William Low (popularly referred to as Willie Low's; latterly marketed as Wm Low) was a chain of supermarkets based in Dundee, Scotland, until it was bought out by

Tesco Tesco plc () is a British multinational groceries and general merchandise retailer headquartered in Welwyn Garden City, England. In 2011 it was the third-largest retailer in the world measured by gross revenues and the ninth-largest in th ...

for £257M in 1994. As a group it was smaller than most of its competitors and often served small towns, although it still had several large supermarkets, including two in Dundee, and two in Perth. Most towns in the Tayside region had at least one large William Low store and it had branches throughout Scotland, North East England,

Cumbria Cumbria ( ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England, bordering Scotland. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. C ...

and

Yorkshire Yorkshire ( ; abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a historic county in northern England and by far the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its large area in comparison with other English counties, functions have ...

. Tesco had to compete with a rival takeover bid from competitor

J Sainsbury J Sainsbury plc, trading as Sainsbury's, is the second largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, with a 14.6% share of UK supermarket sales. Founded in 1869 by John James Sainsbury with a shop in Drury Lane, London, the company ...

for the chain and, following the takeover, 57 of the William Low stores were converted to the Tesco fascia. Prior to this, there were only around 17 Tesco branches in Scotland. At one stage, the company also ran a chain of frozen food stores known as Lowfreeze.''Evidence quotes: "Lowfreeze store network", "Does not include Lowfreeze freezer centres"'': Sparks, Leigh, "Restructuring Scottish grocery retailing: the rise and demise of Shoprite and Wm Low" (via Google cache of emerald-library.com), International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Volume 23, Number 10, 1995. Article retrieved 18 December 2006. Lowfreeze was sold in 1987 to

Bejam Bejam was a British frozen food retailer founded by John Apthorp in 1968, based in Stanmore. History In 1968, the concept of selling only frozen foods was a novel idea at the time, and Bejam grew out of Apthorp's existing family business of ' ...

, with Bejam being sold to rival Iceland in 1989.

History

Early years

The company was founded by William Rettie and James Low in 1868 The name consists of both the founder's names, one's first name and the other's surname. James's brother, William, joined the shop in 1870, taking over the business some years later. William Rettie's grandson, Philip, joined the company in 1948, becoming managing director in 1958 and chairman in 1980.

1976–1984 expansion

Wm Low almost doubled in size between 1976 and 1984 with sustained expansion and increased store sizes. In 1976, Wm Low had a total of of floor space which by 1984 had become . Wm Low also rose to be included as number 400 in the Times 1000, a list of top UK Companies in 1984, whereas in 1976 it was not even listed.

Takeovers and mergers

In 1984, Wm Low attempted but failed to take over Hintons, which later became part of Safeway. In 1985, Wm Low took over Laws Stores at a cost of £7.1 million.The Effect of Internal Growth and Takeover Activity on Concentration Levels in Retailing
University of Stirling Working papers, 2005. Retailing in Scotland. Article retrieved 24 December 2007 Laws had a group predominantly based in the north-east of England with a portfolio of smaller stores than Wm Low. Wm Low closed unprofitable Laws stores in 1986.Restructuring Scottish grocery retailing: the rise and demise of Shoprite and Wm Low
Article retrieved 25 November 2007. In 1989, Wm Low attempted to take over Budgens, a move described by Budgens as a friendly merger and which had looked to be a done deal. This deal ultimately collapsed.Budgens at Funding Universe
Article retrieved 26 November 2007. Also in 1989, James Millar of Wm Low approached John Apthorp, owner of

Freezer Centres to explore the possibility of merging the two brands. John Apthorp explains that he could not see the idea going ahead as Wm Low were losing market share and the store portfolio did not lend itself well to the possibility of conversions to freezer centre formats.Majestic Return for 80's Star
Management Today. Article retrieved 22 December 2007 In 1987, Wm Low had sold its frozen food chain, Lowfreeze, to Bejam for £3.8 million.

1993–1994 expansion

It was Wm Low's aim to achieve a total of 61 stores and of sales area by the end of the 1994 financial year.Wm Low & Company Plc, Profile
at business.com. Article retrieved 25 December 2006. Expansion into the north and midlands of England was a priority, with the £12 million,

Loughborough Loughborough ( ) is a market town in the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire, England, the seat of Charnwood Borough Council and Loughborough University. At the 2011 census the town's built-up area had a population of 59,932 , the second large ...

store opening in 1993. Amid huge publicity for price cuts on over 500 items, customers took their sleeping bags to await the opening of the store and claim their

hamper A hamper refers to one of several related basket-like items. In primarily British usage, it refers to a wicker basket, usually large, that is used for the transport of items, often food. In North America, the term generally refers to a household ...

champagne Champagne (, ) is a sparkling wine originated and produced in the Champagne wine region of France under the rules of the appellation, that demand specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from designated places within it, ...

and

flowers A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism ...

. This was the company's foray into direct competition with Sainsbury.

Market share

Wm Low was one of the market leaders in Scotland in terms of market share, which was 7.4% in 1981, rising to 10.4% in 1984 and then 12.7% in 1986. It then started to fall until the 1994 takeover by Tesco.

History of the takeover

Competing bids

The takeover battle for William Low started on 14 July 1994, when Tesco announced its formal bid of £156 million for the company to dramatically improve its Scottish portfolio and an assurance it would not cherry pick the best stores. J Sainsbury launched a counter-bid of £210 million but this would have led to a break up of the Wm Low portfolio as they had intended to maintain the best stores and dispose of the rest. The Scottish market leader at the time, The Argyll Group - Safeway - announced in July 1994 that it would not be making a bid for Wm Low.Grocer Magazine, July 1994
/ref> Sainsbury was keen to gain a stronger foothold in Scotland, having only 3 stores in Scotland at the time of the bid. Tesco reacted with an improved offer of £247 million and Sainsbury's withdrew from the battle. Tesco formally took over Wm Low on 2 September 1994 for a total sum of £257 million. Analysis at the time suggested that the Sainsbury bid was possibly a spoiler tactic as opposed to a serious takeover attempt.BBC TV, Reporting Scotland, evening editions, transmitted 1994-07-14 and 3 August 1994. The company had been independent for 126 years, having been founded in 1868. The purchase of Wm Low doubled Tesco's Scottish market share from 7.6% to 15.3% in 1995. Supply-side Changes in Food Retailing in Scotland
Healthscotland.Com, Document Retrieved 26 December 2006.

Financial performance: before and after

Prior to the take over, sales had been falling at a rate of 6%, a figure that

reversed to a growth of 20% by February 1996 and the former Wm Low stores contributed £11 million profit to the Tesco group.Five Year Record
Tesco Investor Information 1995, tesco.com. Article retrieved 2006-12-19. Contains information on (i) Growth figures (ii) Conversion expenditure, (iii) Fixed assets and (iv) Notice to Financial Statements respectively. Tesco quotes pre-tax profits prior to the takeover as being £17m in 1993 and £15m in 1994.
Tesco Investor Information 1995, Article retrieved 2006-12-25. Contains information on (i) Growth figures (ii) Conversion expenditure, (iii) Fixed assets and (iv) Notice to Financial Statements respectively. The Scottish Business Insider quotes similar yearly figures: *1991: £354 million turnover, £21 million profit *1992: £394 million turnover, £23 million profit *1993: £253 million turnover, £20 million profit *1994: £446 million turnover, £21 million profit Staff numbers prior to the takeover had been reasonably static, from 8799 employees in 1991 to 8981 in 1994.Data collated by Centre for the Study of Retailing in Scotland
(csrs.ac.uk). Sourced from ''Scottish Business Insider'', January editions 1991-1998 (inc) and 2000-2004 (inc). Document retrieved 25 December 2006.

Conversion to Tesco-formatted stores

A re-fit programme followed and

scanning tills were installed at every store by August 1995, with the refit being completed by the end of 1996 at a cost of £35 million. Although the vast majority of old Wm Low stores had been replaced with all-new

stores, some branches retained some Wm Low format fixtures (e.g. open grid false ceilings and blue / pink tiling in toilets). This is evident in stores such as Inverness Metro, Campbeltown, Fort Willam, Helensburgh, St Andrews, Dalgety Bay, Rosyth, Monifeith, Kilmarnock and Haddington. This is despite the stores having undergone a couple of internal refits since the takeover. Tesco Banff was the last obvious Wm Low style store left in the portfolio, having not undergone any refit since immediately after the takeover in 1996. This store was due to be replaced by a new purpose built store in 2010, but in 2014 Tesco scrapped plans to replace the Banff store along with other projects due to a huge loss in profits. Dundee Lochee which was the last large Wm Low superstore closed on 7 February 2009, being replaced by Dundee South Rd, which is spread out over 3 floors.

Wishaw Wishaw ( sco, Wishae or Wisha ; gd, Camas Neachdain) is a large town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the edge of the Clyde Valley, south-east of Glasgow city centre. The Burgh of Wishaw was formed in 1855 within Lanarkshire. it form ...

Tesco moved to a purpose built store in November 2007 across from its original Wm Low store.

Remaining stores

Most of the remaining Wm Low stores were converted to the Tesco "Metro" format, in line with their smaller size. Such stores can be found in Grangemouth, St Andrews, Campbeltown,

Monifieth Monifieth is a town and former police burgh in the council area of Angus, Scotland. It is situated on the north bank of the Firth of Tay on the east coast. In 2016, the population of Monifieth was estimated at 8,110, making it the fifth larges ...

, Inverness, Fort William,

Helensburgh Helensburgh (; gd, Baile Eilidh) is an affluent coastal town on the north side of the Firth of Clyde in Scotland, situated at the mouth of the Gareloch. Historically in Dunbartonshire, it became part of Argyll and Bute following local gove ...

and Stranraer store (is no longer a

Tesco Metro Tesco plc () is a British multinational groceries and general merchandise retailer headquartered in Welwyn Garden City, England. In 2011 it was the third-largest retailer in the world measured by gross revenues and the ninth-largest in th ...

). Tesco scrapped the Metro format in 2021, with such stores converted and rebranded under the "Express" or "Superstore" format.

Planned Wm Low store expansion

At the time of the Tesco take over, a number of new Wm Low Stores were earmarked for development. These were ultimately launched as Tescos but had been planned by Wm Low. This included Aviemore,JLP Development Consultancy
Article retrieved 26 November 2007. Cupar, Falkirk and Dunblane, opened between 1995 and 1996.

Distribution centres

The Wm Low warehouse in Gateshead was closed in March 1995. The head office and Distribution Centre at the Dryburgh Estate in Dundee became the Tesco Customer Service Centre and one of two Scottish Distribution Depots for Tesco. Wm Low Dryburgh Distribution Centre was built in the mid 1970s by Wm Low with an expected 25 years life span. In 2006, Tesco announced the closure of the Dundee depot to create a brand new centre in Livingston on the site of the former

NEC is a Japanese multinational information technology and electronics corporation, headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. The company was known as the Nippon Electric Company, Limited, before rebranding in 1983 as NEC. It provides IT and network soluti ...

factory, which would also replace the current distribution centre already based in Livingston (now open as of October 2007). The adjacent customer service centre was unaffected by the closure. The warehouse at Dundee was demolished in 2019.

Store portfolio

The following is a list of Wm Low stores in existence immediately prior to the takeover by Tesco."List of Stores"
Tesco Investor Information 1995, tesco.com. Article retrieved 19 December 2006.

Scotland

Banff, Bathgate, Blairgowrie, Bo'ness, Campbeltown, Carnoustie, Coatbridge, Craigmarloch, Crieff, Cumbernauld, Dalgety Bay, Dalkeith, Dingwall, Dumfries, Dunbar, Dundee (two), Dunfermline, Edinburgh (two), Elgin, Forfar, Forres, Fort William, Galloway, Govan (Paisley Road West), Grangemouth, Greenock, Haddington, Helensburgh, Inverness, Inverurie, Keith, Kilmarnock, Kirkcaldy, Kirkintilloch, Kirriemuir, Lanark, Linlithgow, Milngavie, Monifieth, Montrose, Oban, Perth (two: one on Victoria Street in the city centre and one on the Crieff Road; the original store was on South Street), Rosyth, St Andrews, Stranraer, and Wishaw. In 1999, Tesco agreed to swap the Carnoustie, Dunbar and Kirriemuir stores with Lothian Borders & Angus Co-operative Society to gain a larger superstore in Galashiels.
, UK Business Park. Article retrieved 19 December 2006.

England

Consett, Driffield, Gateshead (Rowlands Gill), Goole, Ilkeston, Jesmond, Loughborough, Northallerton, Sleaford, Thirsk, Whitehaven, Workington.

Typhoid outbreak

On 6 and 7 May 1964, the Aberdeen branch delicatessen used a tin of Argentinian corned beef that had not been processed properly (and was infected with

typhoid Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by ''Salmonella'' serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to severe, and usually begin six to 30 days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several d ...

).Diack, Lesley and Smith, David
Sensationalism and Secrecy: The Aberdeen Typhoid Outbreak, 1964
, History Scotland Magazine at historyscotland.com. Article retrieved 19 December 2006 Due to the fact that the meat was sliced using a communal deli slicer, approximately 500 people were diagnosed in Aberdeen in 1964 with suspected typhoid. William Low was never successful in the city again with their branch closing in the city three years later.

References and footnotes

External links

An early Wm Low shop at the head of the West Bow, Edinburgh

by Lesley Diack and David Smith; discusses the Aberdeen Typhoid Outbreak of 1964, more about the case and William Low's involvement {{Tesco, state=collapsed Defunct supermarkets of the United Kingdom Tesco Defunct retail companies of the United Kingdom History of Dundee Retail companies established in 1868 Retail companies disestablished in 1994 Scottish brands Companies based in Dundee 1868 establishments in Scotland 1994 disestablishments in Scotland Defunct companies of Scotland Retail companies of Scotland