Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann
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Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann (1 October 1904 – 11 May 1988) was a German ethnologist who served as Professor of Ethnology at the
University of Mainz The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (german: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) is a public research university in Mainz, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany, named after the printer Johannes Gutenberg since 1946. With approximately 32,000 stu ...
and Chair of Ethnology at the
University of Heidelberg } Heidelberg University, officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, (german: Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; la, Universitas Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis) is a public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, ...
.


Biography

Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann was born in
Düsseldorf Düsseldorf ( , , ; often in English sources; Low Franconian and Ripuarian: ''Düsseldörp'' ; archaic nl, Dusseldorp ) is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany. It is the second-largest city in th ...
, Germany on 1 October 1904. He gained his
abitur ''Abitur'' (), often shortened colloquially to ''Abi'', is a qualification granted at the end of secondary education in Germany. It is conferred on students who pass their final exams at the end of ISCED 3, usually after twelve or thirteen year ...
in Düsseldorf in 1925. Mühlmann subsequently studied
anthropology Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species. Social anthropology studies patterns of behavi ...
,
ethnology Ethnology (from the grc-gre, ἔθνος, meaning 'nation') is an academic field that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural anthropology, cultural, social anthropolo ...
and
sociology Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of Interpersonal ties, social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. It uses various methods of Empirical ...
at the universities of
Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau (; abbreviated as Freiburg i. Br. or Freiburg i. B.; Low Alemannic: ''Friburg im Brisgau''), commonly referred to as Freiburg, is an independent city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. With a population of about 230,000 (as o ...
,
Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the List of cities in Germany by popu ...
,
Hamburg (male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal ...
and
Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...
. Among his teachers were
Eugen Fischer Eugen Fischer (5 July 1874 – 9 July 1967) was a German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics, and a member of the Nazi Party. He served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, ...
at the
University of Freiburg The University of Freiburg (colloquially german: Uni Freiburg), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (german: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), is a public university, public research university located in Freiburg im Breisg ...
.
Eugen Fischer Eugen Fischer (5 July 1874 – 9 July 1967) was a German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics, and a member of the Nazi Party. He served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, ...
,
Edmund Husserl , thesis1_title = Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung (Contributions to the Calculus of Variations) , thesis1_url = https://fedora.phaidra.univie.ac.at/fedora/get/o:58535/bdef:Book/view , thesis1_year = 1883 , thesis2_title ...
,
Fritz Lenz Fritz Gottlieb Karl Lenz (9 March 1887 in Pflugrade, Pomerania – 6 July 1976 in Göttingen, Lower Saxony) was a German geneticist, member of the Nazi Party,Siegfried Passarge Otto Karl Siegfried Passarge (28 November 1866 – 26 July 1958) was a German geographer from East Prussia. Life Siegfried Passarge was born in Königsberg, the son of travel writer Ludwig Passarge. He attended Collegium Fridericianum, and af ...
, and Richard Thurnwald. Mühlmann gained his
Ph.D. A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: or ') is the most common degree at the highest academic level awarded following a course of study. PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is a ...
at Berlin in 1927 under Thurnwald. His thesis examined
secret societies A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence. The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence a ...
among the
Polynesians Polynesians form an ethnolinguistic group of closely related people who are native to Polynesia (islands in the Polynesian Triangle), an expansive region of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. They trace their early prehistoric origins to Island Sou ...
. Mühlmann subsequently became editor of the journal '' Sociologus''. From 1934 to 1936, Mühlmann worked as an assistant at the
Museum am Rothenbaum The Museum am Rothenbaum – Kulturen und Künste der Welt (lit. ''Museum at the Rothenbaum – Cultures and Arts of the World'', abbr.: MARKK, former name: Museum of Ethnology, Hamburg, german: Museum für Völkerkunde Hamburg), founded in 1879 ...
. He attempted his
habilitation Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in many European countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching and further education, usually including a ...
at Hamburg in 1935-1936, but failed due to "political unreliability". From 1937 to 1938 he worked at the
University of Breslau A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, th ...
under
Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt (April 10, 1892 – December 20, 1965) was a German physical anthropologist who classified humanity into races. His study in the classification of human races made him one of the leading racial theorists of Nazi Ge ...
. Having joined the
Nazi Party The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that crea ...
, Mühlmann completed his habilitation at the
Kaiser Wilhelm Society The Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science (German: ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften'') was a German scientific institution established in the German Empire in 1911. Its functions were taken over by ...
in 1938. He subsequently worked as a private lecturer in ethnology. From 1937 to 1943, Mühlmann was editor of the journal ''Archiv für Anthropologie und Völkerforschung''. At the end of
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, Mühlmann fled from
Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...
to
Wiesbaden Wiesbaden () is a city in central western Germany and the capital of the state of Hesse. , it had 290,955 inhabitants, plus approximately 21,000 United States citizens (mostly associated with the United States Army). The Wiesbaden urban area ...
with his wife. He served as an expert witness during the
denazification Denazification (german: link=yes, Entnazifizierung) was an Allied initiative to rid German and Austrian society, culture, press, economy, judiciary, and politics of the Nazi ideology following the Second World War. It was carried out by remov ...
trial of Hans F. K. Günther. In 1946, Mühlmann rejoined the re-established
German Sociological Association The German Sociological Association (''Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie'', DGS) is a professional organization of social scientists in Germany. Established in Berlin on January 3, 1909, its founding members included Rudolf Goldscheid, Ferdinan ...
. From 1950 to 1960 he was Professor at the Institute for Ethnology and African Studies at the
University of Mainz The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (german: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz) is a public research university in Mainz, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany, named after the printer Johannes Gutenberg since 1946. With approximately 32,000 stu ...
. Mühlmann edited the journal ''Homo'' from 1956 unto his death. In 1960, Mühlmann was appointed Chair of Ethnology at the
University of Heidelberg } Heidelberg University, officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, (german: Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; la, Universitas Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis) is a public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, ...
, where he established an institute for sociology and ethnology. Having been exposed as a former Nazi Party member, Mühlmann retired from Heidelberg in 1970. He died in
Wiesbaden Wiesbaden () is a city in central western Germany and the capital of the state of Hesse. , it had 290,955 inhabitants, plus approximately 21,000 United States citizens (mostly associated with the United States Army). The Wiesbaden urban area ...
, Germany on 11 May 1988.


