White-bellied Parrot

The white-bellied parrot (''Pionites leucogaster''), or white-bellied caique in aviculture, is a species of bird in the subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. 30 January 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved January 30, 2023

Taxonomy and systematics

The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, the International Ornithological Committee, and the Clements taxonomy assign these three subspecies to the white-bellied parrot:Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022

*'' P. l. xanthomerius'' ( P.L. Sclater, 1858) (Black-legged parrot)
*'' P. l. xanthurus'' Todd, 1925 (Yellow-tailed parrot)
*''P. l. leucogaster'' (Kuhl, 1820) (Green-thighed parrot)

BirdLife International's ''Handbook of the Birds of the World'' (HBW) treats all three as separate species, the "black-legged", "yellow-tailed", and "green-thighed" parrots respectively. The three have also been called the "western", "central", and "eastern" white-bellied parrots.HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022 Note that the range map is that of the nominate subspecies ''P. l. leucogaster''.

Description

The white-bellied parrot is long and weighs about . It is a chunky, short-tailed parrot. The sexes are the same. Adults of the nominate subspecies ''P. l. leucogaster'' have mostly yellow heads with orange crowns and napes. Their upperparts are mostly dull green with a bright green rump. Their throat, the sides of their neck, their breast, and their vent are yellow. Also, their lower breast and belly are white with bright green thigh feathers. Their wing is mostly dull green with reddish-orange axillaries and dark blue primaries. Their tail is bright green. Furthermore, their bill is pale horn colored with a bright pinkish cere, their iris reddish brown, and their legs and feet bright pink. Immature birds are similar to adults but with a brownish crown and nape.Collar, N., J. del Hoyo, G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). White-bellied Parrot (''Pionites leucogaster''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whbpar1.01 retrieved March 12, 2023

Subspecies ''P. l. xanthomerius'' has an apricot-orange crown and nape, yellow thigh feathers, and blackish legs and feet. ''P. l. xanthurus'' also has an apricot-orange crown and nape and yellow thigh feathers. Its tail is yellow. It has the same pinkish legs and feet as the nominate. Both of these subspecies intergrade with each other and with the nominate.

The white breast feathers of the white-bellied parrot are often stained a chestnut brown (or "isobel") color. This may be due to tannin staining, as result of their particular affinity for bathing by rubbing their bodies against wet leaves and other plant matter. The head and nape plumage of the white-bellied parrot has been observed to fluoresce strongly under ultraviolet light.

Distribution and habitat

The subspecies of the white-bellied parrot are found thus:

*''P. l. xanthomerius'', Peru east of the Ucayali River, eastern Bolivia, western Brazil south of the Amazon as far as the Juruá River, and since 2011 in extreme southeastern ColombiaLuna, J.C. and Cuao-Carranza, E.A. (2011). First records of White-bellied Parrot ''Pionites leucogaster'' for Colombia. Conservación Colombiana. 15: 34
*''P. l. xanthurus'', Brazil south of the Amazon between the Juruá and Purús rivers and south to the upper Madeira River basin
*''P. l. leucogaster'', northern Brazil south of the Amazon between the Madeira and the Atlantic coast in Maranhão

All three subspecies of the white-bellied parrot inhabit humid tropical forests, both ''terra firme'' and '' várzea''. They seem to prefer the forest's edges and openings in it to the closed interior. The nominate subspecies is also found in small numbers in drier forests at the southern reaches of its range.

Behavior

Movement

Nothing is known about the white-bellied parrot's movement patterns, if any.

Feeding

Little is known about the white-bellied parrot's foraging technique or diet, though the latter includes fruits of trees and palms and also flowers.

Breeding

The nominate subspecies of the white-bellied parrot nests between November and January; ''P. l. xanthomerius'' is thought to nest between August and December. Both nest in tree cavities. Their clutch size appears to be two to four eggs. Nothing further is known about their breeding biology. Nothing is known about that of ''P. l. xanthurus'', though it is assumed to be essentially the same as that of the other two subspecies.

Vocalization

The white-bellied parrot's flight call is "a high-pitched, harsh, squealing “sqheee .. sqheee”." It also makes "from loud high-pitched “kree-ee-ee” or “skeeew” notes to more melodious whistles and subdued “kee-ah-u” or “kew” calls" when perched.

Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has separately assessed the three subspecies of white-bellied parrot. The nominate "green-thighed" subspecies was originally rated as Endangered but since 2021 as Vulnerable. It has a large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. It "is suffering from the loss, degradation and disturbance of its forested habitat, and may potentially be susceptible to hunting." The "black-legged" ''P. l. xanthomerius'' is assessed as being of Least Concern. Like the nominate, it has a large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. The primary threat is deforestation for farming and ranching. The "yellow-tailed" ''P. l. xanthurus'' is also assessed as being of Least Concern. It has a smaller range than the other two subspecies; like them, its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. As for ''xanthomerius'', deforestation for farming and ranching is the principal threat.

References

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white-bellied parrot
Birds of the Brazilian Amazon
white-bellied parrot
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot