Wildcat Run (Juniata River Tributary)

The wildcat is a species complex comprising two small wild cat species: the European wildcat (''Felis silvestris'') and the African wildcat (''F. lybica''). The European wildcat inhabits forests in Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus, while the African wildcat inhabits semi-arid landscapes and steppes in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, into western India and western China.
The wildcat species differ in fur pattern, tail, and size: the European wildcat has long fur and a bushy tail with a rounded tip; the smaller African wildcat is more faintly striped, has short sandy-gray fur and a tapering tail; the Asiatic wildcat (''F. lybica ornata'') is spotted.

The wildcat and the other members of the cat family had a common ancestor about 10–15 million years ago. The European wildcat evolved during the Cromerian Stage about 866,000 to 478,000 years ago; its direct ancestor was ''Felis lunensis''. The ''silvestris'' and ''lybica'' lineages probably diverged about 173,000 years ago.

The wildcat has been categorized as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2002, since it is widely distributed, and the global population is considered stable and exceeding 20,000 mature individuals. However, in some range countries both wildcat species are considered threatened by introgressive hybridisation with the domestic cat (''F. catus'') and transmission of diseases. Localized threats include being hit by vehicles, and persecution.

The association of African wildcats and humans appears to have developed along with the establishment of settlements during the Neolithic Revolution, when rodents in grain stores of early farmers attracted wildcats. This association ultimately led to it being tamed and domesticated: the domestic cat is the direct descendant of the African wildcat. It was one of the revered cats in ancient Egypt. The European wildcat has been the subject of mythology and literature.

Taxonomy

''Felis (catus) silvestris'' was the scientific name used in 1777 by Johann von Schreber when he described the European wildcat based on descriptions and names proposed by earlier naturalists such as Mathurin Jacques Brisson, Ulisse Aldrovandi and Conrad Gessner.
''Felis lybica'' was the name proposed in 1780 by Georg Forster, who described an African wildcat from Gafsa on the Barbary Coast.

In subsequent decades, several naturalists and explorers described 40 wildcat specimens collected in European, African and Asian range countries. In the 1940s, the taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed the collection of wildcat skins and skulls in the Natural History Museum, London, and designated seven ''F. silvestris'' subspecies from Europe to Asia Minor, and 25 ''F. lybica'' subspecies from Africa, and West to Central Asia. Pocock differentiated the:
* Forest wildcat subspecies (''silvestris'' group)
* Steppe wildcat subspecies (''ornata''-''caudata'' group): is distinguished from the forest wildcat by being smaller, with comparatively lighter fur colour, and longer and more sharply-pointed tails. The domestic cat is thought to have derived from this group.
* Bush wildcat subspecies (''ornata''-''lybica'' group): is distinguished from the steppe wildcat by paler fur, well-developed spot patterns and bands.
In 2005, 22 subspecies were recognized by the authors of ''Mammal Species of the World'', who allocated subspecies largely in line with Pocock's assessment.

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force revised the taxonomy of the Felidae, and recognized the following as valid taxa:

Evolution

The wildcat is a member of the Felidae, a family that had a common ancestor about 10–15 million years ago. ''Felis'' species diverged from the Felidae around 6–7 million years ago. The European wildcat diverged from ''Felis'' about 1.09 to 1.4 million years ago.

The European wildcat's direct ancestor was ''Felis lunensis'', which lived in Europe in the late Pliocene periods. Fossil remains indicate that the transition from ''lunensis'' to ''silvestris'' was completed by the Holstein interglacial about 340,000 to 325,000 years ago.

Craniological differences between the European and African wildcats indicate that the wildcat probably migrated during the Late Pleistocene from Europe into the Middle East, giving rise to the steppe wildcat phenotype.
Phylogenetic research revealed that the ''lybica'' lineage probably diverged from the ''silvestris'' lineage about 173,000 years ago.

Characteristics

The wildcat has pointed ears, which are moderate in length and broad at the base.
Its whiskers are white, number 7 to 16 on each side and reach in length on the muzzle. Whiskers are also present on the inner surface of the paw and measure .
Its eyes are large, with vertical pupils and yellowish-green irises. The eyelashes range from in length, and can number six to eight per side.

