The white-tailed antelope squirrel (''Ammospermophilus leucurus'') is a
diurnal species of
ground squirrel
Ground squirrels are members of the squirrel family of rodents ( Sciuridae), which generally live on or in the ground, rather than trees. The term is most often used for the medium-sized ground squirrels, as the larger ones are more commonly known ...
, scientifically classified in the order
Rodent
Rodents (from Latin , 'to gnaw') are mammals of the order Rodentia (), which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal species are rodents. They are na ...
ia and family
Sciuridae
Squirrels are members of the family Sciuridae, a family that includes small or medium-size rodents. The squirrel family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels (including chipmunks and prairie dogs, among others), and flying squirrels. Squ ...
, found in
arid
A region is arid when it severely lacks available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Regions with arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic. Most ar ...
regions of the
southwestern United States
The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States that generally includes Arizona, New Mexico, and adjacent portions of California, Colorado, Ne ...
and the
Baja California Peninsula of northwestern Mexico.
Distribution
The white-tailed antelope squirrel's geographical range extends north to south from southwestern Oregon to New Mexico, and east to west from western Colorado to Baja California, Mexico.
[Hall, E. R. 1946. Mammals of Nevada. University of California Press, Berkeley, 710 pp.]
Home range and population density
This species of squirrel has an average
home range
A home range is the area in which an animal lives and moves on a periodic basis. It is related to the concept of an animal's territory which is the area that is actively defended. The concept of a home range was introduced by W. H. Burt in 1943. He ...
of , and utilizes approximately in its daily activities. Throughout much of the squirrel's range, especially in Utah, the population density fluctuates greatly, with periods of high density followed by periods of low density.
Average population density also varies by season, with higher density in autumn relative to late spring.
Ecology
The white-tailed antelope squirrel is commonly spotted in arid habitats throughout the southwestern United States.
Throughout this range, ''Ammospermophilus leucurus'' is omnivorous, feeding primarily on foliage (10%-60% of its diet), seeds (20%-50%), arthropods, and to a lesser extent, vertebrates (mainly lizards and rodents; predatory behavior by ground squirrels has been noted).
In conjunction with being a predator, the white-tailed antelope squirrel is also prey to many larger animals, including
raptors, various
canids
Canidae (; from Latin, ''canis'', "dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (). There are three subfamilies found within th ...
, and
snakes
Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes . Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joi ...
.
These squirrels are not only preyed upon by large predators, but they also fall victim to many diverse
ectoparasites
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has ...
. These include various ticks, fleas, mites, lice, and a couple species of parasitic larvae.
Behavior
Antelope squirrels are active most during the cooler parts of the daylight hours, avoiding midday as much as possible.
Although these animals live in hot and arid climates, the white-tailed antelope squirrel is diurnal, meaning heat gain from metabolic activity could be a problem. However, compared to direct exposure of heat from the sun, metabolic heat gain contributes little to the overheating of this species.
This diurnal activity pattern may be contributed to predation patterns.
Selective pressures may have led to this species avoiding nighttime activity due to increased predation by nighttime predators. This behavior is controlled by the squirrels' natural circadian rhythms, and research has shown these rhythms to be highly important in keeping these diurnal activity patterns intact.
Reproduction
Timing
White-tailed antelope squirrels' reproductive receptiveness in females and reproductive capability in males peaks in early spring.
It only takes the squirrels one year to become sexually mature and begin reproducing; typically, antelope ground squirrels will produce one large litter per year.
Geographical variation
Geographical factors, and thus environmental factors, weigh heavily on ''Ammospermophilus leucurus reproductive cycle length and average litter size.
Specifically, this variation is seen best when comparing the northern and southern extents of the antelope ground squirrels' distribution. In Oregon, which is the northernmost extent of the squirrels' range, reproductive cycles are relatively short, and the average litter size is 9.3. However, in Baja California, the southernmost extent of the squirrels' range, reproductive cycles last half of the year, and the average litter size is 5.9.
See also
*
Antelope squirrel
Antelope squirrels or antelope ground squirrels of the genus ''Ammospermophilus'' are sciurids found in the desert and dry scrub areas of south-western United States and northern Mexico. They are a type of ground squirrel and are able to resist ...
References
*
External links
{{Taxonbar, from=Q748208
Fauna of the Baja California Peninsula
Fauna of the Southwestern United States
Fauna of the Great Basin
Fauna of the Colorado Desert
Fauna of the Mojave Desert
Fauna of Gulf of California islands
Mammals described in 1889
Ammospermophilus
Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam