![Withania somnifera00](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Withania_somnifera00.jpg)
''Withania somnifera'', known commonly as ashwagandha or winter cherry,
is an evergreen shrub in the
Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and orn ...
or nightshade family that grows in India, the Middle East, and parts of Africa. Several other species in the genus ''Withania'' are morphologically similar.
[
Although used in ]herbalism
Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern reme ...
and sold as a dietary supplement, there is insufficient scientific evidence that it is safe or effective for treating any health condition or disease.[
]
Description
This species is a short, tender shrub growing tall. Tomentose
Trichomes (); ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a pl ...
branches extend radially from a central stem. Leaves are dull green, elliptic, usually up to long. The flowers are small, green and bell-shaped. The ripe fruit is orange-red.[
]
Etymology
The Latin species name means "sleep-inducing". The name "ashwagandha" is a combination of the Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
words , meaning horse, and , meaning smell, reflecting that the root has a strong horse-like odor.[
]
Cultivation
''Withania somnifera'' is cultivated in many of the drier regions of India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
. It is also found in Nepal
Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne,
सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mai ...
, Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
, and Yemen
Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, north and ...
. It prefers dry stony soil with sun to partial shade. To propagate it can be grown from seed in the early spring, or from greenwood cuttings in the later spring.
Diseases and pests
''Withania somnifera'' is prone to several pests and diseases. Leaf spot disease caused by ''Alternaria alternata
''Alternaria alternata'' is a fungus which has been recorded causing leaf spot and other diseases on over 380 host species of plant. It is an opportunistic pathogen on numerous hosts causing leaf spots, rots and blights on many plant parts.
It ...
'' is the most prevalent disease, which occurs in a severe form in Punjab
Punjab (; Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising ...
, Haryana
Haryana (; ) is an Indian state located in the northern part of the country. It was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 Nov 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 21st in terms of area, with less than 1.4% () of India's land ar ...
, and Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh (; ; "Snow-laden Mountain Province") is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the thirteen mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several peaks ...
. A decline in the concentration of its secondary metabolite
Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the norm ...
s occurs by leaf spot disease. A treehopper
Treehoppers (more precisely typical treehoppers to distinguish them from the Aetalionidae) and thorn bugs are members of the family Membracidae, a group of insects related to the cicadas and the leafhoppers. About 3,200 species of treehoppers i ...
feeds on the apical
Apical means "pertaining to an apex". It may refer to:
*Apical ancestor, refers to the last common ancestor of an entire group, such as a species (biology) or a clan (anthropology)
*Apical (anatomy), an anatomical term of location for features loc ...
portions of the stem, making them rough and woody in appearance and brown in colour.
The carmine red spider mite (''Tetranychus urticae'') is the most prevalent pest of the plant in India. In recent years, this plant has been serving as a new reservoir host for an invasive mealybug
Mealybugs are insects in the family (biology), family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm habitats. Many species are considered pest (animal), pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and sub ...
species ''Phenacoccus
''Phenacoccus'' is a genus of mealybugs in the family Pseudococcidae. There are at least 180 described species in ''Phenacoccus''.
See also
* List of Phenacoccus species
References
External links
*
Articles created by Qbugbot
Ste ...
solenopsis''.
Phytochemistry
The main phytochemical constituents are withanolide
Withanolides are a group of at least 300 naturally occurring steroids built on an ergostane skeleton. They occur as secondary metabolites primarily in genera of the Nightshade family, for example in the tomatillo.
Structurally, withanolides ...
s – which are triterpene
Triterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of three terpene units with the molecular formula C30H48; they may also be thought of as consisting of six isoprene units. Animals, plants and fungi all produce triterpenes, including squa ...
lactone
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure (), or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
Lactones are formed by intramolecular esterification of the co ...
s – withaferin A, alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar ...
s, steroid
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration. Steroids have two principal biological functions: as important components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity; and a ...
al lactone
Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure (), or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
Lactones are formed by intramolecular esterification of the co ...
s, tropine
Tropine is a derivative of tropane containing a hydroxyl group at the third carbon. It is also called 3-tropanol.
Tropine is a central building block of many chemicals active in the nervous system, including tropane alkaloids. Some of these comp ...
, and cuscohygrine
Cuscohygrine is a pyrrolidine alkaloid found in coca. It can also be extracted from plants of the family Solanaceae, including ''Atropa belladonna'' (deadly nightshade), ''Datura innoxia'' and ''Datura stramonium'' (jimson weed). Cuscohygrine usua ...
.[ Some 40 withanolides, 12 alkaloids, and numerous sitoindosides have been isolated.][ Withanolides are structurally similar to the ]ginsenoside
Ginsenosides or panaxosides are a class of natural product steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins. Compounds in this family are found almost exclusively in the plant genus '' Panax'' (ginseng), which has a long history of use in traditional m ...
s of ''Panax ginseng
''Panax ginseng'', ginseng, also known as Asian ginseng, Chinese ginseng, or Korean ginseng, is a species of plant whose root is the original source of ginseng. It is a perennial plant that grows in the mountains of East Asia. Names
''Panax gi ...
'', leading to a common name for ''W. somnifera'', "Indian ginseng".[
]
Adverse effects and traditional medicine
''W. somnifera'' may cause adverse effect
An adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention, such as surgery. An adverse effect may be termed a " side effect", when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect. The term compl ...
s if taken alone or together with prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication or prescription medicine) is a pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a medical prescription to be dispensed. In contrast, over-the-counter drugs can be obtained without a prescription. The rea ...
s. Side effects may include diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin wi ...
, headache, sedation, or nausea
Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to vomit. While not painful, it can be a debilitating symptom if prolonged and has been described as placing discomfort on the chest, abdomen, or back of the ...
, and the product should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
The plant, particularly its root powder, has been used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine, but there is no good evidence that it is safe or effective for treating any disease.
Gallery
File:Withania somnifera MHNT.BOT.2012.10.13.jpg, Fruits
File:Withaniae2.JPG, Druggist's jar containing dried roots of ''Withania somnifera''
File:Ashwagandha Roots.jpg, Dried graded roots of ''Withania somnifera''
References
External links
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q852660
somnifera
Flora of Nepal
Plants used in Ayurveda