white-winged vampire bat

The white-winged vampire bat (''Diaemus youngi''), a species of vampire bat, is the only member of the genus ''Diaemus''. They are found from Mexico to northern Argentina and are present on the islands of Trinidad and Margarita.

Etymology and taxonomy

The white-winged vampire bat was described by Dutch zoologist Fredericus Anna Jentink in 1893.
Dr. Charles Grove Young (1849–1934) is the eponym for the species name ''youngi''.Beolens, B., Watkins, M., & Grayson, M. (2009). ''The eponym dictionary of mammals''. JHU Press.
Jentink decided to honor Young with the species name because " our Museum is indebted o himfor so many additions to its collections of the British Guyana animals."
When it was described by Jentink in 1893, it was initially placed in the same genus as the common vampire bat, ''Desmodus''. However, in 1907, Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. placed it in a new genus, ''Diaemus''.
That move to a new genus was not immediately accepted, however, with authors continuing to place it in ''Desmodus'' until at least 1982.Honacki, J.H., K.E. Kinman, AND J.W. Koeppl. (1982). ''Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference''. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas.

Description

Their fur is clay-colored, light brown, or dark cinnamon brown.
The outline of their wings is white, as well as the membrane between their second and third finger.
Their ears are longer than they are wide, at long.
The anterior surface of the tragus is hairy, and its outer margin is smooth, unlike that of the common vampire bat, which is serrated.
Their thumb is much shorter than that of the common vampire bat.
Their forearms are long.
The calcar is absent.
Their dental formula is , for a total of 22 teeth; the common vampire bat has 20 teeth and the hairy-legged vampire bat 26, respectively.

It is the only bat species in the world with 22 teeth.Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's mammals of the world (Vol. 1). JHU Press.
The last upper molars are vestigial, though, and older individuals sometimes lose them.
The uropatagium and forearms are sparsely furred.
From nose to tail, they are approximately long.
Greenhall, A. M., & Schutt, W. A. (1996). Diaemus youngi. Mammalian Species, (533), 1–7.
They weigh .
Both males and females have cup-shaped scent glands located in their mouths.Greenhall, A.M. and Schmidt, U., editors. (1988). ''Natural History of Vampire Bats'', CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. p. 122.
These glands might be an anti-predator defense, as the bats produce a foul-smelling odor from these glands when they are disturbed.Goodwin, G. G., & Greenhall, A. M. (1961). A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology (Vol. 122). American Museum of Natural History.
Compared to other bats, their brains are especially large in relation to their body sizes—2.7–2.9% by body mass. This may be because their foraging strategy requires more complex thought (such as maintaining stealth) than other species.
Their eyes are also relatively large in relation to their body sizes.

Biology

Like other vampire bats, their saliva contains plasminogen activators, which rapidly dissolves the host's blood clots that form during feeding; platelet aggregation inhibitors, which prevent the formation of blood clots; and other anticoagulants.
These compounds in their saliva are especially effective on birds.
Birds are their preferred prey source, but they will also prey on mammals such as goats and cattle.
While it can transmit rabies, this appears to be relatively uncommon: the only reports of rabies transmission from this species are from Trinidad.Constantine, D.C. (1988). "Transmission of pathogenic organisms by vampire bats", pp. 167–189, in ''Natural history of vampire bats''. A.M. Greenhall and U. Schmidt (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
They are not as adept as common vampire bats at quadrupedal locomotion, possibly because their thumbs are much shorter. However, they are quite adept at climbing branches. Females are polyestrous, capable of becoming pregnant multiple times a year. They give birth to one pup at a time.Carter, D.C. (1970). "Chiropteran reproduction", pp. 233–246, in ''About bats''. B.H. Slaughter and D. W. Walton (eds.). Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, Texas.Schmidt, C. (1988). "Reproduction", pp. 99–109, in ''Natural history of vampire bats''. A. M. Greenhall and U. Schmidt (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
They will roost with many other species of bat, including the greater sac-winged bat, lesser dog-like bat, big-eared woolly bat, tailed tailless bat, Seba's short-tailed bat, little yellow-shouldered bat, great fruit-eating bat, white-lined broad-nosed bat, Pallas's long-tongued bat, Handley's nectar bat, white-bellied big-eared bat, greater spear-nosed bat, Parnell's mustached bat, Wagner's mustached bat, buffy broad-nosed bat, and common vampire bat.Trajano, E. 1984. Ecologia de populacoes de morcegos cavernicolas em uma regiao carstica do Sudeste do Brasil. Revista Brasiliera de Zoologia, 2:255–320.Graham, G. L. 1988. Interspecific associations among Peruvian bats at diurnal roosts and roost sites. Journal of Mammalogy, 69:711–720.
Their karyotype consists of 32 chromosomes.

Range and habitat

They have been found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.
They have flexible roosting and foraging habitat requirements.
They prefer moist, open areas, but will still forage in dry deciduous or evergreen forests.Eisenberg, J. F. (1989). ''Mammals of the Neotropics: the northern Neotropics''. Vol. 1. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
They will roost in both tree cavities and caves.

Conservation

They are consistently assessed as least concern by the IUCN.
While it is infrequently encountered, it has a broad distribution, and is tolerant of a variety of habitats.
The population is assumed to be large.

They can be maintained in captivity. Captive populations can be supported with cow and chicken blood. Blood must be defibrinated to prevent clotting. Each bat ingests approximately of blood per day. They are social animals, and should be maintained in colonies. Their colonies have dominance hierarchies.

References

External links

Vampires: The Real Story
– about the vampire bat
Bat World
– An all-volunteer, non-salaried, non-profit organization devoted to the education, conservation and rehabilitation of bats
Bat Conservation International
– A website devoted to the education, conservation and study of bat

Graduate student research on white-winged vampire bats

{{Taxonbar, from=Q639785

Phyllostomidae
Bats of South America
Mammals of Colombia
Mammals of Venezuela
Mammals of Trinidad and Tobago
Mammals of the Caribbean
Bats of Central America
Parasites of birds
Mammals described in 1893
Taxa named by Fredericus Anna Jentink
Vampire bats