Works By Michael Crichton

John Michael Crichton (; October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author and filmmaker. His books have sold over 200 million copies worldwide, and over a dozen have been adapted into films. His literary works heavily feature technology and are usually within the science fiction, techno-thriller, and medical fiction genres. His novels often explore technology and failures of human interaction with it, especially resulting in catastrophes with biotechnology. Many of his novels have medical or scientific underpinnings, reflecting his medical training and scientific background.

Crichton received an M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1969 but did not practice medicine, choosing to focus on his writing instead. Initially writing under a pseudonym, he eventually wrote 26 novels, including: '' The Andromeda Strain'' (1969), ''The Terminal Man'' (1972), '' The Great Train Robbery'' (1975), ''Congo'' (1980), ''Sphere'' (1987), ''Jurassic Park'' (1990), '' Rising Sun'' (1992), '' Disclosure'' (1994), ''The Lost World'' (1995), ''Airframe'' (1996), ''Timeline'' (1999), ''Prey'' (2002), '' State of Fear'' (2004), and ''Next'' (2006). Several novels, in various states of completion, were published after his death in 2008.

Crichton was also involved in the film and television industry. In 1973, he wrote and directed '' Westworld'', the first film to utilize 2D computer-generated imagery. He also directed: ''Coma'' (1978), '' The First Great Train Robbery'' (1978), '' Looker'' (1981), and ''Runaway'' (1984). He was the creator of the television series '' ER'' (1994–2009), and several of his novels were adapted into films, most notably the ''Jurassic Park'' franchise.

Crichton was criticized for his contrarian position on scientific issues, most notably his views on climate change.

Life

Early life

John Michael Crichton was born on October 23, 1942, in Chicago, Illinois, to John Henderson Crichton, a journalist, and Zula Miller Crichton, a homemaker. He was raised on Long Island, in Roslyn, New York, and he showed a keen interest in writing from a young age; at 14, he had an article about a trip he took to Sunset Crater published in ''The New York Times''.

Crichton later recalled, "Roslyn was another world. Looking back, it's remarkable what wasn't going on. There was no terror. No fear of children being abused. No fear of random murder. No drug use we knew about. I walked to school. I rode my bike for miles and miles, to the movie on Main Street and piano lessons and the like. Kids had freedom. It wasn't such a dangerous world... We studied our butts off, and we got a tremendously good education there."

Crichton had always planned on becoming a writer and began his studies at Harvard College in 1960. During his undergraduate study in literature, he conducted an experiment to expose a professor who he believed was giving him abnormally low marks and criticizing his literary style. Informing another professor of his suspicions, Crichton submitted an essay by George Orwell under his own name. The paper was returned by his unwitting professor with a mark of "B−". He later said, "Now Orwell was a wonderful writer, and if a B-minus was all he could get, I thought I'd better drop English as my major." His differences with the English department led Crichton to switch his undergraduate concentration. He obtained his bachelor's degree in biological anthropology ''summa cum laude'' in 1964 and was initiated into the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He received a Henry Russell Shaw Traveling Fellowship from 1964 to 1965 and was a visiting lecturer in anthropology at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom in 1965. Crichton later enrolled at Harvard Medical School. Crichton later said "about two weeks into medical school I realized I hated it. This isn't unusual since everyone hates medical school – even happy, practicing physicians."

Pseudonymous novels (1965–1968)

In 1965, while at Harvard Medical School, Crichton wrote a novel, ''Odds On''. "I wrote for furniture and groceries", he said later. ''Odds On'' is a 215-page paperback novel which describes an attempted robbery in an isolated hotel on Costa Brava. The robbery is planned scientifically with the help of a critical path analysis computer program, but unforeseen events get in the way. Crichton submitted it to Doubleday, where a reader liked it but felt it was not for the company. Doubleday passed it on to New American Library, which published it in 1966. Crichton used the pen name John Lange because he planned to become a doctor and did not want his patients to worry he would use them for his plots. The name came from culltural anthropologist Andrew Lang. Crichton added an "e" to the surname and substituted his own real first name, John, for Andrew. The novel was successful enough to lead to a series of John Lange novels. Film rights were sold in 1969, but no movie resulted.

The second Lange novel, '' Scratch One'' (1967), relates the story of Roger Carr, a handsome, charming, privileged man who practices law, more as a means to support his playboy lifestyle than a career. Carr is sent to Nice, France, where he has notable political connections, but is mistaken for an assassin and finds his life in jeopardy. Crichton wrote the book while traveling through Europe on a travel fellowship. He visited the Cannes Film Festival and Monaco Grand Prix, and then decided, "any idiot should be able to write a potboiler set in Cannes and Monaco", and wrote it in eleven days. He later described the book as "no good". His third John Lange novel, '' Easy Go'' (1968), is the story of Harold Barnaby, a brilliant Egyptologist who discovers a concealed message while translating hieroglyphics informing him of an unnamed pharaoh whose tomb is yet to be discovered. Crichton later said the book earned him $1,500 () . Crichton later said: "My feeling about the Lange books is that my competition is in-flight movies. One can read the books in an hour and a half, and be more satisfactorily amused than watching Doris Day. I write them fast and the reader reads them fast and I get things off my back."

Crichton's fourth novel was '' A Case of Need'' (1968), a medical thriller. The novel had a different tone from the Lange books; accordingly, Crichton used the pen name "Jeffery Hudson", based on Sir Jeffrey Hudson, a 17th-century dwarf in the court of queen consort Henrietta Maria of England. The novel would prove a turning point in Crichton's future novels, in which technology is important in the subject matter, although this novel was as much about medical practice. The novel earned him an Edgar Award in 1969. He intended to use the "Jeffery Hudson" for other medical novels but ended up using it only once. It would later be adapted into the film '' The Carey Treatment'' (1972).

Pseudonyms

*John Lange
*Jeffery Hudson
*Michael Douglas

Early novels and screenplays (1969–1974)

Crichton says after he finished his third year of medical school: "I stopped believing that one day I'd love it and realised that what I loved was writing." He began publishing book reviews under his name. In 1969, Crichton wrote a review for ''The New Republic'' (as J. Michael Crichton), critiquing '' Slaughterhouse-Five'' by Kurt Vonnegut. He also continued to write Lange novels: '' Zero Cool'' (1969), dealt with an American radiologist on vacation in Spain who is caught in a murderous crossfire between rival gangs seeking a precious artifact. ''The Venom Business'' (1969) relates the story of a smuggler who uses his exceptional skill as a snake handler to his advantage by importing snakes to be used by drug companies and universities for medical research.

The first novel that was published under Crichton's name was '' The Andromeda Strain'' (1969), which proved to be the most important novel of his career and established him as a bestselling author. The novel documented the efforts of a team of scientists investigating a deadly extraterrestrial microorganism that fatally clots human blood, causing death within two minutes. Crichton was inspired to write it after reading '' The IPCRESS File'' by Len Deighton while studying in England. Crichton says he was "terrifically impressed" by the book – "a lot of ''Andromeda'' is traceable to ''Ipcress'' in terms of trying to create an imaginary world using recognizable techniques and real people." He wrote the novel over three years. The novel became an instant hit, and film rights were sold for $250,000. It was adapted into a 1971 film by director Robert Wise.

During his clinical rotations at the Boston City Hospital, Crichton grew disenchanted with the culture there, which appeared to emphasize the interests and reputations of doctors over the interests of patients. He graduated from Harvard, obtaining an MD in 1969, and undertook a post-doctoral fellowship study at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, from 1969 to 1970. He never obtained a license to practice medicine, devoting himself to his writing career instead. Reflecting on his career in medicine years later, Crichton concluded that patients too often shunned responsibility for their own health, relying on doctors as miracle workers rather than advisors. He experimented with astral projection, aura viewing, and clairvoyance, coming to believe that these included real phenomena that scientists had too eagerly dismissed as paranormal.

Three more Crichton books under pseudonyms were published in 1970. Two were Lange novels, '' Drug of Choice'' and '' Grave Descend''. ''Grave Descend'' earned him an Edgar Award nomination the following year. There was also '' Dealing: or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues'' written with his younger brother Douglas Crichton. ''Dealing'' was written under the pen name "Michael Douglas", using their first names. Crichton wrote it "completely from beginning to end". Then his brother rewrote it from beginning to end, and then Crichton rewrote it again. This novel was made into a movie in 1972. Around this time Crichton also wrote and sold an original film script, ''Morton's Run''. He also wrote the screenplay ''Lucifer Harkness in Darkness''.

Aside from fiction, Crichton wrote several other books based on medical or scientific themes, often based upon his own observations in his field of expertise. In 1970, he published '' Five Patients'', which recounts his experiences of hospital practices in the late 1960s at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. The book follows each of five patients through their hospital experience and the context of their treatment, revealing inadequacies in the hospital institution at the time. The book relates the experiences of Ralph Orlando, a construction worker seriously injured in a scaffold collapse; John O'Connor, a middle-aged dispatcher suffering from fever that has reduced him to a delirious wreck; Peter Luchesi, a young man who severs his hand in an accident; Sylvia Thompson, an airline passenger who suffers chest pains; and Edith Murphy, a mother of three who is diagnosed with a life-threatening disease. In ''Five Patients'', Crichton examines a brief history of medicine up to 1969 to help place hospital culture and practice into context, and addresses the costs and politics of American healthcare. In 1974, he wrote a pilot script for a medical series, " 24 Hours", based on his book '' Five Patients'', however, networks were not enthusiastic.

As a personal friend of the artist Jasper Johns, Crichton compiled many of his works in a coffee table book, published as '' Jasper Johns''. It was originally published in 1970 by Harry N. Abrams, Inc. in association with the Whitney Museum of American Art and again in January 1977, with a second revised edition published in 1994. The psychiatrist Janet Ross owned a copy of the painting ''Numbers'' by Jasper Johns in Crichton's later novel ''The Terminal Man''. The technophobic antagonist of the story found it odd that a person would paint numbers as they were inorganic.

In 1972, Crichton published his last novel as John Lange: ''Binary'', relates the story of a villainous middle-class businessman, who attempts to assassinate the President of the United States by stealing an army shipment of the two precursor chemicals that form a deadly nerve agent.

''The Terminal Man'' (1972), is about a psychomotor epileptic sufferer, Harry Benson, who, in regularly suffering seizures followed by blackouts, conducts himself inappropriately during seizures, waking up hours later with no knowledge of what he has done. Believed to be psychotic, he is investigated and electrodes are implanted in his brain. The book continued the preoccupation in Crichton's novels with machine-human interaction and technology. The novel was adapted into a 1974 film directed by Mike Hodges and starring George Segal. Crichton was hired to adapt his novel ''The Terminal Man'' into a script by Warner Bros. The studio felt he had departed from the source material too much and had another writer adapt it for the 1974 film.

ABC TV wanted to buy the film rights to Crichton's novel ''Binary''. The author agreed on the provision that he could direct the film. ABC agreed provided someone other than Crichton wrote the script. The result, '' Pursuit'' (1972) was a ratings success. Crichton then wrote and directed the 1973 low-budget science fiction western-thriller film '' Westworld'' about robots that run amok, which was his feature film directorial debut. It was the first feature film using 2D computer-generated imagery (CGI). The producer of ''Westworld'' hired Crichton to write an original script, which became the erotic thriller '' Extreme Close-Up'' (1973). Directed by Jeannot Szwarc, the movie disappointed Crichton.

Period novels and directing (1975–1988)

In 1975, Crichton wrote '' The Great Train Robbery'', which would become a bestseller. The novel is a recreation of the Great Gold Robbery of 1855, a massive gold heist, which takes place on a train traveling through Victorian era England. A considerable portion of the book was set in London. Crichton had become aware of the story when lecturing at the University of Cambridge. He later read the transcripts of the court trial and started researching the historical period.

In 1976, Crichton published ''Eaters of the Dead'', a novel about a 10th-century Muslim who travels with a group of Vikings to their settlement. ''Eaters of the Dead'' is narrated as a scientific commentary on an old manuscript and was inspired by two sources. The first three chapters retell Ahmad ibn Fadlan's personal account of his journey north and his experiences in encountering the Rus', a Varangian tribe, whilst the remainder is based upon the story of Beowulf, culminating in battles with the 'mist-monsters', or 'wendol', a relict group of Neanderthals.

Crichton wrote and directed the suspense film ''Coma'' (1978), adapted from the 1977 novel of the same name by Robin Cook, a friend of his. There are other similarities in terms of genre and the fact that both Cook and Crichton had medical degrees, were of similar age, and wrote about similar subjects. The film was a popular success. Crichton then wrote and directed an adaptation of his own book, '' The Great Train Robbery'' (1978), starring Sean Connery and Donald Sutherland. The film would go on to be nominated for Best Cinematography Award by the British Society of Cinematographers, also garnering an Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Motion Picture by the Mystery Writers Association of America.

In 1979 it was announced that Crichton would direct a movie version of his novel ''Eaters of the Dead'' for the newly formed Orion Pictures. This did not occur. Crichton pitched the idea of a modern day ''King Solomon's Mines'' to 20th Century Fox who paid him $1.5 million for the film rights to the novel, a screenplay and directorial fee for the movie, before a word had been written. He had never worked that way before, usually writing the book then selling it. He eventually managed to finish the book, titled ''Congo'', which became a best seller. Crichton did the screenplay for ''Congo'' after he wrote and directed '' Looker'' (1981). ''Looker'' was a financial disappointment. Crichton came close to directing a film of ''Congo'' with Sean Connery, but the film did not happen. Eventually a film version was made in 1995 by Frank Marshall.

In 1984, Telarium released a graphic adventure based on ''Congo''. Because Crichton had sold all adaptation rights to the novel, he set the game, named ''Amazon'', in South America, and Amy the gorilla became Paco the parrot. That year Crichton also wrote and directed ''Runaway'' (1984), a police thriller set in the near future which was a box office disappointment.

Crichton had begun writing ''Sphere'' in 1967 as a companion piece to '' The Andromeda Strain''. His initial storyline began with American scientists discovering a 300-year-old spaceship underwater with stenciled markings in English. However, Crichton later realized that he "didn't know where to go with it" and put off completing the book until a later date. The novel was published in 1987. It relates the story of psychologist Norman Johnson, who is required by the U.S. Navy to join a team of scientists assembled by the U.S. Government to examine an enormous alien spacecraft discovered on the bed of the Pacific Ocean, and believed to have been there for over 300 years. The novel begins as a science fiction story, but rapidly changes into a psychological thriller, ultimately exploring the nature of the human imagination. The novel was adapted into the 1998 film directed by Barry Levinson and starring Dustin Hoffman.

Crichton worked as a director only on '' Physical Evidence'' (1989), a thriller originally conceived as a sequel to '' Jagged Edge''.

In 1988, Crichton was a visiting writer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

A book of autobiographical writings, '' Travels'' was published in 1988.

''Jurassic Park'' and subsequent works (1989–1999)

In 1990, Crichton published the novel ''Jurassic Park''. Crichton utilized the presentation of " fiction as fact", used in his previous novels, ''Eaters of the Dead'' and ''The Andromeda Strain''. In addition, chaos theory and its philosophical implications are used to explain the collapse of an amusement park in a "biological preserve" on Isla Nublar, a fictional island to the west of Costa Rica. The novel began as a screenplay Crichton wrote in 1983, about a graduate student who recreates a dinosaur. Eventually, given his reasoning that genetic research is expensive and "there is no pressing need to create a dinosaur", Crichton concluded that it would emerge from a "desire to entertain", leading to a wildlife park of extinct animals. Originally, the story was told from the point of view of a child, but Crichton changed it as everyone who read the draft felt it would be better if told by an adult.

Crichton originally had conceived a screenplay about a graduate student who recreates a dinosaur, but decided to put off exploring his fascination with dinosaurs and cloning until he began writing the novel. Steven Spielberg learned of the novel in October 1989 while he and Crichton were discussing a screenplay that would become the television series '' ER''. Before the book was published, Crichton demanded a non-negotiable fee of $1.5 million as well as a substantial percentage of the gross. Warner Bros. and Tim Burton, Sony Pictures Entertainment and Richard Donner, and 20th Century Fox and Joe Dante bid for the rights,Joseph McBride (writer), Joseph McBride (1997). ''Steven Spielberg''. Faber and Faber, 416–9. but Universal eventually acquired the rights in May 1990 for Spielberg.DVD Production Notes Universal paid Crichton a further $500,000 to adapt his own novel, which he had completed by the time Spielberg was filming ''Hook (film), Hook''. Crichton noted that, because the book was "fairly long", his script only had about 10% to 20% of the novel's content. The Jurassic Park (film), film, directed by Spielberg, was released in 1993.

In 1992, Crichton published the novel '' Rising Sun'', an international bestselling crime thriller about a murder in the Los Angeles headquarters of Nakamoto, a fictional Japanese corporation. The book was adapted into the Rising Sun (film), 1993 film directed by Philip Kaufman and starring Sean Connery and Wesley Snipes, released the same year as the adaptation of ''Jurassic Park''.Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher
"A thriller not to carry on your next plane trip".
''The New York Times'', December 5, 1996.

His next novel, '' Disclosure'', published in 1994, addresses the theme of sexual harassment previously explored in his 1972 ''Binary''. Unlike that novel however, Crichton centers on sexual politics in the workplace, emphasizing an array of paradoxes in traditional gender functions by featuring a male protagonist who is being sexually harassed by a female executive. As a result, the book has been criticized harshly by feminist commentators and accused of anti-feminism. Crichton, anticipating this response, offered a rebuttal at the close of the novel which states that a "role-reversal" story uncovers aspects of the subject that would not be seen as easily with a female protagonist. The novel was made into a Disclosure (1994 film), film the same year, directed by Barry Levinson and starring Michael Douglas and Demi Moore.

Crichton was the creator and an executive producer of the television drama '' ER'' based on his 1974 pilot script ''24 Hours''. Spielberg helped develop the show, serving as an executive producer on season one and offering advice (he insisted on Julianna Margulies becoming a regular, for example). It was also through Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment that John Wells (TV producer), John Wells was contacted to be the show's executive producer.

Crichton then published ''The Lost World'' in 1995 as the sequel to ''Jurassic Park''. The title was a reference to Arthur Conan Doyle's ''The Lost World (Doyle novel), The Lost World'' (1912). It was made into the The Lost World: Jurassic Park, 1997 film two years later, again directed by Spielberg. In March 1994, Crichton said there would probably be a sequel novel as well as a film adaptation, stating that he had an idea for the novel's story.

Then, in 1996, Crichton published ''Airframe'', an aero-techno-thriller. The book continued Crichton's overall theme of the failure of humans in human-machine interaction, given that the plane worked perfectly and the accident would not have occurred had the pilot reacted properly.

He also wrote ''Twister (1996 film), Twister'' (1996) with Anne-Marie Martin, his wife at the time.

In 1999, Crichton published ''Timeline'', a science fiction novel in which experts time travel back to the medieval period. The novel, which continued Crichton's long history of combining technical details and action in his books, addresses quantum physics and time travel directly and received a warm welcome from medieval scholars, who praised his depiction of the challenges in studying the Middle Ages. In 1999, Crichton founded Timeline Computer Entertainment with David A. Smith (computer scientist), David Smith. Despite signing a multi-title publishing deal with Eidos Interactive, only one game was ever published, ''Timeline (video game), Timeline''. Released by Eidos Interactive on November 10, 2000, for the PC, the game received negative reviews. A Timeline (2003 film), 2003 film based on the book was directed by Richard Donner and starring Paul Walker, Gerard Butler and Frances O'Connor.

''Eaters of the Dead'' was adapted into the 1999 film ''The 13th Warrior'' directed by John McTiernan, who was later removed, with Crichton himself taking over direction of reshoots.

Final novels and later life (2000–2008)

In 2002, Crichton published ''Prey'', about developments in science and technology, specifically nanotechnology. The novel explores relatively recent phenomena engendered by the work of the scientific community, such as: artificial life, emergence (and by extension, complexity), genetic algorithms, and intelligent agent, agent-based computing.
In 2004, Crichton published '' State of Fear'', a novel concerning eco-terrorism, eco-terrorists who attempt mass murder to support their views. Global warming serves as a central theme to the novel. A review in ''Nature (journal), Nature'' found the novel "likely to mislead the unwary". The novel had an initial print run of 1.5 million copies and reached the No. 1 bestseller position at Amazon.com and No. 2 on The New York Times Best Seller list, ''The New York Times'' Best Seller list for one week in January 2005.Michael Crichton's "Scientific Method"
. James Hansen.

The last novel published while he was still living was ''Next'' in 2006. The novel follows many characters, including Genetically modified organism, transgenic animals, in the quest to survive in a world dominated by genetic research, corporate greed, and legal interventions, wherein government and private investors spend billions of dollars every year on genetic research.

In 2006, Crichton clashed with journalist Michael Crowley (journalist), Michael Crowley, a senior editor of the magazine ''The New Republic''. In March 2006, Crowley wrote a strongly critical review of ''State of Fear'', focusing on Crichton's stance on global warming.Crowley, Michael
"Cock and Bull"
. ''The New Republic''. December 25, 2006. In the same year, Crichton published the novel ''Next'', which contains a minor character named "Mick Crowley", who is a Yale graduate and a Washington, D.C.–based political columnist. The character was portrayed as a child molester Small penis rule, with a small penis. The character does not appear elsewhere in the book. The real Crowley, also a Yale graduate, alleged that by including a Tuckerization, similarly named character Crichton had libeled him.

Posthumous works

Several novels that were in various states of completion upon Crichton's death have since been published. The first, ''Pirate Latitudes'', was found as a manuscript on one of his computers after his death. It centers on a fictional privateer who attempts to raid a Spanish galleon. It was published in November 2009 by HarperCollins.

Additionally, Crichton had completed the outline for and was roughly a third of the way through a novel titled ''Micro (novel), Micro'', a novel which centers on technology that shrink ray, shrinks humans to microscopic sizes. ''Micro'' was completed by Richard Preston using Crichton's notes and files, and was published in November 2011.

On July 28, 2016, Crichton's website and HarperCollins announced the publication of a third posthumous novel, titled ''Dragon Teeth'', which he had written in 1974. It is a historical novel set during the Bone Wars, and includes the real life characters of Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope. The novel was released in May 2017.

In addition, some of his published works are being continued by other authors. On February 26, 2019, Crichton's website and HarperCollins announced the publication of ''The Andromeda Evolution'', the sequel to '' The Andromeda Strain'', a collaboration with CrichtonSun LLC. and author Daniel H. Wilson. It was released on November 12, 2019.

It was later announced that his unpublished works will be adapted into TV shows and movies in collaboration with CrichtonSun and Range Media Partners.

On December 15, 2022, it was announced that James Patterson will coauthor a novel about a mega-eruption of Hawaii’s Mauna Loa volcano, based on an unfinished manuscript by Crichton. It is set to be published in 2024.

Scientific and legal career

Video games and computing

In 1983, Crichton wrote ''Electronic Life'', a book that introduces BASIC programming language, BASIC computer programming, programming to its readers. The book, written like a glossary, with entries such as: "Afraid of Computers (everybody is)", "Buying a Computer" and "Computer Crime", was intended to introduce the idea of personal computers to a reader who might be faced with the hardship of using them at work or at home for the first time. It defined basic computer jargon and assured readers that they could master the machine when it inevitably arrived. In his words, being able to program a computer is liberation: "In my experience, you assert control over a computer—show it who's the boss—by making it do something unique. That means programming it. ... If you devote a couple of hours to programming a new machine, you'll feel better about it ever afterward." In the book, Crichton predicts a number of events in the history of computer development, that computer networks would increase in importance as a matter of convenience, including the sharing of information and pictures that we see online today which the telephone never could. He also makes predictions for computer games, dismissing them as "the hula hoops of the '80s", and saying "already there are indications that the mania for twitch games may be fading." In a section of the book called "Microprocessors, or how I flunked biostatistics at Harvard", Crichton again seeks his revenge on the teacher who had given him abnormally low grades in college. Within the book, Crichton included many self-written demonstrative Applesoft BASIC, Applesoft (for Apple II) and Microsoft BASICA, BASICA (for IBM PC compatibles) programs.

''Amazon'' is a graphical adventure game created by Crichton and produced by John Wells. Trillium Corporation, Trillium released it in the United States in 1984, and the game runs on Apple II, Atari 8-bit, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and DOS. ''Amazon'' sold more than 100,000 copies, making it a significant commercial success at the time. It featured plot elements similar to those previously used in ''Congo''.

Crichton started a company selling a computer program he had originally written to help him create budgets for his movies. He often sought to utilize computing in films, such as ''Westworld'', which was the first film to employ computer-generated special effects. He also pushed Spielberg to include them in the ''Jurassic Park'' films. For his pioneering use of computer programs in film production he was awarded the Academy Award for Technical Achievement in 1995.

Intellectual property cases

In November 2006, at the National Press Club (United States), National Press Club in Washington, D.C., Crichton joked that he considered himself an expert in intellectual property law. He had been involved in several lawsuits with others claiming credit for his work.

In 1985, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit heard ''Berkic v. Crichton'', 761 F.2d 1289 (1985). Plaintiff Ted Berkic wrote a screenplay called ''Reincarnation Inc.'', which he claims Crichton plagiarized for the movie ''Coma''. The court ruled in Crichton's favor, stating the works were not substantially similar.

In the 1996 case, ''Williams v. Crichton'', 84 F.3d 581 (2d Cir. 1996), Geoffrey Williams claimed that ''Jurassic Park'' violated his copyright covering his dinosaur-themed children's stories published in the late 1980s. The court granted summary judgment in favor of Crichton.

In 1998, A United States District Court in Missouri heard the case of ''Kessler v. Crichton'' that actually went all the way to a jury trial, unlike the other cases. Plaintiff Stephen Kessler claimed the movie ''Twister (1996 film), Twister'' (1996) was based on his work ''Catch the Wind''. It took the jury about 45 minutes to reach a verdict in favor of Crichton. After the verdict, Crichton refused to shake Kessler's hand.

Crichton later summarized his intellectual property legal cases: "I always win."

Global warming

Crichton became well known for Climate change denial, attacking the Scientific consensus on climate change, science behind global warming. He testified on the subject before Congress in 2005.

His views would be contested by a number of scientists and commentators. An example is meteorologist Jeffrey Masters's review of Crichton's 2004 novel '' State of Fear'':

Peter Doran, author of the paper in the January 2002 issue of ''Nature (journal), Nature'', which reported the finding referred to above that some areas of Antarctica had cooled between 1986 and 2000, wrote an opinion piece in the July 27, 2006, ''The New York Times'' in which he stated "Our results have been misused as 'evidence' against global warming by Michael Crichton in his novel ''State of Fear''." Al Gore said on March 21, 2007, before a U.S. House committee: "The planet has a fever. If your baby has a fever, you go to the doctor ... if your doctor tells you you need to intervene here, you don't say 'Well, I read a science fiction novel that tells me it's not a problem'." Several commentators have interpreted this as a reference to ''State of Fear''.

Literary technique and style

Crichton's novels, including ''Jurassic Park'', have been described by ''The Guardian'' as "harking back to the fantasy adventure fiction of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Jules Verne, Edgar Rice Burroughs, and Edgar Wallace, but with a contemporary spin, assisted by cutting-edge technology references made accessible for the general reader". According to ''The Guardian'', "Michael Crichton wasn't really interested in characters, but his innate talent for storytelling enabled him to breathe new life into the science fiction thriller". Like ''The Guardian'', ''The New York Times'' has also noted the boys' adventure quality to his novels interfused with modern technology and science. According to ''The New York Times'',

Crichton's works were frequently cautionary tale, cautionary; his plots often portrayed scientific advancements going awry, commonly resulting in worst-case scenarios. A notable recurring theme in Crichton's plots is the pathological (mathematics), pathological failure of complex systems and their safeguards, whether biological (''Jurassic Park''), militaristic/organizational ('' The Andromeda Strain''), technological (''Airframe''), or cybernetics, cybernetic ('' Westworld''). This theme of the inevitable breakdown of "perfect" systems and the failure of "fail-safe measures" strongly can be seen in the poster for ''Westworld'', whose slogan was, "Where nothing can possibly go worng" , and in the discussion of chaos theory in ''Jurassic Park''. His 1973 movie ''Westworld'' contains one of the earlier references to a computer virus and the first mention of the concept of a computer virus in a movie. Crichton believed, however, that his view of technology had been misunderstood as

The use of author surrogate was a feature of Crichton's writings from the beginning of his career. In '' A Case of Need'', one of his pseudonymous whodunit stories, Crichton used first-person narrative to portray the hero, a Bostonian pathologist, who is running against the clock to clear a friend's name from medical malpractice in a girl's death from a hack-job abortion.

Crichton has used the literary technique known as the false document. ''Eaters of the Dead'' is a "recreation" of the Old English language, Old English epic'' Beowulf'' presented as a scholarly translation of Ahmad ibn Fadlan's 10th century manuscript. '' The Andromeda Strain'' and'' Jurassic Park ''incorporate fictionalized scientific documents in the form of diagrams, computer output, DNA sequences, footnotes, and bibliography. ''The Terminal Man'' and '' State of Fear'' include authentic published scientific works which illustrate the premise point.

Crichton often employs the premise of diverse experts or specialists assembled to tackle a unique problem requiring their individual talents and knowledge. The premise was used for ''The Andromeda Strain'', ''Sphere'', ''Jurassic Park'', and, to a lesser extent, ''Timeline''. Sometimes the individual characters in this dynamic work in the private sector and are suddenly called upon by the government to form an immediate response team once some incident or discovery triggers their mobilization. This premise or plot device has been imitated and used by other authors and screenwriters in several books, movies and television shows since.

Personal life

As an adolescent Crichton felt isolated because of his height (6 ft 9 in, or 206 cm). During the 1970s and 1980s, he consulted psychics and enlightenment gurus to make him feel more socially acceptable and to improve his karma. As a result of these experiences, Crichton practiced meditation throughout much of his life. He is often regarded as a Deism, deist; however, he never publicly confirmed this. When asked in an online Q&A if he were a spiritual person, Crichton responded with: "Yes, but it is difficult to talk about."

Crichton was a workaholic. When drafting a novel, which would typically take him six or seven weeks, Crichton withdrew completely to follow what he called "a structured approach" of ritualistic self-denial. As he neared writing the end of each book, he would rise increasingly early each day, meaning that he would sleep for less than four hours by going to bed at 10 p.m. and waking at 2 am.

In 1992, Crichton was ranked among ''People (magazine), People'' magazine's 50 most beautiful people.

He married five times. Four of the marriages ended in divorce with: Joan Radam (1965–1970), Kathleen St. Johns (1978–1980), Suzanna Childs (1981–1983) and actress Anne-Marie Martin (1987–2003), the mother of his daughter Taylor Anne (born 1989). At the time of his death, Crichton was married to Sherri Alexander (married 2005), who was six months pregnant with their son, John Michael Todd Crichton, born on February 12, 2009.

Illness and death

According to Crichton's brother Douglas, Crichton was diagnosed with lymphoma in early 2008. In accordance with the private way in which Crichton lived, his cancer was not made public until his death. He was undergoing chemotherapy treatment at the time of his death, and Crichton's physicians and relatives had been expecting him to recover. He died at age 66 on November 4, 2008.

Crichton had an extensive collection of 20th-century American art, which Christie's auctioned in May 2010.

Reception

Science fiction novels

Most of Crichton's novels address issues emerging in scientific research fields. In a number of his novels (''Jurassic Park'', ''The Lost World'', ''Next'', ''Congo''), genomics plays an important role. Usually, the drama revolves around the sudden eruption of a scientific crisis, revealing the disruptive impacts new forms of knowledge and technology may have, as is stated in ''The Andromeda Strain'', Crichton's first science fiction novel: "This book recounts the five-day history of a major American scientific crisis" (1969, p. 3) or ''The Terminal Man'' where unexpected behaviors are realized when electrodes are implanted into a person's brain.

Awards

* Mystery Writers of America's Edgar Award, Edgar Allan Poe Award, Best Novel, 1969 – '' A Case of Need''
* Association of American Medical Writers Award, 1970
* Mystery Writers of America's Edgar Award, Edgar Allan Poe Award, Best Motion Picture, 1980 – '' The Great Train Robbery''
* Named to the list of the People Magazine's 100 Most Beautiful People, "Fifty Most Beautiful People" by People (American magazine), ''People'' magazine, 1992
* Golden Plate Award of the Academy of Achievement, American Academy of Achievement, 1992
* Academy Award for Technical Achievement, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Technical Achievement Award, 1994
* Writers Guild of America Award, Best Long Form Television Script of 1995 (The Writer Guild list the award for 1996)
* Peabody Award, George Foster Peabody Award, 1994 – '' ER''
* Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, 1996 – '' ER''
* Ankylosaur named ''Crichtonsaurus bohlini'', 2002
* American Association of Petroleum Geologists Journalism Award, 2006

Speeches

Crichton was also a popular public speaker. He delivered a number of notable speeches in his lifetime, particularly on the topic of Global Warming.

"Intelligence Squared debate"

On March 14, 2007, Intelligence Squared held a debate in New York City titled ''Global Warming Is Not a Crisis'', moderated by Brian Lehrer. Crichton was on the ''for the motion'' side with Richard Lindzen and Philip Stott against Gavin Schmidt, Richard Somerville, and Brenda Ekwurzel. Before the debate, the audience was largely on the 'against the motion' side (57% vs. 30%, with 13% undecided). At the end of the debate, there was a notable shift in the audience vote to prefer 'for the motion' side (46% vs. 42%, with 12% undecided), leaving the debate with the conclusion that Crichton's group won. Even though Crichton inspired a lot of blog responses and it was considered one of his best rhetorical performances, reception of his message was mixed.

Other speeches

"Mediasaurus: The Decline of Conventional Media"

In a speech delivered at the National Press Club (USA), National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on April 7, 1993, Crichton predicted the decline of mainstream media.

"Ritual Abuse, Hot Air, and Missed Opportunities: Science Views Media"

The AAAS invited Crichton to address scientists' concerns about how they are portrayed in the media, delivered to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Anaheim, California on January 25, 1999.

"Environmentalism as Religion"

This was not the first discussion of environmentalism as a religion, but it caught on and was widely quoted. Crichton explains his view that religious approaches to the environment are inappropriate and cause damage to the natural world they intend to protect. The speech was delivered to the Commonwealth Club of California, Commonwealth Club in San Francisco, California on September 15, 2003.

"Science Policy in the 21st century"

Crichton outlined several issues before a joint meeting of liberal and conservative think tanks. The speech was delivered at American Enterprise Institute, AEI–Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. on January 25, 2005.

"The Case for Skepticism on Global Warming"

On January 25, 2005, at the National Press Club (USA), National Press Club in Washington, D.C., Crichton delivered a detailed explanation of why he criticized the consensus view on global warming. Using published UN data, he argued that claims for catastrophic warming arouse doubt; that reducing CO₂ is vastly more difficult than is commonly presumed; and why societies are morally unjustified in spending vast sums on a speculative issue when people around the world are dying of starvation and disease.

"Caltech Michelin Lecture"

"Aliens Cause Global Warming" January 17, 2003. In the spirit of his science fiction writing, Crichton details research on nuclear winter and SETI Drake equations relative to global warming science.

"Testimony before the United States Senate"

Crichton was invited to testify before the Senate in September 2005, as an "expert witness on global warming". The speech was delivered to the Committee on Environment and Public Works in Washington, D.C.

"Complexity Theory and Environmental Management"

In previous speeches, Crichton criticized environmental groups for failing to incorporate complexity theory and organizations, complexity theory. Here he explains in detail why complexity theory is essential to environmental management, using the history of Yellowstone Park as an example of what not to do. The speech was delivered to the Washington Center for Complexity and Public Policy in Washington, D.C. on November 6, 2005.

"Genetic Research and Legislative Needs"

While writing ''Next'', Crichton concluded that laws covering genetic research desperately needed to be revised, and spoke to congressional staff members about problems ahead. The speech was delivered to a group of legislative staffers in Washington, D.C. on September 14, 2006.

"Why Speculate?"

In a speech in 2002, Crichton coined the term ''Gell-Mann amnesia effect'', after physicist Murray Gell-Mann. He used this term to describe the phenomenon of experts believing news articles on topics outside of their fields of expertise, even after acknowledging that articles written in the same publication that are within the experts' fields of expertise are error-ridden and full of misunderstanding:

Legacy

In 2002, a genus of ankylosaurid, ''Crichtonsaurus, Crichtonsaurus bohlini'', was named in his honor. This species was concluded to be dubious however, and some of the diagnostic fossil material was then transferred into the new binomial ''Crichtonsaurus, Crichtonpelta benxiensis'', also named in his honor. His properties continue to be adapted into films, making him the 20th highest grossing story creator of all time.

Works

References

General and cited references

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External links

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Musings on Michael Crichton — News and Analysis on his Life and Works
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Michael Crichton Obituary
Associated Press. ''Chicago Sun-Times''
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Michael Crichton
bibliography on the Internet Book List

Complete bibliography and cover gallery of the first editions

Comprehensive listing and info on Michael Crichton's complete works

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