genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of trees and shrubs in the family
Cunoniaceae
Cunoniaceae is a family of 27 Genus, genera and about 335 species of woody plants in the order Oxalidales, mostly found in the tropical and wet temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere.
The greatest diversity of genera are in Australia and Ta ...
. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean,
Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
and surrounding islands, Malesia and the islands of the South Pacific. It is absent from mainland Africa and Australia, but some fossils have been attributed to ''Weinmannia'' in Australia. Leaves are simple or pinnate, with a margin usually toothed, and interpetiolar stipules. Flowers are bisexual, white, arranged in racemes. The fruit is a capsule opening vertically from the top to the base. Seeds hairy without wings.
Taxonomy
The genus has been divided into five sections:
* ''Fasciculata'' (mostly Malesia, from Sumatra to Fiji)
* ''Inspersa'' (Madagascar)
* ''Leiospermum'' (mostly Pacific, from Bismarck archipelago to the Marquesas)
* ''Spicata'' (Madagascar and Comores)
* ''Weinmannia'' (Central and South America, Mascarenes)
A
phylogenomic
Phylogenomics is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics. The term has been used in multiple ways to refer to analysis that involves genome data and evolutionary reconstructions. It is a group of techniques within the larger fields ...
study by Pillon ''et al.'' (2021) concluded that ''Weinmannia'' was paraphyletic, and formed two distinct clades. The species belonging to the four
Old World
The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, which were previously thought of by the ...
sections – ''Fasciculatae, Inspersae, Spicatae'', and ''Leiospermum'' – formed a monophyletic group, which is sister to the Old World (mostly
New Caledonia
)
, anthem = ""
, image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg
, map_alt = Location of New Caledonia
, map_caption = Location of New Caledonia
, mapsize = 290px
, subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...
n) genera ''
Cunonia
''Cunonia'' is a genus of shrubs and trees in the family Cunoniaceae. The genus has a disjunct distribution, with 24 species endemic to New Caledonia in the Pacific, and one species (''Cunonia capensis'') in Southern Africa. Leaves are opposite, ...
'' and '' Pancheria''. Section ''Weinmannia'', which includes species from the Americas and the Mascarene Islands, is sister to the Old World assemblage. They proposed placing the four Old World sections into the revived genus '' Pterophylla'', with genus ''Weinmannia'' limited to the American and Mascarene species in section ''Weinmannia''.Pillon, Y., H. C. F. Hopkins, O. Maurin, N. Epitawalage, J. Bradford, Z. S. Rogers, W. J. Baker, and F. Forest. 2021. Phylogenomics and biogeography of Cunoniaceae (Oxalidales) with complete generic sampling and taxonomic realignments. ''
American Journal of Botany
The ''American Journal of Botany'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers all aspects of plant biology. It has been published by the Botanical Society of America since 1914. The journal has an impact factor of 3.038, as of 201 ...
Weinmannia clemenisae
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Borneo)
* ''
Weinmannia coodei
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia devogelii
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia eymaeana
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Sulawesi)
* ''
Weinmannia furfuracea
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Sulawesi & Seram)
* ''
Weinmannia fraxinea
''Weinmannia fraxinea'' is a tree in the family Cunoniaceae. It grows up to tall. The bark is grey to dark brown. Inflorescences bear up to three pairs of flowers. The specific epithet ' is from the Latin meaning "ash tree", referring to the le ...
'' (Malesia & Solomon Islands)
* ''
Weinmannia hooglandii
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Peninsular Malaysia)
* ''
Weinmannia hutchinsonii
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Philippines)
* ''
Weinmannia lucida
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Philippines)
* ''
Weinmannia luzoniensis
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Philippines)
* ''
Weinmannia macgillivrayi
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Vanuatu)
* ''
Weinmannia negrosensis
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Sulawesi & Philippines)
* ''
Weinmannia pullei
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia spiraeoides
''Weinmannia spiraeoides'' was a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It was endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined z ...
Weinmannia commersonii
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia hepaticarum
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia dichotoma
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (New Caledonia)
* ''
Weinmannia marquesana
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia paitensis
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (New Caledonia)
* ''
Weinmannia parviflora
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia racemosa
''Weinmannia racemosa'', commonly called kāmahi, is an evergreen small shrub to medium-sized tree of the family Cunoniaceae. It is the most abundant forest tree in New Zealand, occurring in lowland, montane, and subalpine forests and shrubland ...
'' (New Zealand)
* ''
Weinmannia raiateensis
''Weinmannia raiateensis'' is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zon ...
Weinmannia sylvicola
''Weinmannia sylvicola'', known as tōwai or tawhero, is a medium-sized evergreen tree of the family Cunoniaceae native to northern New Zealand. It grows to 15 m or more, with a trunk up to 1 m in diameter. Adult leaves are toothed a ...
Weinmannia vescoi
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia bojeriana
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia humbertiana
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia lucens
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
''
* ''
Weinmannia mammea
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia minutiflora
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia rakotomalazana
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
''
* ''
Weinmannia sanguisugarum
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia venosa
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Plants of the World Online
Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...
'', Kew Science. Accessed 26 September 2022.
* ''
Weinmannia abstrusa
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia apurimacensis
''Weinmannia apurimacensis'' is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Sea ...
Weinmannia burserifolia
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagas ...
'' (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama)
* ''
Weinmannia chryseis
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia cogolloi
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia costulata
''Weinmannia costulata'' is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest
Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine cli ...
Weinmannia cymbifolia
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia descendens
''Weinmannia descendens'' is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal o ...
Weinmannia dzieduszyckii
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Peru)
* ''
Weinmannia elliptica
''Weinmannia elliptica'' is a species of tree in the family Cunoniaceae. It is native to South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small por ...
Weinmannia geometrica
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Bolivia)
* ''
Weinmannia glomerata
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia horrida
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Costa Rica and Panama)
* ''
Weinmannia humilis
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (southeastern and southern Brazil)
* ''
Weinmannia ibaguensis
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia intermedia
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (southern Mexico and Honduras)
* ''
Weinmannia jahnii
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia karsteniana
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and northwestern Venezuela)
* '' Weinmannia kunthiana'' (Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and northwestern Venezuela)
* '' Weinmannia lansbergiana'' (Peru, northeastern Colombia, and Venezuela)
* ''
Weinmannia latifolia
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru)
* '' Weinmannia laurina'' (Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Peru)
* ''
Weinmannia laxiramea
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Guyana and southeastern Venezuela)
* ''
Weinmannia lechleriana
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, and Venezuela)
* ''
Weinmannia lentiscifolia
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela)
* '' Weinmannia lopezana'' (Colombia)
* ''
Weinmannia loxensis
''Weinmannia loxensis'' is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat
In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an ar ...
Weinmannia machupicchuensis
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagas ...
'' (Peru)
* ''
Weinmannia macrophylla
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia magnifolia
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Colombia and Ecuador)
* ''
Weinmannia mariquitae
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
'' (Colombia and Ecuador)
* ''
Weinmannia microphylla
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia organensis
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia pinnata
''Weinmannia pinnata'', commonly known as the bastard briziletto, is a species of tree in the family Cunoniaceae. It is native to Mexico, Central America, South America and the West Indies. It typically grows in wet habitats at high altitudes, a ...
Weinmannia pubescens
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia sorbifolia
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia spruceana
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...
Weinmannia tinctoria
''Weinmannia tinctoria'' is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is found in Mauritius and Réunion off the east coast of Africa.
Conservation
It is an IUCN Red List Critically endangered species, threatened by habitat loss
H ...
Weinmannia tomentosa
''Weinmannia tomentosa'', the encenillo, is a tree native of the highlands of the Andean region of Colombia, which belongs to the family Cunoniaceae. A synonym for ''Weinmannia tomentosa'' is ''Windmannia tomentosa''.Weinmannia trianae'' (Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia)
* ''
Weinmannia trichosperma
''Weinmannia trichosperma'', the ''tineo'', is an evergreen tree in the family of Cunoniaceae, it is native to Chile and Argentina: 35 to 47°S. endemic to laurel forest habitat.
Description
''Weinmannia trichosperma'' grows up to 30 m (1 ...
'' (Argentina and Chile)
* ''
Weinmannia ulei
''Weinmannia ulei'' is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the ...
'' (Northern Peru)
* ''
Weinmannia vegasana
''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It is the largest genus of the family with about 150 species. It is also the most widespread genus, occurring in Central and South America including the Caribbean, Madagasc ...