William Wilson Hunter

Sir William Wilson Hunter (15 July 18406 February 1900) was a Scottish historian, statistician, a compiler and a member of the Indian Civil Service.

He is most known for ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'' on which he started working in 1869, and which was eventually published in nine volumes in 1881, then fourteen, and later as a twenty-six volume set after his death.

Early life and education

William Wilson Hunter was born on 15 July 1840 in Glasgow, Scotland, to Andrew Galloway Hunter, a Glasgow manufacturer. He was the second of his father's three sons. In 1854 he started his education at the 'Quaker Seminary' at Queenswood, Hampshire and a year later he joined The Glasgow Academy.

He was educated at the University of Glasgow ( BA 1860), Paris and Bonn, acquiring a knowledge of Sanskrit, LL.D., before passing first in the final examination for the Indian Civil Service in 1862.

Career

He reached Bengal Presidency in November 1862 and was appointed assistant magistrate and collector of Birbhum, in the lower provinces of Bengal, where he began collecting local traditions and records, which formed the materials for his publication, entitled ''The Annals of Rural Bengal'', which influenced the historical romances of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

He also compiled ''A Comparative Dictionary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India'', a glossary of dialects based mainly upon the collections of Brian Houghton Hodgson, which according to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition, "testifies to the industry of the writer but contains much immature philological speculation".

In 1869 Lord Mayo, the then governor-general, asked Hunter to submit a scheme for a comprehensive statistical survey of India. The work involved the compilation of a number of local gazetteers, in various stages of progress, and their consolidation in a condensed form upon a single and uniform plan. There was unhappiness with the scope and completeness of the earlier surveys conducted by administrators such as Buchanan, and Hunter determined to model his efforts on the '' Ain-i-Akbari'' and ''Description de l'Égypte''. Hunter said that "It was my hope to make a memorial of England's work in India, more lasting, because truer and more complete, than these monuments of Mughal Empire and of French ambition."

In response to Mayo's question on 30 May 1871 of whether the Indian Muslims are "bound by their religion to rebel against the Queen" Hunter completed his influential work ''The Indian Musalmans'' in mid-June 1871 and later published it as a book in mid-August of the same year. In it, Hunter concluded that the majority of the Indian Muslim scholars rejected the idea of rebelling against the Government because of their opinion that the condition for religious war, i.e. the absence of protection and liberty between Muslims and infidel rulers, did not exist in British India; and that "there is no '' jihad'' in a country where protection is afforded".

In 1872 Hunter published his history of Orissa. The third International Sanitary Conference held at Constantinople in 1866 declared Hindu and Muslim pilgrimages to be 'the most powerful of all the causes which conduce to the development and propagation of Cholera epidemics'. Hunter echoing the view described the 'squalid pilgrim army of Jagannath' as

He embarked on a series of tours throughout the country, and he supervised the ''A Statistical Account of Bengal'' (20 volumes, 1875–1877) and a similar work for Assam (2 volumes, 1879).

Hunter wrote that

The statistical accounts, covering the 240 administrative districts, comprised 128 volumes and these were condensed into the nine volumes of ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'', which was published in 1881. The ''Gazetteer'' was revised in later series, the second edition comprising 14 volumes published between 1885 and 1887, while the third comprised 26 volumes, including an atlas, and was published in 1908 under the editorship of Herbert Hope Risley, William Stevenson Meyer, Richard Burn and James Sutherland Cotton.

Again according to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition, Hunter "adopted a transliteration of vernacular place-names, by which means the correct pronunciation is ordinarily indicated; but hardly sufficient allowance was made for old spellings consecrated by history and long usage." Hunter's own article on India was published in 1880 as ''A Brief History of the Indian Peoples'', and has been widely translated and utilized in Indian schools. A revised form was issued in 1895, under the title of ''The Indian Empire: its People, History and Products''.

Hunter later said that

Hunter contributed the articles "Bombay", "Calcutta", "Dacca", "Delhi" and "Mysore" to the 9th edition (1875–89) of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.

In 1882 Hunter, as a member of the governor-general's council, presided over the Commission on Indian Education; in 1886 he was elected vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta.
In 1887 he retired from the service, was created KCSI, and settled at Oaken Holt, near Oxford. He was on the governing body of Abingdon School from 1895 until his death in 1900.

On 13 March 1889 Philip Lyttelton Gell the then Secretary to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press, wrote to Hunter about

Gell arranged the publication of the series by June 1889; with Hunter receiving £75 for each volume, and the author £25. Gell's experience of the earlier unsaleable ''Sacred Books of the East'' and financial constraints forced the '' Rulers of India'' to end at 28 volumes in spite of Hunter's disappointment about the same.
Hunter himself contributed the volumes on Dalhousie (1890) and Mayo (1891) to the series.

He had previously written an official ''Life of Lord Mayo'', which was published on 19 November 1875 in two volumes with a second edition appearing in 1876. He also wrote a weekly article on Indian affairs for ''The Times''.
But the great task to which he applied himself on his settlement in England was a history upon a large scale of the ''British Dominion in India'', two volumes of which only had appeared when he died, carrying the reader barely down to 1700. He was much hindered by the confused state of his materials, a portion of which he arranged and published in 1894 as ''Bengal Manuscript Records'', in three volumes.

Hunter dedicated his 1892 work ''Bombay 1885 to 1890: A Study in Indian Administration'' to Florence Nightingale.

His later works include the novel titled ''The Old Missionary'' (1895, described on the title-page as "revised from ''The Contemporary Review''"), and ''The Thackerays in India'' (1897). John F. Riddick describes Hunter's ''The Old Missionary'' as one of the "three significant works" produced by Anglo-Indian writers on Indian missionaries along with ''The Hosts of the Lord'' (1900) by Flora Annie Steel and ''Idolatry'' (1909) by Alice Perrin.

In the winter of 1898–1899, in consequence of the fatigue incurred in a journey to the Caspian and back, on a visit to the sick-bed of one of his two sons, Hunter was stricken down by a severe attack of influenza, which affected his heart. He died at Oaken Holt on 6 February 1900.

S. C. Mittal believes that Hunter "represented the official mind of the bureaucratic Victorian historians in India", of whom James Talboys Wheeler and Alfred Comyn Lyall were other examples.

Bibliography

Works

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Works about Hunter

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See also

*The Imperial Gazetteer of India
*Hunterian transliteration
*Census of India prior to independence

References

Attribution:
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External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hunter, William Wilson
1840 births
1900 deaths
Civil servants from Glasgow
People educated at the Glasgow Academy
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
Scottish Indologists
Historiography of India
Deaths from influenza
Scottish statisticians
Infectious disease deaths in England
Vice Chancellors of the University of Calcutta
19th-century Scottish historians
University of Paris alumni
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Governors of Abingdon School