Selected works

* ''Die geheime Gesellschaft der Arioi: eine Studie über polynesische Geheimbünde, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Siebungs- und Auslesevorgänge in Alt-Tahiti''. Berlin, 1932. * ''Rassen- und Völkerkunde: Lebensprobleme der Rassen, Gesellschaften und Völker''. Braunschweig, 1936 * ''Methodik der Völkerkunde'', 1938 * ''Krieg und Frieden.'' Winter, Heidelberg 1940 ( Kulturgeschichtliche Bibliothek 2 N.F.) * ''Assimilation, Umvolkung, Volkwerdung. Ein globaler Überblick und ein Programm'', Stuttgart 1944 * ''Die Völker der Erde'', Berlin 1944 * ''Die Idee einer zusammenfassenden Anthropologie.'' In: Karl Gustav Specht (Hrsg.): ''Soziologische Forschung in unserer Zeit. Ein Sammelwerk. Leopold von Wiese zum 75. Geburtstag.'' Köln/Opladen 1951, S. 83–93 * ''Chiliasmus und Nativismus'', . O. 1961 * ''Homo Creator. Abhandlungen zur Soziologie, Anthropologie und Ethnologie.'' O. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1962. * ''Rassen, Ethnien, Kulturen. Moderne Ethnologie.'' Neuwied/Berlin 1964 * ''Geschichte der Anthropologie'', 1968 * ''Die Metamorphose der Frau. Weiblicher Schamanismus und Dichtung'', Berlin 1981


Sources

* Hans Fischer: ''Völkerkunde im Nationalsozialismus. Aspekte der Anpassung, Affinität und Behauptung einer wissenschaftlichen Disziplin''. Reimer, Berlin u. a. 1990, (''Hamburger Beiträge zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte'' 7). *
Frank-Rutger Hausmann Frank-Rutger Hausmann (born 5 February 1943) is a German Romanist and historian. Life and career Hausmann was born in Hanover in 1943, the son of the military doctor Hans Hausmann. After graduating from the neo-linguistic Städtisches Gymnasiu ...
: ''Der „Kriegseinsatz“ der Deutschen Geisteswissenschaften im Zweiten Weltkrieg (1940-1945)''. In:
Winfried Schulze Winfried is a masculine German given name. Notable people with the name include: *Winfried Berkemeier (born 1953), former German footballer *Winfried Bischoff (born 1941), German-British businessperson *Winfried Bönig (born 1959), German organist ...
, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): ''Deutsche Historiker im Nationalsozialismus.'' Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1999, (''Fischer'' 146069; ''Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus''), S. 63–86. *
Siegfried Jäger Siegfried is a German-language male given name, composed from the Germanic elements ''sig'' "victory" and ''frithu'' "protection, peace". The German name has the Old Norse cognate ''Sigfriðr, Sigfrøðr'', which gives rise to Swedish ''Sigfrid' ...
: ''Kritische Diskursanalyse. Eine Einführung''. 3. gegenüber der 2. überarbeiteten und erweiterten Auflage. Unveränderte Auflage. Duisburger Institut für Sprach- und Sozialforschung, Duisburg 2001, (''DISS-Studien''). * *
René König René König (5 July 1906 – 21 March 1992) was a German sociologist. He was very influential on West German sociology after 1949. Born in Magdeburg, he 1925 took up Philosophy, Psychology, Ethnology, and Islamic Studies at the Universities of ...
: ''Soziologie in Deutschland. Begründer, Verfechter, Verächter''. Hanser, München u. a. 1987, . * Ute Michel: ''Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann (1904–1988). Ein deutscher Professor. Amnesie und Amnestie. Zum Verhältnis von Ethnologie und Politik im Nationalsozialismus''. In: ''Jahrbuch für Soziologiegeschichte'' 1991, , S. 69–119. * Ernst Wilhelm Müller: ''Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann''. In: '' Zeitschrift für Ethnologie''. Band 114, 1989, S. 1–15. * Fritz K. Ringer: ''Die Gelehrten. Der Niedergang der deutschen Mandarine 1890–1933''. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1983, . * Hellmut Seier: ''Die nationalsozialistische Wissenschaftspolitik und das Problem der Hochschulmodernisierung''. In: Walter Kertz (Hrsg.): ''Hochschule und Nationalsozialismus''. Universitäts-Bibliothek, Braunschweig 1994, (''Projektberichte zur Geschichte der Carolo-Wilhelmina'' 9; Referate beim Workshop zur Geschichte der Carolo-Wilhelmina am 5. und 6. Juli 1993), S. 55–67. * George Steinmetz: ''Neo-Bourdieusian Theory and the Question of Scientific Autonomy: German Sociologists and Empire, 1890s–1940s''. In: ''Political Power and Social Theory'', Bd. 20 2009, S. 71–131. {{DEFAULTSORT:Mühlmann, Wilhelm Emil 1904 births 1988 deaths Academic staff of the University of Rostock 20th-century German anthropologists German ethnologists Humboldt University of Berlin alumni Scientists from Düsseldorf Academic staff of Heidelberg University Academic staff of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz