Widener Library

The Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library, housing some 3.5million books in its "vast and cavernous" stacks, is the centerpiece of the Harvard College Libraries (the libraries of Harvard's Faculty of Arts and Sciences) and, more broadly, of the entire Harvard Library system.
It honors 1907 Harvard College graduate and book collector Harry Elkins Widener, and was built by his mother Eleanor Elkins Widener after his death in the sinking of the RMS ''Titanic'' in 1912.

The library's holdings, which include works in more than one hundred languages, comprise "one of the world's most comprehensive research collections in the humanities and social sciences."
Its of shelves, along five miles (8km) of aisles on ten levels, comprise a "labyrinth" which one student "could not enter without feeling that she ought to carry a compass, a sandwich, and a whistle."

At the building's heart are the Widener Memorial Rooms, displaying papers and mementos recalling the life and death of Harry Widener, as well as the
Harry Elkins Widener Collection,
"the precious group of rare and wonderfully interesting books brought together by Mr. Widener",
to which was later added one of the few perfect Gutenberg Biblesthe object of a 1969 burglary attempt conjectured by Harvard's police chief to have been inspired by the 1964 heist film'' Topkapi''.

Campus legends holding that Harry Widener's fate led to the institution of an undergraduate swimming-proficiency requirement, and that an additional donation from his mother subsidizes ice cream at Harvard meals, are without foundation.

__TOC__

Background, conception and gift

Predecessor

By the opening of the twentieth century alarms had been issuing for many years about Harvard's "disgracefully inadequate"
library, Gore Hall, completed in 1841 (when Harvard owned some 44,000 books)
and declared full in 1863.
Harvard Librarian Justin Winsor concluded his 1892 Annual Report by pleading, "";
his successor Archibald Cary Coolidge asserted that the Boston Public Library was a better place to write an thesis.
Despite substantial additions in 1876 and 1907,
in 1910 a committee of architects termed Gore

With university librarian William Coolidge Lane reporting that the building's light switches were delivering electric shocks to his staff,
and dormitory basements pressed into service as overflow storage
for Harvard's 543,000 books,
the committee drew up a proposal for replacement of Gore in stages. Andrew Carnegie was approached for financing without success.

Death of Harry Widener

In 1912, Harry Elkins Widenerscion of two of the wealthiest families in America, a 1907 graduate of Harvard College, and an accomplished bibliophile despite his youthdied
in the sinking of the RMS ''Titanic''.
His father George Dunton Widener also perished, but his mother Eleanor Elkins Widener survived.

Harry Widener's will instructed that his mother, when "in her judgment Harvard University shall make arrangements for properly caring for my collection of books... shall give them to said University to be known as the Harry Elkins Widener Collection",
and he had told a friend, not long before he died, "I want to be remembered in connection with a great library, utI do not see how it is going to be brought about."

To enable the fulfillment of her son's wishes Eleanor Widener briefly considered funding an addition to Gore Hall, but soon determined to build instead a completely new and far larger library building"a perpetual memorial"
to Harry Widener, housing not only his personal book collection but Harvard's general library as well,
with room for growth.
As Biel has written, "The arvard architectscommittee's Beaux Arts design or Gore Hall's projected replacement with its massiveness and symmetry, offered monumentality with nothing more particular to monumentalize than the aspirations of the modern university"until the ''Titanic'' sank and "through delicate negotiation, arvardconvinced Eleanor Widener that the most eloquent tribute to Harry would be an entire library rather than a rare book wing."

Terms and cost of gift

To her gift Eleanor Widener attached a number of stipulations,
including that the project's architects be the firm of Horace Trumbauer& Associates,
which had built several mansions for both the Elkins and the Widener families.
"Mrs. Widener does not give the University the money to build a new library, but has offered to build a library satisfactory in external appearance to ''herself,''" Harvard President Abbott Lawrence Lowell wrote privately.
"The exterior was her own choice, and she has decided architectural opinions."
Harvard historian William Bentinck-Smith has written that

Though Harvard awarded Trumbauer an honorary degree on the day of the new library's dedication,
it was Trumbauer associate Julian F. Abele who had overall responsibility for the building's design,
which largely followed the 1910 architects' committee's outline (though with the committee's central circulation room shifted from the center to the northeast corner, yielding pride of place to the Memorial Rooms).

After Gore Hall was demolished to make way, ground was broken on February12, 1913, and the cornerstone laid June16.
By later that year some 50,000 bricks were being laid each day.

Building

At Harvard's "geographical and intellectual heart"
directly across Tercentenary Theatre from Memorial Church,
Widener Library is a hollow rectangle of "Harvard brick with Indiana limestone traceries",
250 by 200 by 80feet high (76 by 61 by 24m)
and enclosing 320,000 square feet (30,000m),
"colonnaded on its front by immense pillars with elaborate orinthian capitals all of which stand at the head of a flight of stairs that would not disgrace the capitol in Washington."
Sources describe the building's style as (variously)
Beaux-Arts,
Georgian, Hellenistic,
or "the austere, formalistic Imperial r 'Imperial and Classical'style displayed in the Law School's Langdell Hall and the Medical School Quadrangle".

The east, south, and west wings house the stacks, while the north contains administrative offices and various reading rooms, including the Main Reading Room (now the Loker Reading Room)which, spanning the entire front of the building and some 42feet (13m) in both depth and height, was termed by architectural historian Bainbridge Bunting "the most ostentatious interior space at Harvard."
A topmost floor, supported by the stacks framework itself, contains thirty-two rooms for special collections, studies, offices, and seminars.

The Memorial Rooms (see § Widener Memorial Rooms) are in the building's center, between what were originally two light courts (28 by 110ft or 8.5 by 33m) now enclosed as additional reading rooms.

Dedication

The building was dedicated immediately after Commencement Day exercises on June24, 1915.
Lowell and Coolidge mounted the steps to the main door, where Eleanor Widener presented them with the building's keys.
The first book formally brought into the new library was the 1634 edition of John Downame's '' The Christian Warfare Against the Devil, World, and Flesh'',
believed (at the time) to be the only volume, of those bequeathed to the school by John Harvard in 1636, to have survived the 1764 burning of Harvard Hall.

In the Memorial Rooms, after a benediction by Bishop William Lawrence, a portrait of Harry Widener
was unveiled, then remarks delivered by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (speaking on "The Meaning of a Great Library" on behalf of Eleanor Widener) and Lowell ("For years we have longed for a library that would serve our purpose, but we never hoped to see such a library as this").
Afterward (said the ''Boston Evening Transcript'') "the doors were thrown open, and both graduates and undergraduates had an opportunity to see the beauties and utilities of this important university acquisition."

"I hope it will become the heart of the University," Eleanor Widener said, "a centre for all the interests that make Harvard a great university."

Widener Memorial Rooms

The central Memorial Roomsan outer rotunda housing memorabilia of the life and death of Harry Widener, and an inner library displaying the 3300 rare books collected by himwere described by the '' Boston Sunday Herald'' soon after the dedication:

Conversely, "even from the very entrance f the buildingone will catch a glimpse in the distance of the portrait of young Harry Widener on the further wall f the Memorial Rooms if the intervening doors happen to be open."

For many years Eleanor Widener hosted Commencement Day luncheons in the Memorial Rooms.
The family underwrites their upkeep,
including weekly renewal of the flowersoriginally roses but now carnations.

Amenities and deficiencies

Touted as "the last word in library construction",
the new building's amenities included telephones, pneumatic tubes, book lifts and conveyors, elevators,
and a dining-room and kitchenette "for the ladies of the staff".
Advertisements for the manufacturer of the building's shelving highlighted its "dark brown enamel finish, harmonizing with oak trim",
and special interchangeable regular and oversize shelves meant that books on a given subject could be shelved together regardless of size.

''The Library Journal'' found "especially interesting not so much the spacious and lofty reading rooms" as the innovation of placing student carrels and private faculty studies directly in the stack, reflecting Lowell's desire to put "the massive resources of the stack close to the scholar's hand, reuniting books and readers in an intimacy that nineteenth-century closed-stack' library designshad long precluded".
(Competition for the seventy coveted faculty studies has been a longstanding administrative headache.)

Nonetheless certain deficiencies were soon noted.
A primitive form of air conditioning was abandoned within a few months.
"The need of better toilet facilities n the stackshas been pressed upon us during the past year by several rather distressing experiences," Widener Superintendent Frank Carney wrote discreetly in 1918.
And after a university-wide search for castoff furniture left many of the stacks' 300 carrels still unequipped, Coolidge wrote to "There is something rather humiliating in having to proclaim to the world that idener offersunequalled opportunity to the scholar and investigator who wishes to come here, but that in order to use these opportunities he must bring his own chair, table and electric lamp."
(A week later Coolidge wrote again: "Your very generous gift as helpedpull me out of a most desperate situation.")

Later-built tunnels, from the stacks level furthest underground, connect to nearby Pusey Library, Lamont Library,
and Houghton Library.
An enclosed bridge connecting to Houghton's reading room via a Widener windowbuilt after Eleanor Widener's heirs agreed to waive her gift's proscription of exterior additions or alterationswas removed in 2004.
(Houghton and Lamont were built in the 1940s to relieve Widener,
which had become simultaneously too smallits shelves were fulland too largeits immense size
and complex catalog made books difficult to locate.
But with Harvard's collections doubling every 17 years, by 1965 Widener was again close to full,
prompting construction of Pusey, and in the early 1980s library officials "pushed the panic button" again, leading to the construction of the Harvard Depository.)

Collections and stacks

The ninety-unit Harvard Library system, of which Widener is the anchor, is the only academic library among the world's five "megalibraries"Widener, the New York Public Library, the Library of Congress, France's Bibliothèque Nationale, and the British Librarymaking it "unambiguously the greatest university library in the world," in the words of a Harvard official.

According to the Harvard College Library's own description, Widener's humanities and social sciences collections include

The building's 3.5 million volumes occupy of shelves along five miles (8km) of aisles on ten levels divided into three wings each.

Alone among the "megalibraries", only Harvard allows patrons the "long-treasured privilege" of entering the general-collections stacks to browse as they please, instead of requesting books through library staff.
Until a recent renovation the stacks had little signage"There was the expectation that if you were good enough to qualify to get into the stacks you certainly didn't need any help" (as one official put it)
so that "learning to ind books inWidener was like a rite of passage, a test of manhood",
and a 1979 monograph on library design complained, "After one goes through the main doors of Harvard's Widener Library, the only visible sign says merely ENTER."
At times color-coded lines and shoeprints have been applied to the floors to help patrons keep their bearings.

As of 2015 some 1700 persons enter the building each day, and about 2800 books are checked out.
Another 3million Widener items reside offsite (along with many millions of items from other Harvard libraries) at the Harvard Depository in Southborough, Massachusetts, from which they are retrieved overnight on request. A project to insert barcodes into each book, begun in the late 1970s, had some 1million volumes yet to reach as of 2006.

Harry Elkins Widener Collection

The works displayed in the Memorial Rooms comprise Harry Widener's collection at the time of his death, "major monuments of English letters, many remarkable for their bindings and illustrations or unusual provenance":

Shakespeare first folios;
a copy of ''Poems written by Wil.Shake-speare, gent.'' (1640) in its original sheepskin binding;
an inscribed copy of Boswell's ''Life of Samuel Johnson''; Johnson's own Bible ("used so much by its owner that several pages were worn out and Johnson copied them over in his own writing");
and first editions, presentation copies, and similarly valuable volumes of Robert Louis Stevenson, Thackeray, Charlotte Brontë, Blake, George Cruikshank, Isaac Cruikshank, Robert Cruikshank
and Dickensincluding the petty cash book kept by Dickens while a young law clerk.
Book collector George Sidney Hellman, writing soon after Harry Widener's death, observed that he was "not satisfied alone in having a rare book or a rare book inscribed by the author; it was with him a prerequisite that the volume should be in immaculate condition."

Harry Widener "died suddenly, just as he was beginning to be one of the world's great collectors,"
said the Collection's first curator.
"They formed a young man's library, and are to be preserved as he left it"except
that the Widener family has the exclusive privilege of adding to it.

Harvard's "greatest typographical treasure"
is one of the only thirty-eight perfect copies extant of the Gutenberg Bible,
purchased while Harry was abroad by his grandfather Peter A.B. Widener (who had intended to surprise Harry with it once the ''Titanic'' docked in New York) and added to the Collection by the Widener family in 1944.

Like all Harvard's valuable books, works in the Widener Collection may be consulted by researchers demonstrating a genuine research need.

Parallel classification systems and dual catalogs

Like many large libraries, Widener originally classified its holdings according to its own idiosyncratic systemthe "Widener" (or "Harvard") systemwhich (writes Battles) follows "the division of knowledge in its arly twentieth-centuryformulation. The ''Aus'' class contains books on the Austro-Hungarian Empire; the ''Ott'' class serves the purpose for the Ottoman Empire. Dante, Molière, and Montaigne each gets a class of his own."

In the 1970s new arrivals began to be classified according to a modified version of the Library of Congress system.
The two systems' differences reflect "competing theories of knowledge... In a sense, the ldWidener system was Aristotelian; its divisions were empirical, describing and reflecting the languages and cultural origins of books and highlighting their relations to one another in language, place, and time; he Library of Congress system by contrast, was Platonic, looking past the surface of language and nation to reflect the idealized, essential discipline in which each temmight be said to belong."

Because of the impracticality of reclassifying millions of books, those received before the changeover remain under their original "Widener" classifications. Thus among works on a given subject, older books will be found at one shelf location (under a "Widener" classification) and newer ones at another (under a related Library of Congress classification).

In addition, an accident of the building's layout led to the development of two separate card catalogsthe "Union" catalog and the "Public" cataloghoused on different floors and having a complex interrelationship "which perplexed students and faculty alike." It was not until the 1990s that the electronic Harvard On-Line Library Information System was able to completely supplant both physical catalogs.

Departmental and special libraries

The building also houses a number of special libraries in dedicated spaces outside the stacks, including:

There are also special collections in the history of science, linguistics, Near Eastern languages and civilizations, paleography, and Sanskrit.

The contents of the Treasure Room, holding Harvard's most precious rare books and manuscripts (other than the Harry Elkins Widener Collection itself) were transferred to newly built Houghton Library in 1942.

In literature and legend

Swimrequirement, icecream, and other legends

Legend holds that to spare future Harvard men her son's fate, Eleanor Widener insisted, as a condition of her gift, that learning to swim be made a requirement for graduation.
(This requirement, the ''Harvard Crimson'' once elaborated erroneously, was "dropped in the late 1970s because it was deemed discriminatory against physically disabled students".)
"Among the many myths relating to Harry Elkins Widener, this is the most prevalent", says Harvard's "Ask a Librarian" service. Though Harvard has had swimming requirements at various times (e.g. for rowers on the Charles River, or as a now-defunct test for entering freshmen)
Bentinck-Smith writes that "There is absolutely no evidence... that leanor Widenerwas, as a result of the Titanic disaster, in any way responsible for nycompulsory swimming test."

Another story, holding that Eleanor Widener donated a further sum to underwrite perpetual availability of ice cream (purportedly Harry Widener's favorite dessert) in Harvard dining halls, is also without foundation.
A Widener curator's compilation of "fanciful oral history" recited by student tour guides includes "Flowers mysteriously appear every morning outside the Widener Room" and "Harry used to have carnations dyed crimson to remind him of Harvard, and so his mother kept up the tradition" in the flowers displayed in the Memorial Rooms.

Literary references

In H. P. Lovecraft's fictional universe Cthulhu Mythos, Widener is one of five libraries holding a 17th-century edition of the ''Necronomicon'', hidden somewhere in the stacks.

Thomas Wolfe, who earned a Harvard master's degree in 1922, told Max Perkins that he spent most of his Harvard years in Widener's reading room. He wrote of through the stacks of that great library like some damned soul, never at restever leaping ahead from the pages I read to thoughts of those I want to read"; his alter ego Eugene Gant read with a watch in his hand, "laying waste of the shelves."

Historian Barbara Tuchman considered "the single most formative experience" of her career the writing of her undergraduate thesis, for which she was "allowed to have as my own one of those little cubicles with a table under a window" in the Widener stacks, which were "my Archimedes' bathtub, my burning bush, my dish of mold where I found my personal penicillin."

Burglary and other incidents

Over the years, Widener has been the scene of various criminal exploits "infamous for their fecklessness and ignominity."

Joel C. Williams

In 1931 former graduate student Joel C. Williams was arrested after attempting to sell two Harvard library books to a local book dealer. Charles Apted and other Harvard officials visited Williams' home
where (posing as "book buyers" to spare the feelings of Williams' family)
they found thousands of books which Williams had stolen over the years, many badly damaged. The "absolutely crazy" Williams would "go to students studying in Widener and ask them what course they were taking. He would then borrow all the books for that course in the library. Then no one could get any to study", library official John E. Shea later recalled.

Despite the misleading implication of bookplates placed in the 2504 recovered books, Harvard's charges against Williams were dropped after he was indicted on book-theft charges in another jurisdiction, which imposed a sentence of hard labor. After the unrelated arrest of a book-theft ring operating at Harvard, there was a "noticeable increase in the number of missing books secretly returned to the library", the ''Transcript'' reported in 1932.

Gutenberg Bible theft

On the night of August 19, 1969 an attempt was made to steal the library's Gutenberg Bible, valued at $1million (equivalent to $ million in ).
Equipped with a hammer, pry bar, and other burglarious implements,
the 20-year-old would-be thief hid in a lavatory until after closing, then made his way to the roof, from which he descended via a knotted rope to break through a Memorial Room window.
But after smashing the bible's display case and placing its two volumes in a knapsack, he found the additional 70 pounds (32kg) made it impossible for him to reclimb the rope.

Eventually he fell some to the pavement of one of the light courts, where he lay semiconscious
until his moans were heard by a janitor;
he was found about 1a.m.
with injuries including a fractured skull.
"It looks like a professional job all right, in the fact that he came down the rope," commented Harvard Police Chief Robert Tonis. "But it doesn't look very professional that he fell off."
Tonis speculated that the attempt may have been modeled on a similar caper depicted in the 1964 film'' Topkapi'',
though a retired Harvard librarian later commented that the thief (who was later judged insane) "evidently knew nothing about booksor, at least, about selling them... There was no explanation of what he expected to do with the Bible."

Only the books' bindings (which were "not valuable nddid just what a good binding is supposed to do: they protected the inside contents") were damaged.
Since the incident only one or the other Bible volume is on display at any given time
and a replica has been substituted at times of heightened security concern.

"The Slasher"

Around 1990, empty bindings stripped of their pages began to appear in the Widener stacks. Eventually some 600 mutilated books were discovered, the vandal particularly targeting works on early Christianity in Greek, Latin, or unusual languages such as Icelandic.
Notes left at Widener, and later at Northeastern University, threatened graphically described mutilations of library workers, cyanide gas attacks,
and bombings of libraries and a local bank.
Other notes instructed that $500,000 be left in a Northeastern library, demanded that Northeastern "terminate all Jew personnel", and directed that $1million be left in the Widener stacks:

These "ransom drops" were staked out by the FBI,
and surveillance cameras installed in ersatz books, without result.

In 1994 police connected an incident at Northeastern, in which a library worker there (a former Widener employee) was caught stealing chemistry books, with the fact that chemistry texts had been among the works mutilated at Widener.
Officials found "a kind of renegade reference room" in the worker's basement,
including library books, piles of ripped-out pages, a microfilm camera, and hundreds of unusable microfilms he had haphazardly made of the books (worth $180,000) he had destroyed.
At trial "The Slasher" said he had acted in revenge for the eighteen months he had been detained in a state psychiatric hospital after expiration of a six-month jail term he had received for a minor offense.

Artwork

Two of Gore Hall's granite pinnacles were preserved, and flank Widener's rear entrance.

In the 1920s the university commissioned John Singer Sargent to paint, within the fourteen-foot-high arched panels flanking the entrance to the Memorial Rooms, two murals giving tribute to Harvard's World WarI dead: ''Death and Victory'' and ''Entering the War''.
The accompanying inscription, by Lowell, reads: "Happy those who with a glowing faith/ In one embrace clasped Death and Victory".
With Memorial Church, which directly faces Widener, these constitute what the Boston Public Library calls "the most elaborate World WarI memorial in the Boston area."

Above the Memorial Rooms entrance is inscribed:

(Eleanor Elkins Widener became Eleanor Elkins Rice when, in October 1915, she married Harvard professor and surgeon
Alexander Hamilton Rice, Jr.,
a noted South American explorer whom she had met at the library's dedication four months earlier. She died in 1937.)

On the second floor is a bronze bust by Albin Polasek of sculptor and muralist Frank Millet, who had also died on the ''Titanic''.
In the main reading room is a sculpture of George Washington; on the stairs to the third floor a sculpture of John Elbridge Hudson; and on the ground floor a sculpture of Henry Ware Wales,
as well as vaulted hallways"just like the Oyster Bar at Grand Central... astounding", according to historian Thomas Gickby Rafael Guastavino, who (with his son) also designed and built domes and vaults in buildings such as Carnegie Hall, the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, and the Boston Public Library.

Three dioramasdepicting the grounds, buildings, and vicinity of Harvard Yard in 1667, 1775 and 1936were installed behind the main stairs in 1947, but removed during renovations in 2004.
A six-foot-square bronze tablet, featuring a bas relief of Gore Hall, is at the exterior northwest corner. Its inscription reads in part:

Restrictions on women

The building originally included a separate Radcliffe Reading Room behind the card catalogs"barely large enough for a single table"to which female students were restricted "for fear their presence would distract the studious Harvard men" in the main reading room.
In 1923 a sequence of communications between Librarian William Coolidge Lane and another Harvard official dealt with "the incident of Miss Alexander's intrusion into the reading room",
and Keyes Metcalf, Director of University Libraries from 1937 to 1955, wrote that early in his tenure a Classics professor "rushed into my office, looking as if he were about to have an apoplectic stroke, and gasped, 'I've just been in the reading room, and there is a Radcliffe girl in there! By then female graduate students were permitted to enter the stacks, but only until 5p.m., "after which time it was thought they would not be safe there".

"Even the ever-present problem of inadequate lavatories worked to deny functional access to women", wrote Battles. "Patrons requesting directions to a women's restroom were routinely misled, denied access, or simply told that such things did not exist at a college for men such as Harvard."

By World WarII (Elizabeth Colson recalled years later) "we could go into the ain Reading Roomand use the encyclopedias and things like that there, if we stood up, but we couldn't sit down",
and only by special permission (which even female faculty members had to request in writing) could a woman work in the building in the evening.

Renovation

A five-year, $97million renovation completed in 2004
(the first since the building opened) added fire suppression and environmental control systems, upgraded wiring and communications, remodeled various public spaces, and enclosed the light courts to create additional reading rooms
(beneath which several levels of new offices and mechanical equipment were hidden).
"Claustrophobia-inducing" elevators were replaced,
the bottom shelves on the lowest stacks level were removed in recognition of chronic seepage problems,
Widener's "olfactory nostalgia... actually the smell of decaying books" was addressed,
and unrestricted light and airseen as desirable when Widener was built but now considered "public enemies one and two for the long-term safety of old books"were brought under control.

Some changes required that the Widener family grant relief
from the terms of Eleanor Widener's gift, which forbade that "structures of any kind eerected in the courts around which the ibraryis constructed, but that the same shall be kept open for light and air".
The need to relocate each of the building's 3.5million volumes twicefirst to temporary locations, then to new permanent locations, as work proceeded aisle by aislewas turned to advantage, so that by the end of the renovation related materials in the library's two classification systems (see § Parallel classification systems) were physically adjacent for the first time;
the chart showing the floor and wing location, within the stacks, of each subject classification was revised sixty-five times during construction.
The project received the 2005 Library Building Award from the American Library Association and the American Institute of Architects.

Notes

Sources and further reading

Further reading

*

Other sources cited
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{{refn, name=weds, {{citation , url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/10/07/105041887.pdf
, title= Explorer Rice Weds Mrs. G. D. Widener{{sndLaw Requiring Five Days' Delay After Securing License Waived by a Court Order{{sndPlans for Secrecy Fail{{sndBishop Lawrence Officiates at Ceremony in Emmanuel Church Vestry Witnessed by Twelve Persons, work=New York Times , date=October 7, 1915

{{refn, name=dienstag, {{cite news
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2004/5/3/widener-reading-room-reopens-the-penultimate
, title=Widener Reading Room Reopens, last=Dienstag, first=John, date=May 3, 2004, work=Harvard Crimson

{{refn, name=divinity, {{cite book
, url=http://library.hds.harvard.edu/exhibits/hds-20th-century/new-library
, title=Harvard Divinity School. Andover-Harvard Theological Library. The New Library
, year=2016, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College

{{refn, name=grace, {{cite news
, url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19690821&id=KUtSAAAAIBAJ&pg=7292,611808
, title=Cat Burglar Steals Bible Before Fall From Grace, work=St. Petersburg Times, date=August 21, 1969, page=2-A

{{refn, name=kent, {{cite book
, title=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oprd7AefXFwC&pg=PA318
, volume=19, year=1976, publisher=CRC Press, isbn=978-0-8247-2019-3, page=318, editor1-last=Kent , editor1-first=A.
, editor2-last=Lancour , editor2-first=Harold , editor3-last=Daily, editor3-first=Jay E. , editor4-last=Nasri , editor4-first= W.Z., display-editors = 3

{{refn, name=rolbein , {{cite news
, title=Deep in the stacks: Besides 3.5 million books, Harvard's Widener Library harbors scholars, thieves, eccentrics and a tale or two
, first=Seth , last=Rolbein , work=The Boston Globe Magazine , date=April 13, 1997 , page=14

{{refn, name=transcript, {{cite news , author=
, url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2249&dat=19150624&id=GzknAAAAIBAJ&pg=6483,4969905
, date = June 24, 1915 , work=Boston Evening Transcript , page=2
, title= Harvard Commencement. Widener Is Dedicated – Senator Lodge Makes the Speech of Presenta{{shytion{{sndPresident Lowell Accepts Gift for Harvard{{sndIn Presence of Many Distinguished Guests{{sndMrs. Widener, Donor, Delivers the Keys{{sndBishop Lawrence in Benedic{{shytion and Prayer{{sndExercises are in Library Memorial Room{{sndUniver{{shysity Marshal Warren Is in Charge

{{refn, name=near_best, {{cite news, work=Harvard Crimson
, title=Widener Gutenberg Bible Near Best – Outstanding Specimen In Harvard Scarce Volume Collec{{shytion
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1949/11/10/widener-gutenberg-bible-near-best-pthe
, date=November 10, 1949

{{refn, name=dies_paris, {{citation
, title=Mrs. A. H. Rice Dies in a Paris Store{{sndNew York and Newport Society Woman, Wife of Explorer, Noted for Philanthropy{{sndA Survivor of Titanic{{sndLost First Husband and Son in Disaster{{sndGave Library to Harvard Univer{{shysity
, work=New York Times , date=July 14, 1937

{{refn, name=metcalf1980, {{cite book
, first=Keyes DeWitt , last=Metcalf , author-link=Keyes Metcalf , year=1980 , publisher=Readex Books
, title=Random Recollections of an Anachronism or Seventy-Five Years of Library Work, url=https://archive.org/details/randomrecollecti00metc , url-access=registration , page
264
��65
, isbn=9780918414021

{{refn, name=metcalf1988, {{cite book
, title=My Harvard Library years, 1937–1955: A sequel to Random recollections of an anachronism
, first=Keyes DeWitt , last=Metcalf , author-link=Keyes Metcalf , year=1988 , publisher=Harvard College Library{{nbsp/ Harvard University Press
, editor-last=Williams, editor-first=Edwin E. , pages=24–30

{{refn, name=metcalf1965, {{cite book
, last=Metcalf, first=Keyes DeWitt , author-link=Keyes Metcalf , title=Planning academic and research library buildings
, publisher=McGraw-Hill, url=https://archive.org/details/planningacademic0000metc, url-access=registration, year=1965
, isbn=9780070416574

{{refn, name=rotunda, {{cite web , title = The Memo{{shyrial Library. The Rotunda
, author = Harvard College Library , date = 2009 , access-date = 2014-05-15
, website= History of the Harry Elkins Widener Memo{{shyrial Collec{{shytion
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/exhibits/widener/library/5_5.cfm

{{refn, name=newpusey, {{cite news
, title=The New Pusey Library: Yard Beautification, work=Harvard Crimson
, first=Nicholas, last=Lemann, date= March 26, 1973

{{refn, name=bunting, {{cite book
, author=Bainbridge Bunting , editor=Margaret Henderson Floyd
, title=Harvard: An Architectural History
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlaE3-XfmJwC&pg=PA152
, year=1985 , publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univer{{shysity Press
, isbn=978-0-674-37291-7 , pages=152–57

{{refn, name=hearst, {{cite web
, website=Encyclo{{shypaedia Britannica , title=William Randolph Hearst, access-date=June 17, 2014
, date=July 29, 2013, url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258328/William-Randolph-Hearst

{{refn, name=zoll , {{cite news
, date=April 14, 1996 , first=Rachel, last=Zoll
, url=http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19960415/LIFE/304159968&emailAFriend=1
, work=South Coast Today , title=Libraries throw the book at their abundant looters

{{refn, name=HEW_history, {{cite web , website = hcl.harvard.edu
, title = Houghton Library. Collec{{shytions. Harry Elkins Widener Collec{{shytion. History.
, author = Harvard College Library , date = June 10, 2014 , access-date = 2014-05-15
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/exhibits/widener/

{{refn, name=pollet, {{cite book
, last1=Pollet, first1=Dorothy, last2=Haskell, first2=Peter C., url=https://archive.org/details/signsystemsforli00poll
, url-access=registration, title=Sign systems for libraries: solving the wayfinding problem, year=1979, publisher=Bowker, page
169
��71
, isbn=9780835211499

{{refn, name=widener_history, {{cite web
, website = hcl.harvard.edu, title = Widener Library. History. , author = Harvard College Library
, date = September 26, 2014 , access-date = 2015-01-11, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/widener/history.cfm

{{refn, name=relieve,
{{cite news
, title=Legendary Librarian Dies, Planned Lament ic?and Pusey
, first=Ellen P., last=Goodman, date=November 8, 1983
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1983/11/8/legendary-librarian-dies-planned-lament-and/

* {{cite web , title = Houghton Library. History
, author = Harvard College Library , date = 2008 , access-date = 2015-01-11
, website= hcl.harvard.edu
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/history.cfm

{{refn, name=suspect, {{cite news
, title=Suspect Falls 50 Feet With Gutenberg Bible: $1 Million Harvard Theft Fails
, last=Snow, first=Crocker Jr. , work=Boston Globe, date=August 21, 1969 , page=1

{{refn, name=barcoding, {{cite web
, website = Harvard University. Library Notes.
, url=http://hul.harvard.edu/publications/hul_notes_1330/barcoding.html
, date=March 2006, number=1330, title=HCL's Smart Barcoding Project Under Way in Widener

{{refn, name=crime_1969, {{cite news
, title=Officials Add New Security For Widener Fire Threat, Bible Theft Spur Action
, date=September 23, 1969 , work=Harvard Crimson
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/9/23/officials-add-new-security-for-widener

{{refn, name=widener_hewmc, {{cite web , website = hcl.harvard.edu
, title = Widener Library. Collec{{shytions. Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Collec{{shytion
, author = Harvard College Library , date = 2007 , access-date = 2014-05-16
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/widener/collections/harryelkins.html

{{refn , name=fox, {{cite book
, last=Fox, first=Dov, title=The Truth about Harvard: A Behind the Scenes Look at Admissions and Life on Campus, page=100
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVrimODXb-8C&pg=PA100, year=2004, publisher=The Princeton Review, isbn=978-0-375-76435-6

{{refn, name=HEW_gutenberg, {{cite web , website = hcl.harvard.edu
, title = Houghton Library. Collec{{shytions. Harry Elkins Widener Collec{{shytion. The Gutenberg Bible
, author = Harvard College Library , date = 2012 , access-date = 2014-05-23
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/collections/widener/gutenberg.cfm

{{refn, name=wiegand , {{cite book, title =Encyclo{{shypedia of Library History
, editor1=Wayne A. Wiegand , editor2=Donald G. Davis , publisher=Taylor{{nbsp& Francis, year=1994
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WR9bsvhc4XMC&pg=PA256
, isbn=978-0-8240-5787-9

{{refn, name=goins, {{cite news , title =Needed Renova{{shytions Planned For Widener
, first=Jason M. , last=Goins , date=March 23, 1999 , work=Harvard Crimson
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/3/23/needed-renovations-planned-for-widener-pwhen

{{refn, name=crime_1951, {{cite news
, title=Faculty Profile. Sleuths in the Stacks , first=Philip M. , last=Cronin, date=December 12, 1951 , work=Harvard Crimson
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1951/12/12/faculty-profile-pi-was-always-well-known/

{{refn, name=meister, {{cite book , title=Architecture and the Arts and Crafts Movement in Boston: Harvard's H. Langford Warren
, first=Maureen , last=Meister , year=2003, isbn=978-1-58465-351-6 , publisher=UPNE
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMG7uSjbiNQC&pg=PA147

{{refn, name=gift, {{cite web , title = The Memo{{shyrial Library. The Gift to Harvard
, author = Harvard College Library , date = 2009 , access-date = 2014-05-15
, website= History of the Harry Elkins Widener Memo{{shyrial Collec{{shytion
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/exhibits/widener/library/5_2.cfm

{{refn, name=mrsw, {{cite web , title = The Memo{{shyrial Library. Mrs. Widener to President Lowell
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, website= History of the Harry Elkins Widener Memo{{shyrial Collec{{shytion
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/exhibits/widener/library/5_3.cfm

{{refn, name=look, {{cite book
, author=David Herbert Donald, title=Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVPHgzHxUgEC&pg=PA498
, year=2002, publisher=Harvard Univer{{shysity Press
, isbn=978-0-674-00869-4, pages=72–73

{{refn, name=offsite, {{cite book , title=Library Off-site Shelving: Guide for High-density Facilities
, editor1=Danuta A. Nitecki , editor2=Curtis L. Kendrick, page=129, publisher=Libraries Unlimited , year= 2001
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2aD9piTIFoC&pg=PA129 , isbn=978-1-56308-885-8

{{refn, name=lb_ad, {{cite journal
, journal=The Library Journal , date=May 1915, at=Advertising supplement, p. 7
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSUzAQAAMAAJ
, title=Special card catalog cases, volume=40, number=5
, last1=Martel, first1=Charles

{{refn, name=tlj_may1915, {{cite journal
, journal=The Library Journal , date=May 1915, page=305
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSUzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA305
, title=The preparations for the A.L.A. conference at Berkeley, volume=40, number=5
, last1=Martel, first1=Charles

{{refn, name=snead_ad, {{cite journal
, journal=The Library Journal , date=December 1915, at=Advertising supplement, p. 9
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSUzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA981, volume=40, number=12
, title=The Newly Completed Widener Memorial Library, Harvard Univer{{shysity is equipped with Snead Standard Stack and Snead Standard Steel Shelving
, last1=Martel, first1=Charles

{{refn, name=ask_swim, {{cite web
, work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian , date=February 22, 2012
, url=https://ask.library.harvard.edu/faq/81791
, title=Is it true that Harvard students must pass a swimming test because of Harry Elkins Widener's death aboard the Titanic?
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah , access-date=April 30, 2014

{{refn, name=ask_dioramas, {{cite web
, work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian , date=May 19, 2016
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/faq/81790
, title=What happened to the dioramas of Cambridge that used to be in Widener?
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah , access-date=June 3, 2016

{{refn, name=ask_inscriptions, {{cite web
, work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=380877
, title=What are the inscriptions to Harry by his mother in the entrance to the memorial library at Harvard?
, date=March 25, 2013 , access-date=June 14, 2014
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah

{{refn, name=ask_sargent, {{cite web
, work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=33668
, title=Where are the John Singer Sargent paintings in Widener?
, date=June 14, 2013 , access-date=June 14, 2014
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah

{{refn, name=tomase , {{cite news
, title=Tale of John Harvard's Surviving Book
, date=November 1, 2007 , first=Jennifer, last=Tomase
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, work=Harvard Gazette
, url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/11/tale-of-john-harvard%E2%80%99s-surviving-book

{{refn, name=collections, {{cite web , website = hcl.harvard.edu
, title = Widener Library Collec{{shytions. Overview
, author = Harvard College Library , date = 2009 , access-date = 2014-05-15
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url= http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/widener/collections

{{refn, name=forrest, {{cite journal
, pages=197–205 , url=https://www.academia.edu/669221
, title=2005 AIA/ALA Library Building Awards{{sndHarry Elkins Widener Memorial Library Renova{{shytion
, author=Charles Forrest , journal=Library Administra{{shytion{{nbsp& Manage{{shyment , date=Fall 2005 , volume=19 , number=4

{{refn, name=histcambridge, {{cite book
, chapter-url=http://www.mocavo.com/A-History-of-Cambridge-Massachusetts-1630-1913/488593/315 , author=Samuel Atkins Eliot
, chapter=The Harry Elkins Widener Library , pages=273–76
, title=A history of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1630–1913{{sndtogether with biographies of Cambridge people
, location=Cambridge, Massachusetts , publisher=Cambridge Tribune , year=1913
{{subscription required

{{refn, name=movement, {{cite web
, title = HCL News. Widener Stacks Division Com{{shypletes the Movement of Millions of Volumes{{sndNot an Easy Trick
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, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College, url= http://hcl.harvard.edu/news/articles/2002/stackscomplete_pr.cfm

{{refn, name=ask_disturbing, {{cite web
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, archive-date=2015-02-17
, title=I found a disturbing bookplate in a Widener book, date=Jul 19, 2012

{{refn, name=whiffen, {{cite book
, title=American Architecture: 1860–1976 , volume=2 , author-link=Marcus Whiffen , first1=Marcus , last1=Whiffen , first2= Frederick , last2=Koeper
, year=1983, publisher=MIT Press, isbn=978-0-262-73070-9, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpgPyGWFRBAC&pg=PA281

{{refn, name=lacock, {{cite book
, last=Lacock , first=John Kennedy, year=1923
, title=Boston and vicinity including Cambridge, Arlington, Lexington, Concord, Quincy, Plymouth, Salem and Marblehead. Historic landmarks and points of interest and how to see them
, location=Boston, publisher=Chapple Publishing Company, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Da5JAAAAIAAJ

{{refn, name=british, {{cite book
, title=British Univer{{shysities Encyclo{{shypaedia: pt. 1–2. World's libraries and librarians
, location=London , year=1939 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65pGAQAAIAAJ
, publisher=British Univer{{shysities Encyclo{{shypaedia Limited and the Athenaeum Press

{{refn, name=ala_aia, {{cite web
, url=http://www.ala.org/llama/awards/aiaalalibrarybuildings, title=Previous Winners of the AIA/ALA Library Buildings Award Program
, publisher=American Library Association, author=Library Leadership and Management Association

{{refn, name=browse, {{cite news
, work=Boston Sunday Herald, date=October 10, 1915, page=1
, title=A browse amongst the books in the new Widener Memorial Library at Harvard

{{refn, name=halberstam, {{cite news , last=Halberstam , first=David
, title=The Widener Memorial Room , work=Harvard Crimson , date=April 7, 1953
, author-link=David Halberstam, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/4/7/the-widener-memorial-room-ptwenty-seven-year

{{refn, name=ask_flowers , {{cite web
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=99096, work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, title=Is it true that fresh flowers are delivered daily to the Widener Memorial Room?
, date=October 3, 2011 , access-date=April 30, 2014 , last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah
, url-status=dead , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217013352if_/http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=99096
, archive-date=2015-02-17

{{refn, name=canoe, {{cite book
, author=Steven Biel, title=Down with the Old Canoe: A Cultural History of the Titanic Disaster
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, url-access=registration, pag
89
year=2012, publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, isbn=978-0-393-34080-8

{{refn, name=bibliophobia, {{cite news
, title=Bibliophobia , first=Sarah J. , last=Schaffer , date=February 18, 1995 , work=Harvard Crimson
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1995/2/18/bibliophobia-psome-harvard-students-make-it/?page=single

{{refn, name=cyclo, {{cite book, work=The Cyclopædia of American Biography , year=1918
, editor=James E. Homans , title=Harry Elkins Widener
, url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Widener,_Harry_Elkins

{{refn, name=bpl_sargent,
* {{cite web, title=Sargent's Harvard murals , year=2003 , access-date=2014-05-24
, publisher=Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston and the President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://www.sargentmurals.bpl.org/site/sargent/01_hvd.html

* {{cite web, title=Sargent's Harvard Murals. Entering the War.
, url=http://www.sargentmurals.bpl.org/site/sargent/02_hvd.html

{{refn, name=Harvard's_new, {{cite news
, title=Harvard's new library – Presented by Mrs. George D. Widener to House the Valuable Collection of Books Left by Her Son, Harry Elkins Widener
, date=September 22, 1912 , work=The New York Times , page=14
, url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/09/22/100594028.pdf

{{refn, name=HEW_Livingston, {{cite letter
, first = Harry Elkins
, last = Widener
, recipient = Luther Samuel Livingston
, subject = Just a few lines to tell you that I am about to take a quick trip to England
, date = March 10, 1912
, type = manuscript
, url = http://hollisclassic.harvard.edu/F/?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&request=008653030

{{refn, name=hellman, {{cite news
, title=Harvard To Get Harry Widener's Famous Library – Titanic Victim, Though Hardly Out Of College – Acquired A Fine Collection Of Books That He Willed To His Alma Mater – His Grandfather Adds A Memorial Wing To House It
, author=George S. Hellman , work=The New York Times , date=June 2, 1912
, url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/06/02/100585557.pdf

{{refn, name=houghton_chron, {{cite book
, author1=Hugh Amory, author2=Nancy Finlay
, title=A Houghton library chronicle, 1942–1992
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXoqAQAAIAAJ
, year=1992, publisher=Harvard College Library
, isbn=9780914630067

{{refn, name=speaking, {{cite news
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, date = February 26, 1998
, author =
, title = Speaking Volumes
, work = Harvard Gazette
, url = http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/02.26/SpeakingVolumes.html
, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19990909205056/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/02.26/SpeakingVolumes.html
, url-status = dead
, archive-date = September 9, 1999

{{refn, name=hewc, {{cite web , website = hcl.harvard.edu
, title = Harry Elkins Widener Collec{{shytion. Overview
, author = Harvard College Library , date = 2009 , access-date = 2014-05-15
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url= http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/collections/widener/collection.cfm

{{refn, name=HEW_will, {{cite web , title = The Memo{{shyrial Library. Will of Harry Elkins Widener
, author = Harvard College Library , date = 2009 , access-date = 2014-05-15
, website= History of the Harry Elkins Widener Memo{{shyrial Collec{{shytion
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url= http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/exhibits/widener/library/5_7.cfm

{{refn, name=AZ, {{cite book
, last1=Bethell, first1= John T., last2= Hunt, first2= Richard M., last3= Shenton, first3=Robert
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA230, isbn=978-0-674-02089-4
, title=Harvard A to Z, publisher= Harvard Universi{{shyty Press, year=2004

{{refn, name=leighton, {{cite book
, last1=Leighton , first1=Philip D.
, last2=Weber , first2=David C.
, title=Planning Academic and Research Library Buildings
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8R9UH8kbo4C&pg=PA13
, year=1999 , publisher=American Library Association
, isbn=978-0-8389-0747-4 , pages=13–14

{{refn, name=houghton_gutenberg, {{cite web , website = hcl.harvard.edu
, title= Houghton Library. Collections. Harry Elkins Widener Collection. The Gutenberg Bible
, author = Harvard College Library , date = 2012 , access-date = 2014-06-01
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/collections/widener/gutenberg.cfm

{{refn, name=special, {{cite web , website = hcl.harvard.edu
, title= Widener Library. FAS Departmental Libraries
, author = Harvard College Library , date = 2009 , access-date = 2014-05-15
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/widener/fas_dept_libs.cfm

{{refn , name=engineering, {{cite journal
, date=June 1916, page=iv, journal=The Engineering Magazine
, title= Improved Machinery. An Electric Floor Surfacing Machine
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rJMAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PR4

{{refn, name=bearings ,
{{cite news
, title=Fifteen Minutes: Blue Line, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/9/30/fifteen-minutes-blue-line-pevery-widener
, author=, date= September 30, 1999 , work=Harvard Crimson

* {{cite news
, title=Dazed and Confused In Widener Library, last=Marks, first=Stephen M., date=October 24, 2002, work=Harvard Crimson

{{refn, name=gewertz, {{cite news
, first=Ken , last=Gewertz, date=October 17, 2002, work=Harvard Gazette
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, title=Widener's main entrance to close for renova{{shytion
, url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/10.17/09-widener.html

{{refn, name=slips, {{citation
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/9/18/burglar-slips-as-he-tries-to/
, title=Burglar Slips as He Tries to Remove Gutenberg Bible From Widener Library
, work=Harvard Crimson , date=September 18, 1969

{{refn, name=shandtucci, {{cite book
, last=Shand-Tucci, first=Douglas, publisher=Princeton Architectural Press
, title=The Campus Guide: Harvard Universi{{shyty, page=165–69
, year=2001, isbn=9781568982809, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g6vmGl0UgwC

{{refn, name=klepts, {{cite journal
, journal=Harvard Magazine , date= March 1997 , title=Biblioklepts
, last= Reed , first=Christopher
}
Part{{nbspA

{{refn, name=slasher, {{cite journal
, journal=Harvard Magazine , last= Reed , first=Christopher, date= March{{endashApril 1997
, url=http://harvardmagazine.com/1997/03/biblio.slasher.html
, title=The Slasher

{{refn, name=smith, {{cite book
, title=The Harvard Century: The Making of a University to a Nation, url=https://archive.org/details/harvardcentury00rich, url-access=registration, pag
80
last=Smith, first=Richard Norton
, year=1986, publisher=Simon & Schuster

{{refn, name=lies, {{cite journal
, journal=Harvard Magazine , author=Primus V , date=July–August 2003
, url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2003/07/lies-about-harry.html
, title=The College Pump{{sndLies about Harry

{{refn, name=tuchman, {{cite book
, page=15, year=2011, title=Practicing History: Selected essays, last=Tuchman, first=Barbara W.
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hffLC9_WUCIC&pg=PA15, author-link=Barbara W. Tuchman
, publisher=Random House Publishing Group, isbn=978-0-307-79855-8

{{refn , name=destroyer , {{cite news
, title=Destroyer of Books Gets Stiff Sentence
, url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/03.28/DestroyerofBook.html
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, first=Marvin, last=Hightower , date=March 28, 1996 , work=Harvard Gazette

{{refn, name=lib1892, {{cite book, author=Harvard Univer{{shysity. Library, title=Fifteenth Report (1892) of Justin Winsor, Librarian of Harvard Univer{{shysity, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlkZAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA15, year=1892, pages=1–15

{{refn, name=lane_libj
, {{cite journal, last=Lane, first=William Coolidge, author-link=William Coolidge Lane
, title=The Widener Memo{{shyrial Library of Harvard College
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSUzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA325
, journal=The Library Journal, date=May 1915, page=325, volume=40, number=5

{{refn, name=coolidge, {{cite book
, last=Coolidge, first=Archibald Cary, title=The Harvard College Library, number=93, author-link=Archibald Cary Coolidge
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CdYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA81, volume=24, date=September 1915
, publisher=Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association, pages=23–31, work=The Harvard Graduates' Magazine

{{refn, name=lodge, {{cite book
, last=Lodge, first=Henry Cabot, title=The Meaning of a Great Library, number=93
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CdYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA31, volume=24, date=September 1915
, publisher=Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association, pages=31–38, work=The Harvard Graduates' Magazine

{{refn, name=dedication, {{cite book
, title=Commencement—Dedication of the Library, number=93
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CdYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA81, volume=24, date=September 1915
, publisher=Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association, pages=81–82, work=The Harvard Graduates' Magazine

{{refn, name=sanders, {{cite book
, title=Commencement—Exercises in Sanders Theatre, number=93
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CdYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA78, volume=24, date=September 1915
, publisher=Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association, pages=78–81, work=The Harvard Graduates' Magazine

{{refn, name=lane_mem
, {{cite journal, last=Lane, first=William Coolidge, author-link=William Coolidge Lane
, title=The Harry Elkins Widener Memo{{shyrial Library. The Widener Memorial
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyTPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA672
, journal=The Library Journal, date=May 1915, page=672–77, volume=40, number=5

{{refn, name=graduates_window
, {{cite journal, pages=23–25, date=September 1903, volume=12, number=45, title=From a Graduate's Window
, journal=Harvard Graduates Magazine, publisher=Harvard Graduates' Magazine Associa{{shytion
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDNYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23

{{refn, name=crime_1928, {{cite news
, title=New Addition Affords Widener Shelving Room – Recent Gift of Mrs. Hamilton Rice Increases Stack Space – Two Levels Added Below Present Stack
, work=Harvard Crimson, date=September 22, 1928
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1928/9/22/new-addition-affords-widener-shelving-room/

{{refn, name=alumni_19130616_collection, {{cite journal, journal=Harvard Alumni Bulletin, pages=668–70
, title=The Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library. The Widener Collection of Books
, author=George Parker Winship , author-link=George Parker Winship
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyTPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA668
, date=June 16, 1915 , publisher=Harvard Alumni Associa{{shytion, volume=XVII, number=36

{{refn, name=counting, {{cite news
, url = http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/06.04/CountingLibrari.html
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, work = Harvard Univer{{shysity Gazette
, date = June 4, 1998
, last = Hanke
, first = Timothy
, title = Counting Libraries at Harvard: Not as Easy as You Think
, url-status = dead
, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120705142839/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/06.04/CountingLibrari.html
, archive-date = July 5, 2012

{{refn, name=beefs, {{cite news, title=Widener Beefs Up Security
, work=Harvard Crimson, first=Elisabeth S. , last=Theodore , date= November 14, 2001
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2001/11/14/widener-beefs-up-security-pstudents-entering/

{{refn, name=contract, {{cite news
, work=Harvard Crimson, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1912/12/9/contract-for-new-library-pwhile-the/
, title=Contract for new library to be let soon – Specifications call for building of most modern type
, date=December 9, 1912

{{refn, name=bridge,
{{cite news
, work=Harvard Gazette
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, title=Houghton bridge is coming down, date=November 6, 2003
, author=HCL Communica{{shytions, url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/11.06/19-bridge.html

* {{cite news, title=Widener Library Bridge Coming Down
, first=Zachary M. , last=Seward, date=November 18, 2003 , work=Harvard Crimson
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/11/18/widener-library-bridge-coming-down-the/

{{refn, name=bust, {{cite news, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1920/6/4/memorial-bust-of-titanic-victim-placed
, title=Memorial Bust of Titanic Victim Placed in Widener – Francis Davis Millet '69 Honored by His Classmates—Was Prominent Mural Decorator
, date=June 4, 1920 , work=Harvard Crimson

{{refn, name=gazette2012A, {{cite web
, work=Harvard Gazette , title=Widener Library rises from Titanic tragedy
, url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/04/as-result-of-titanics-sinking-widener-library-rose/
, publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College
, last=Ireland, first=Corydon, date=April 5, 2012

{{refn, name=snead, {{cite book, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr9XAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA153
, pages=11, 68, 152–58 , publisher=Snead{{nbsp& Company Iron Works , year=1915
, title=Library planning, bookstacks and shelving, with contri{{shybu{{shytions from the archi{{shytects' and librarians' points of view

{{refn, name=valve_abele, {{cite web, title=Julian Abele, date=February 18, 2014
, work=Sprinkler Valve Through Door: A peek inside Harvard's Widener Library
, url=http://widenerlibrary.tumblr.com/post/77105150617/julian-abele-was-the-chief-designer-for-the

{{refn, name=stam, {{cite book
, first=David H. , last=Stam
, title=International Dictionary of Library Histories
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zoq_TtEN54IC&pg=PA351
, year=2001 , publisher=Taylor & Francis
, isbn=978-1-57958-244-9

{{refn, name=ask_wolfe, {{cite web
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=40496 , work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, title=Who was the Harvard student who famously was stunned to realize that he couldn't read all the books in Widener Library?
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah , date=April 1, 2014 , access-date=June 5, 2014

{{refn, name=ask_mrsw_inscription, {{cite web
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=101140 , work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, title=What is the inscrip{{shytion over the door to the Widener Library in memory of Mrs. Hamilton Rice?
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah , date=October 8, 2011 , access-date=June 14, 2014

{{refn, name=ask_furniture, {{cite web
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=99069 , work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, title=Did the furniture in the Widener Memorial Room belong to Harry Elkins Widener?
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah , date=October 3, 2011 , access-date=June 15, 2014

{{refn, name=ask_lamp, {{cite web
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=99055, work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, title=Is the lamp in the Widener Memorial Room a real Tiffany?
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah , date=October 3, 2011 , access-date=June 15, 2014

{{refn, name=ask_rug, {{cite web
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=99053 , work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, title=What is the rug that's in the Widener Memorial Room?
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah , date=October 3, 2011 , access-date=June 15, 2014

{{refn, name=printers,
{{cite journal
, url=http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2573358?n=17602&s=6
, title=A Carved Tablet Showing Early Printers' Marks on the Widener Library
, journal=Harvard Library Bulletin , author=Mason Hammond
, volume=XXXVI , number=4 , date=Fall 1988 , pages=373–80

* {{cite web
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=55788, work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, title=Over the front door of Widener there is a carving.
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah , date=April 1, 2011 , access-date=June 16, 2014

{{refn, name=ask_gutenberg, {{cite web
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=48156 , work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, title=Does Harvard have a Gutenberg Bible?
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah , date=Feb 7, 2012 , access-date=June 15, 2014

{{refn, name=ask_portrait, {{cite web
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=99093 , work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, title=What can you tell me about the portrait in the Widener Memorial Room?
, last=Kelley-Milburn , first=Deborah , date=February 25, 2013 , access-date=June 15, 2014

{{refn, name=mitchell, {{cite book
, last=Mitchell, first=Ted
, title=Thomas Wolfe: An Illustrated Biography, isbn=978-1-933648-10-1, pag
78
, url=https://archive.org/details/thomaswolfe00tedm, url-access=registration, year=2006, publisher=Pegasus Books

{{refn, name=necro,
{{cite web
, url=http://asklib.hcl.harvard.edu/a.php?qid=29612 , work=Harvard Library. Ask a Librarian
, title=Does Harvard have a copy of the Necronomicon?, date=June 12, 2012, access-date=June 13, 2014, author=David Cort

* {{cite web
, title=History of the Necronomicon, date=April 1, 2014, work=Sprinkler Valve Through Door: A peek inside Harvard's Widener Library
, url=http://widenerlibrary.tumblr.com/post/81401648576/top-photos-1-4-a-history-of-the-necronomicon

* {{cite web
, title=April Fools, date=April 2, 2014, work=Sprinkler Valve Through Door: A peek inside Harvard's Widener Library
, url=http://widenerlibrary.tumblr.com/post/81513800191/april-fools-our-previous-post-on-the-necronomicon

* {{cite book
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MevMCyh7hRUC, title=The Lovecraft Necronomicon primer: a guide to the Cthulhu mythos
, last=Bilstad, first= T. Allan , year=2009 , publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide, isbn=978-0-7387-1379-3

* {{cite book
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soWOpwAACAAJ, title=A history of the Necronomicon , last=Lovecraft, first=H. P.
, edition=2nd, year=1977, publisher=Necronomicon Press, isbn=978-0-686-19141-4

{{refn, name=bentinck1976, {{cite book , title=Building a great library: the Coolidge years at Harvard
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYYaAAAAMAAJ
, year=1976 , author-link=William Bentinck-Smith , last=Bentinck-Smith , first=William
, publisher=Harvard Univer{{shysity Library , isbn=978-0-674-08578-7

{{refn, name=battles_unquiet, {{cite book , title=Library: An Unquiet History
, year = 2004, publisher=W. W. Norton, isbn=978-0-393-32564-5
, last=Battles , first=Matthew , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5O-v2V1ryYC&pg=PA4

{{refn, name=gore_tablet,
{{cite news
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1917/9/26/tablet-erected-to-gore-hall-pthe/
, title=Tablet Erected to Gore Hall – Placed by Library Committee on Front of Widener.
, work=Harvard Crimson, date=September 26, 1917

* {{cite news
, url=http://cambridge.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/cambridge?a=d&d=Tribune19170915-01.2.54
, work=Cambridge Tribune , volume=XL , number=29, date=September 15, 1917
, title=Widener Library Tablet Commemorates Gore Hall

{{refn, name=thieves, {{cite book
, author=Travis McDade , page=117 , isbn=978-0-19-992266-6
, title=Thieves of Book Row: New York's Most Notorious Rare Book Ring and the Man Who Stopped It
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUcG2bS7xpkC&pg=PA117
, year=2013, publisher=Oxford Univer{{shysity Press

{{refn, name=whitehill, {{cite book
, last=Whitehill , first=Walter Muir , author-link=Walter Muir Whitehill
, title=Analecta biographica; a handful of New England portraits
, chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwgdAAAAMAAJ
, year=1969 , publisher=Stephen Greene Press , pages=1–14
, chapter=George Parker Winship
, isbn=9780828901031

{{refn, name=without_result,
{{cite book
, last=Wilkie, first=Everett C., isbn=978-0-8389-8592-2, page=27, year=2011
, title=Guide to Security Considerations and Practices for Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collection Libraries
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ecESDdC6DQC&pg=PA25, publisher=Association of College & Research Libraries

* {{cite news
, title=HUPD Dept. Focuses on Investigations, first=Laura, last=Semerjian, date=November 16, 1996
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/11/16/hupd-dept-focuses-on-investigations-pthe

{{refn, name=bookplates, {{cite web
, title=The bookplates of Harvard men , date=May 29, 2013
, url=https://blogs.law.harvard.edu/houghtonmodern/2013/05/29/the-bookplates-of-harvard-men/
, work= Modern Books and Manuscripts – Houghton Library, Harvard Univer{{shysity

{{refn, name=crime_dont, {{cite news
, title=Don't Steal These Books, 1932 Inscriptions Warn, author=Katherine P. States , date=October 15, 1977
, work=Harvard Crimson, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1977/10/15/dont-steal-these-books-1932-inscriptions/

{{refn, name=sheavian, {{cite journal
, journal=Harvard Magazine , author=Primus IV , date=September–October 1998
, url=http://harvardmagazine.com/1998/09/pump.html
, title=The College Pump{{sndSheavian Slips

{{refn, name=crime_indict, {{cite news
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1931/11/4/indict-book-thief-on-twenty-counts/
, title=Indict Book Thief on Twenty Counts – Former Prepara{{shytory School Teacher, Arrested Two Weeks Ago, Had Home Stocked With Library Books
, work=Harvard Crimson, date=November 4, 1931

{{refn, name=potter, {{cite book
, last=Potter , first=Alfred Claghorn , year=1915, pag
32
, title=The Library of Harvard University Descriptive and Historical Notes
, url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924029532540

{{refn, name=wilkinson, {{cite news
, work=Harvard Crimson, title=Fifteen Minutes: Breaking the Rules at Widener
, first=B.C. , last=Wilkinson, date= October 21, 1999
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/10/21/fifteen-minutes-breaking-the-rules-at

{{refn, name=bigdoings, {{cite journal
, url=http://harvardmagazine.com/1999/07/jhj.doings.html , title=Big Doings at Widener Library
, journal=Harvard Magazine , date=July–August 1999

{{refn, name=newton, {{cite news
, author=A. Edward Newton, work=The Atlantic Monthly, title=A Remembrance of Harry Elkins Widener
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S383AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA351, volume=122, date=September 1918, pages=351–56

{{refn, name=panic, {{cite news
, title=Weeding Out in Widener , work=The Harvard Crimson , author=Charles T. Kurzman , date= May 25, 1983
, url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1983/5/25/weeding-out-in-widener-pbwidener-libraryb/

{{refn , name=stone , {{cite book
, title=The Widener Memorial Library, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFM6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA650
, volume=36, date=December 1915, page=650, work=Stone, number=12

{{refn , name=shocks , {{cite letter
, first = William Coolidge , last = Lane , recipient = W. S. Burke
, subject = Persons about the library report , date = November 8, 1909 , type = manuscript
, location = Records of Harvard College Library, William Coolidge Lane, 1877–1929, "Harvard Inspector of Grounds and Buildings", UAIII 50.8.10.2, Harvard University Archives

{{refn , name=snopes , {{cite web
, title=The Swim Test: Did a university implement swim tests at the behest of a benefactor whose child had drowned?
, url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-swim-test/
, website= snopes.com

{{refn , name=furniture , {{cite book
, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mam_AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA31 , page=31
, title=Report of Archibald Cary Coolidge, Director of the University Library. Reprinted, with additions from the Report of the President of Harvard University for 1914–1915
, year=1915

{{refn , name=lane_snead
, 1=Records of Harvard College Library, William Coolidge Lane, 1877–1929, "Snead Co.", UAIII 50.8.10.2, Harvard University Archives.

External links

{{commons category

History of the Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Collection
{sndHoughton Library, Harvard University

Sprinkler Valve Through Door: A peek inside Harvard'd Widener Library
{sndLibrarians' blog highlighting Widener's collections, history and architecture

Virtual tour

{{Harvard, state=collapsed
{{Authority control

1915 establishments in Massachusetts
Harvard Library
Harvard Square
Harvard University buildings
Libraries in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Library buildings completed in 1915
University and college academic libraries in the United States
Widener family
Horace Trumbauer buildings