as "the other Bruges in Flanders". Bergues ...
, and
Hondschoote
Hondschoote (; from Dutch; ''Hondschote'' in the modern Dutch spelling) is a commune of the Nord ''département'', in northern France.
Heraldry
Geography
Hondschoote borders Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. It lies 12 km f ...
#
Houtland (Dutch for "woodland"), including
Wormhout
Wormhout (; before 1975: ''Wormhoudt''; vls, Wormout) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. Several people in Wormhout still speak West Flemish, a local dialect of Dutch and the traditional language of the region, while Frenc ...
,
Cassel, Hazebrouck, and part of
Bailleul
#The
Lys Valley (French: ''Vallée de la Lys'' or ''Plaine de la Lys''; Dutch: ''Leiedal'') including
Merville,
Steenwerck, and part of
Bailleul
Language
The traditional language of French Westhoek is a
Dutch dialect
Dutch dialects are primarily the dialects that are both cognate with the Dutch language and are spoken in the same language area as the Dutch standard language. Dutch dialects are remarkably diverse and are found in the Netherlands and northern ...
called
West Flemish
West Flemish (''West-Vlams'' or ''West-Vloams'' or ''Vlaemsch'' (in French-Flanders), nl, West-Vlaams, french: link=no, flamand occidental) is a collection of Dutch dialects spoken in western Belgium and the neighbouring areas of France and ...
, the French subdialect of which is known as
French Flemish
French Flemish (French Flemish: , Standard Dutch: , french: flamand français) is a West Flemish dialect spoken in the north of contemporary France. Place names attest to Flemish having been spoken since the 8th century in the part of Fland ...
. It was once the dominant language of the region, but a long-time policy of
Francization
Francization (in American English, Canadian English, and Oxford English) or Francisation (in other British English), Frenchification, or Gallicization is the expansion of French language use—either through willful adoption or coercion—by more ...
, starting with the introduction of French as the language of education in 1853, has led to the replacement of Dutch with French in the region. Of the population of the approximately 380,000 inhabitants of French Westhoek, there are now between 10,000 and 20,000 daily speakers of West Flemish, many of whom live in the arrondissement and city of Dunkirk, and twice as many who occasionally use the dialect. Flemish was recently recognised as a
regional language of France but there are no bilingual street signs and French remains the only official language in the area.
File:Blootland localization.jpg, Blootland country localization in France viewed by NASA Shuttle radar-imaging
File:France Flanders language-en.svg, Westhoek map with historical language divisions and Dutch toponyms
File:Picquendal.JPG, A street sign in Merck-Saint-Liévin
Merck-Saint-Liévin (; pcd, Merck-Saint-Lévin; vls, Sint-Lievens-Merk) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.
Geography
Merck-Saint-Liévin lies about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Saint- ...
, showing Germanic influence in local toponyms. The name Picquendal corresponds to the modern Dutch ''Piekendal''.
The French Flemish dialect has had significant influence on local
toponym
Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of '' toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types. Toponym is the general term for a proper name of ...
s. For example, the French Westhoek towns of Robecq and Dunkirk are derived from the Flemish names of ''Robeke'' and ''Duinkerke''.
Sources and references
Ethnologue Report for West Flemishdetailed overview
{{coord, 50, 54, N, 2, 36, E, region:FR, display=title
Geography of Nord (French department)
Geography of West Flanders
Regions of Flanders
Areas of Belgium
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of France
French Flanders