The European wildcat has a greater skull volume than the domestic cat, a ratio known as Schauenberg's index. Further, its skull is more spherical in shape than that of the jungle cat (''F. chaus'') and leopard cat (''Prionailurus bengalensis''). Its dentition is relatively smaller and weaker than the jungle cat's.

Both wildcat species are larger than the domestic cat. The European wildcat has relatively longer legs and a more robust build compared to the domestic cat. The tail is long, and usually slightly exceeds one-half of the animal's body length. The species size varies according to Bergmann's rule, with the largest specimens occurring in cool, northern areas of Europe and Asia such as Mongolia, Manchuria and Siberia. Males measure in head to body length, in tail length, and normally weigh . Females are slightly smaller, measuring in body length and in tail length, and weighing .

Both sexes have two thoracic and two abdominal teats. Both sexes have pre-anal glands, consisting of moderately sized sweat and sebaceous glands around the anal opening. Large-sized sebaceous and scent glands extend along the full length of the tail on the dorsal side. Male wildcats have pre-anal pockets on the tail, activated upon reaching sexual maturity, play a significant role in reproduction and territorial marking.

Distribution and habitat

The European wildcat inhabits temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus. In the Iberian peninsula, it occurs from sea level to in the Pyrenees. Between the late 17th and mid 20th centuries, its European range became fragmented due to large-scale hunting and regional extirpation. It is possibly extinct in the Czech Republic, and considered regionally extinct in Austria, though vagrants from Italy are spreading into Austria. It has never inhabited Fennoscandia or Estonia. Sicily is the only island in the Mediterranean Sea with a native wildcat population.

The African wildcat lives in a wide range of habitats except rainforest, but throughout the savannahs of Africa from Mauritania on the Atlantic coast eastwards to the Horn of Africa up to altitudes of . Small populations live in the Sahara and Nubian Deserts, Karoo region, Kalahari and Namib Deserts. It occurs around the Arabian Peninsula's periphery to the Caspian Sea, encompassing Mesopotamia, Israel and Palestine region. In Central Asia, it ranges into Xinjiang and southern Mongolia, and in South Asia into the Thar Desert and arid regions in India.

Behaviour and ecology

Both wildcat species are largely nocturnal and solitary, except during the breeding period and when females have young. The size of home ranges of females and males varies according to terrain, the availability of food, habitat quality and the age structure of the population. Male and female home ranges overlap, though core areas within territories are avoided by other cats. Females tend to be more sedentary than males, as they require an exclusive hunting area when raising kittens. Wildcats usually spend the day in a hollow tree, a rock crevice or in dense thickets.
It is also reported to shelter in abandoned burrows of other species such as of red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') and in European badger (''Meles meles'') setts in Europe, and of fennec (''Vulpes zerda'') in Africa.

When threatened, it retreats into a burrow, rather than climb trees. When taking residence in a tree hollow, it selects one low to the ground. Dens in rocks or burrows are lined with dry grasses and bird feathers. Dens in tree hollows usually contain enough sawdust to make lining unnecessary. If the den becomes infested with fleas, the wildcat shifts to another den. During winter, when snowfall prevents the European wildcat from travelling long distances, it remains within its den until travel conditions improve.

Territorial marking consists of spraying urine on trees, vegetation and rocks, depositing faeces in conspicuous places, and leaving scent marks through glands in its paws. It also leaves visual marks by scratching trees.

Hunting and prey

Sight and hearing are the wildcat's primary senses when hunting.
It lies in wait for prey, then catches it by executing a few leaps, which can span three metres. When hunting near water courses, it waits on trees overhanging the water. It kills small prey by grabbing it in its claws, and piercing the neck or occiput with its fangs. When attacking large prey, it leaps upon the animal's back, and attempts to bite the neck or carotid

HOME


Content is Copyleft
Website design, code, and AI is Copyrighted (c) 2014-2017 by Stephen Payne


Consider donating to Wikimedia



As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases